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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 October 2018
This article analyses the scope of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) over the Israeli settlement enterprise in the West Bank. The author has found that this scope differs fundamentally between acts of direct transfer and indirect transfer because of Israel's status as a non-member state of the Rome Statute of the ICC and the specific nature of Article 8(2)(b)(viii). Whereas procedural arguments relating to third party rights do not prove to be valid jurisdictional obstacles, the Court's temporal and territorial jurisdiction could nevertheless be limited to acts of direct population transfer committed after April 2015. In conclusion, the article argues that the most promising strategy for the Office of the Prosecutor would be to focus on recent large-scale instances of direct transfer.
The author would like to thank Professor Roger O'Keefe for his helpful comments on the early drafts of this article.
1 For recent examples consider Meron, Theodor, ‘The West Bank and International Humanitarian Law on the Eve of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Six-Day War’ (2017) 111 American Journal of International Law 357CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tomuschat, Christian, ‘The Prohibition of Settlements’ in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary (Oxford University Press 2015) 1551, 1556–57Google Scholar; Benvenisti, Eyal, The International Law of Occupation (Oxford University Press 2012) 294–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dinstein, Yoram, The International Law of Belligerent Occupation (Cambridge University Press 2009) 238–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
2 UNSC Res 2334 (23 December 2016), UN Doc S/Res/2334; Ronen, Yaël, ‘Taking the Settlements to the ICC? Substantive Issues’ (2017) 111 AJIL Unbound 57CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kearney, Michael G, ‘On the Situation in Palestine and the War Crime of Transfer of Civilians into Occupied Territory’ (2017) 28 Criminal Law Forum 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
3 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (entered into force 1 July 2002) 2187 UNTS 90 (Rome Statute).
4 Geneva Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (entered into force 21 October 1950) 75 UNTS 287.
5 Henckaerts, Jean Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Vol 1: Rules (International Committee of the Red Cross and Cambridge University Press 2005, revised 2009) 462–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
6 See, eg, UNGA Res 54/78 (6 December 1999), UN Doc A/RES/54/78; UNGA Res 58/98 (9 December 2003), UN Doc A/RES/58/98; UNGA Res 62/108 (17 December 2007), UN Doc A/RES/62/108.
7 Consider Theodor Meron, ‘Settlement in the Administered Territories’, Israel State Archives, 14 September 1967, 153.8/7921/3A, legal opinion numbered Document 289-291; Herbert J Hansell, State Department Legal Advisor, Letter Concerning the Legality of Israeli Settlements in the Occupied Territories, 21 April 1978.
8 Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion [2004] ICJ Rep 136, [120].
9 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (entered into force 7 December 1978) 1125 UNTS 3 (Additional Protocol I).
10 Yves Sandoz, Christophe Swinarski and Bruno Zimmermann (eds), Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 (Martinus Nijhoff 1987) 1000.
11 Tomuschat (n 1) 1559.
12 Dinstein (n 1) 239.
13 eg, UNSC Res 446 (22 March 1979), UN Doc S/Res/446, para 3; or UNSC Res 465 (1 March 1980), UN Doc S/Res/465, para 5.
14 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ‘Israeli Settlements and International Law’, 30 November 2015, http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/israeli%20settlements%20and%20international%20law.aspx (in Hebrew).
15 Tomuschat (n 1) 1563; Benvenisti (n 1) 240; UNESC Commission on Human Rights, Human Rights Dimensions of Population Transfer, Including Settlements: Progress Report prepared by Mr Awn Shawhat Al-Khasawneh, Special Rapporteur (30 June 1994), UN Doc E/CN.4/SUB.2/1994/18, 22.
16 Dinstein (n 1) 239.
17 Wall (n 8) [120]. Consider also Tomuschat (n 1) 1563.
18 Dinstein (n 1) 240.
19 Cour d'Appel de Versailles, Association France-Palestine Solidarité (AFPS) v Societé Alstom Transport SA, Judgment, R.G. No 11/05331, 21 March 2013, 22; Tomuschat (n 1) 1563.
20 Consider HCJ 1661/05 Regional Council, Coast of Gaza v Knesset of Israel (2005) PD 59(2) 48, para 12.
21 Dinstein (n 1) 239.
22 Consider, eg, Stuart Winer, ‘Minister: Expand Settlements to Absorb French Immigrants’, The Times of Israel, 13 February 2015, http://www.timesofisrael.com/minister-expand-settlements-to-absorb-french-immigrants.
23 Tomuschat (n 1) 1562.
24 ICTY, Prosecutor v Tadić, Judgment, IT-94-1, Appeals Chamber, 15 July 1999, [166]–[169]; consider also ICTY, Prosecutor v Bla škić, Judgment, IT-95-14, Trial Chamber, 3 March 2000, [126]–[127].
25 Dinstein (n 1) 240.
26 Meron (n 7) 2.
27 Gershom Gorenberg, The Accidental Empire (Times Books 2006) 116, 121. Nahal is an IDF brigade that combines military service and the establishment of new agricultural communities.
28 Consider, eg, HCJ 606/78 Ayoub and Others v Minister of Defence and Others 1983 PD 33(2) 113 (Beth El case).
29 HCJ 390/79 Dweikat and Others v Government of Israel and Others 1979 PD 34(1) 1 (Elon Moreh case).
30 International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, Case of the Major War Criminals, Judgment, 1 October 1946, 238, 261, 295 and 335.
31 International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, Case of the Major War Criminals, Indictment, Count 3(J). The crime, however, was not originally listed among the war crimes set out in Article 6 of the tribunal's Charter (Charter of the International Military Tribunal – Annex to the Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis, 8 August 1945).
32 Pictet, Jean and others (eds), The Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949: Commentary – IV Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Times of War (International Committee of the Red Cross 1958) 283Google Scholar.
33 Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind, UN Doc A/CN.4/SER.A/1991/Add.l 104, 1991(II) Yearbook of the International Law Commission 79.
34 ibid 105.
35 Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind with Commentaries, UN Doc A/CN.4/SER.A/1996/Add.1, 1996(II) Yearbook of the International Law Commission 50, 53.
36 Schabas, William, The International Criminal Court: A Commentary on the Rome Statute (2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2016) 273Google Scholar.
37 Dörmann, Knut (ed), Elements of War Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Cambridge University Press 2003) 208CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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39 Kearney (n 2) 20; Cottier and Baumgartner, ibid 411.
40 Cottier and Baumgartner (n 38) 411.
41 ibid.
42 ibid 410; Schabas ((n 36) 275), however, argues that in light of the purpose of the provision, the prevention of demographic changes, the number should be substantial.
43 Deutscher Bundestag, Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Einführung des Völkerstrafgesetzbuches, 13 March 2002, Drucksache 14/8524, 29.
44 Zimmermann, Andreas, ‘Palestine and the International Criminal Court Quo Vadis? Reach and Limits of Declarations under Article 12(3)’ (2013) 11 Journal of International Criminal Law 303Google Scholar, 324.
45 Consider, eg, Ian Fisher, ‘Israel Passes Provocative Law to Retroactively Legalize Settlements’, The New York Times, 6 February 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/06/world/middleeast/israel-settlement-law-palestinians-west-bank.html.
46 Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, ‘Report on Preliminary Examination Activities’, 14 November 2016, para 130 (ICC OTP, Preliminary Examinations Report 2016); and ICC OTP, ‘Report on Preliminary Examination Activities’, 4 December 2017, para 59 (ICC OTP, Preliminary Examinations Report 2017).
47 Zimmermann (n 44) 324 (who seems to base his interpretation on the fact that one of the options submitted by the Preparatory Committee for Article 8(2)(b)(viii) would have criminalised ‘the establishment of settlers in an occupied territory’, but was rejected by the state parties).
48 Ronen (n 2) 60.
49 ‘Elements of Crimes’, Official Records of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (New York, 3–10 September 2002), ICC-ASP/1/3/Add.1 (Vol II) 135.
50 Cottier and Baumgartner (n 38) 410.
51 Tomuschat (n 1) 1564.
52 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (entered into force 27 January 1980) 1155 UNTS 331.
53 Cottier and Baumgartner (n 38) 410.
54 ibid 408.
55 ibid 410–11.
56 ibid 411.
57 Richardson and Another v Director of Public Prosecutions [2014] UKSC 8, [17].
58 ibid.
59 O'Keefe, Roger, International Criminal Law (Oxford University Press 2015) 190Google Scholar.
60 Consider Tomuschat (n 1) 1563.
61 Consider Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, ‘Strategic Plan 2016–2018’, 16 November 2015, paras 35–36, https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/otp/EN-OTP_Strategic_Plan_2016-2018.pdf.
62 Ronen (n 2) 58.
63 ICTY, Prosecutor v Gotovina, Decision on Several Motions Challenging Jurisdiction, IT-06-90, Trial Chamber, 19 March 2007, [58]–[66] (it has to be noted that the discussion related only to non-international armed conflicts).
64 Cottier and Baumgartner (n 38) 407.
65 Meron, Theodor, ‘Crimes under the Jurisdiction of the ICC’ in von Hebel, Herman (ed), Reflections on the International Criminal Court: Essays in Honour of Adriaan Bos (TMC Asser Press 1999) 47Google Scholar.
66 Cassese, Antonio, Cassese's International Criminal Law (Oxford University Press 2013) 80–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
67 Tomuschat, Christian, ‘Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind and the Recalcitrant Third State’ (1994) 24 Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 41Google Scholar, 47.
68 Zimmermann, Andreas, ‘Israel and the International Criminal Court – An Outsider's Perspective’ (2006) 34 Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 231, 241–42Google Scholar.
69 Ronen (n 2) 58.
70 Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v Italy), Judgment [2012] ICJ Rep 99, [55].
71 ICTR, Prosecutor v Akayesu, Judgment, ICTR-96-4-T, Trial Chamber, 2 September 1998.
72 Consider Henckaerts, Jean Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Vol 2: Practice (Cambridge University Press 2005) 2956–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
73 Ronen (n 2) 59.
74 ibid.
75 Official Records of the Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts, 20 February 1974 to 10 June 1977, Vol X, CDDH/234/Rev.1, para 78.
76 Ruth Lapidot, Yuval Shany and Ido Rosenzweig, ‘Israel and the Two Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions’, Israel Democracy Institute Policy Paper 92/2011, December 2011, iv, https://www.idi.org.il/media/5087/takzir_e_92.pdf.
77 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (n 14).
78 Danileko, Gennady M ‘The ICC Statute and Third States’ in Cassese, Antonio, Gaeta, Paolo and Jones, John JWD (eds), The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Oxford University Press 2002) 1892Google Scholar.
79 Summary Records of the Meetings of the Committee of the Whole UN Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court (15 June–17 July 1998), UN Doc A/CONF.183/C.1/SR.27 (Vol II), para 32, and UN Doc A/CONF.183/C.1/SR.35 (Vol II), para 25.
80 UN Doc A/CONF.183/SR.9 (Vol II), ibid para 34.
81 Schabas (n 36) 1525.
82 Green, James A, The Persistent Objector Rule in International Law (Oxford University Press 2016) 133Google Scholar.
83 ibid 84.
84 Lepard, Brian D, Customary International Law: A New Theory with Practical Applications (Cambridge University Press 2010) 238CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
85 Consider Blumenthal, Daniel A, ‘The Politics of Justice: Why Israel Signed the International Criminal Court Statute and What the Signature Means’ (2002) 30 Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 593Google Scholar, 601.
86 Green (n 82) 86.
87 ICTY, Prosecutor v Furundžija, Judgment, IT-95-17/1, Trial Chamber, 10 December 1998, [153]–[155].
88 Ronen (n 2) 59.
89 Bruce Broomhall, ‘Article 22’ in Triffterer and Ambos (n 38) 956.
90 ICC Press Release, ‘ICC Welcomes Palestine as a New State Party’, 1 April 2015, https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1103.
91 Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, ‘Report on Preliminary Examination Activities’, 12 November 2015, para 52 (ICC OTP, Preliminary Examinations Report 2015). The decision was based largely on UNGA Res 67/19 (29 November 2012), UN Doc A/RES/67/19, which granted the ‘State of Palestine’ non-member observer status at the UN.
92 ICC OTP, Report on Preliminary Examination Activities 2015, ibid para 54.
93 Newton, Michael A, ‘How the International Criminal Court Threatens Treaty Norms’ (2016) 49 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 371, 408–14Google Scholar; Kontorovich, Eugene, ‘Israel/Palestine: The ICC's Uncharted Territory’ (2013) 11 Journal of International Criminal Justice 990CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Shaw, Malcolm, ‘The Article 12(3) Declaration of the Palestinian Authority, the International Criminal Court and International Law (2011) 9 Journal of International Criminal Justice 301CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Shany, Yuval, ‘In Defence of Functional Interpretation of Article 12(3) of the Rome Statute: A Response to Yaël Ronen’ (2010) 8 Journal of International Criminal Justice 329CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 339.
94 Israel-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (signed 28 September 1995), 36 ILM 557 (1997) (Oslo II), art XVII and Annex IV, art 1.
95 In addition, the agreements only provide the PA with jurisdiction over Areas A and B whereas jurisdiction over Area C should have been gradually transferred from the Israeli authorities to the PA. This gradual transfer of jurisdiction, however, was never implemented. Nearly all settlements are located in Area C.
96 Kai Ambos, ‘Palestine, UN Non-Member Observer Status and ICC Jurisdiction’, EJIL: Talk!, 6 May 2014, http://www.ejiltalk.org/palestine-un-non-member-observer-status-and-icc-jurisdiction; Stahn, Carsten, ‘Response: The ICC, Pre-Existing Jurisdictional Treaty Regimes, and the Limits of the Nemo Dat Quod Non Habet Doctrine – A Reply to Michael Newton’ (2016) 49 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 443Google Scholar, 450.
97 O'Keefe, Roger, ‘Universal Jurisdiction: Clarifying the Basic Concept’ (2004) 2 Journal of International Criminal Justice 735CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 736.
98 ibid.
99 O'Keefe, Roger, ‘Response: “Quid”, Not “Quantum”: A Comment on “How the International Criminal Court Threatens Treaty Norms”’ (2016) 49 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 433Google Scholar, 437.
100 ibid.
101 Crawford, James, Brownlie's Principles of International Law (Oxford University Press 2012) 456CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
102 Vagias, Michail, The Territorial Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (Cambridge University Press 2014) 220CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
103 Shaw, Malcolm, International Law (Oxford University Press 2014) 173Google Scholar.
104 In addition to the fact that it lacked the statehood criteria for ICC membership.
105 State of Palestine Accession to the Rome Statute, Depository Notification by the Secretary General (2 January 2015), UN Doc C.N.13.2015.TREATIES-XVIII.10.
106 O'Keefe (n 99) 439. To elaborate on the complicated relationship between the three entities – the PLO, the PA and the State of Palestine – as well as the question to what degree the three are bound by the Accords would go beyond the scope of this article.
107 ibid.
108 Schabas, William, An Introduction to the International Criminal Court (Cambridge University Press 2017) 68CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Newton (n 93) 404.
109 Israel-Jordan General Armistice Agreement (signed 3 April 1949), 656 UNTS 303, art 6(9). This was also recognised by the ICJ in the Wall advisory opinion (n 8) [72].
110 Jordan: Statement concerning Disengagement from the West Bank and Palestinian Self-Determination, 27 ILM 1637 (1988).
111 Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace (signed 25 August 1994), 34 ILM 43 (1994), annex I(a), art 2(7).
112 1995 Interim Agreement (n 94) arts XVII(1)(a) and XXXI(5).
113 Wall (n 8) [112].
114 UNGA Res 67/19 (n 91) para 4.
115 UNSC Res 2334 (n 2).
116 Consider, eg, Kontorovich (n 93) 987.
117 Although there have been some reports that settlements are now also spreading into Area B: see, eg, Akiva Eldar, ‘West Bank Outposts Spreading into Area B, in Violation of Oslo Accords’, Ha'aretz, 18 February 2012, https://www.haaretz.com/1.5187061.
118 Kontorovich (n 93) 988–89.
119 Case of the Monetary Gold removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v France, United Kingdom and the United States of America), Judgment on Preliminary Objections [1954] ICJ Rep 19, [19]–[20].
120 Consider Larsen v Hawaiian Kingdom (Award), UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 1999-01, para 11.17; and Chevron Corporation and Texaco Petroleum Corporation v Republic of Ecuador (Third Interim Award on Jurisdiction), UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2009-23, para 4.60. With regard to criminal proceedings, consider Dapo Akande, ‘Prosecuting Aggression: The Consent Problem and the Role of the Security Council’, Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper 10/2011, February 2011, 25–26.
121 North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany v The Netherlands), Judgment [1969] ICJ Rep 3, [42].
122 Ronen, Yaël, ‘Israel, Palestine and the ICC: Territory Uncharted but not Unknown’ (2014) 12 Journal of International Criminal Law 7Google Scholar, 17.
123 Case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v United States of America), Judgment on Jurisdiction and Admissibility [1984] ICJ Rep 392, [88]; Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v Australia), Preliminary Objections [1992] ICJ Rep 240, [55].
124 Ronen (n 122) 19.
125 HCJ 282/88 Awad v Yitzhak Shamir, Prime Minister and Minister of Interior and Others 1988 PD 42(2) 426, para 7; Benvenisti (n 1) 205.
126 Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, ‘Report on Preliminary Examination Activities’, 13 December 2011, para 46.
127 ICC OTP, Preliminary Examinations Report 2015 (n 91) paras 77 and 79.
128 ibid.
129 ibid para 110.
130 ICC OTP, Preliminary Examinations Report 2016 (n 46) para 158.
131 Ronen (n 122) 21; Ronen (n 2) 57.
132 Akande (n 120) 25.
133 Claus Kress, ‘The State Conduct Element’ in Claus Kress and Stefan Barriga (eds), The Crime of Aggression: A Commentary (Cambridge University Press 2017) 412.
134 Schabas (n 36) 275.
135 ILC, Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, with Commentaries (2001), Report of the ILC, 53rd sess, UN Doc A/56/10, 2001(II) Yearbook of the International Law Commission 26, art 2.
136 Consider Case concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment [2007] ICJ Rep 43, [403].
137 Akande, Dapo, ‘The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over Nationals of Non-Parties: Legal Basis and Limits’ (2003) 1 Journal of International Criminal Justice 618, 636–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Verduzco, Deborah Ruiz, ‘Fragmentation of the Rome Statute through an Incoherent Jurisdictional Regime for the Crime of Aggression: A Silent Operation’ in van der Herik, Larissa and Stahn, Carsten (eds), The Diversification and Fragmentation of International Criminal Law (Martinus Nijhoff 2012) 420Google Scholar.
138 Crawford, James, State Responsibility: The General Part (Cambridge University Press 2013) 668CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
139 James Crawford, Second Report on State Responsibility, UN Doc A/CN.4/498 and Add.1–4, 1999 Yearbook of the International Law Commission 3, para 176.
140 UNSC Res 465 (n 13) para 5.
141 UNSC Res 2334 (n 2).
142 Ambos, Kai, Treatise on International Criminal Law, Vol III: International Criminal Procedure (Oxford University Press 2016) 213Google Scholar.
143 O'Keefe (n 59) 16.
144 Vagias (n 102) 82.
145 Assembly of States Parties, Report of the Special Working Group on the Crime of Aggression’ (7th Session of the Assembly of States Parties, 14–22 November 2008), ICC-ASP/7/20, Annex III, para 28.
146 ibid (Second Resumption, 9–13 February 2009), Annex II, paras 38–39.
147 O'Keefe (n 59) 16.
148 SS Lotus case (France v Turkey) (1927) PCIJ Rep (Ser A, No 10) 23.
149 Vagias (n 102) 172.
150 O'Keefe (n 59) 16.
151 ibid.
152 Vagias (n 102) 202.
153 ibid.
154 ibid 205.
155 Ambos (n 142) 213; Gropp, Walter, ‘Kollision nationaler Strafgewalten’ in Sinn, Arndt (ed), Jurisdiktionskonflikte bei grenzüberschreitender Kriminalität [Conflicts of Jurisdiction in Cross-Border Crime Situations] (Universitätsverlag Osnabrück 2012) 46Google Scholar.
156 Ibid.
157 Ambos (n 142) 213.
158 ICC Press Release, ‘The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, Opens a Preliminary Examination of the Situation in Palestine’, ICC-OTP-20150116-PR1083, https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1083.
159 ibid.
160 Consider Rome Statute (n 3) art 11(2).
161 Consider Gorenberg (n 27).
162 Kearney (n 2) 29–33; Zimmermann (n 44) 321; Ronen (n 2) 59.
163 Nissel, Alan, ‘Continuing Crimes in the Rome Statute’ (2004) 25 Michigan Journal of International Law 653Google Scholar, 661.
164 Zimmermann (n 44) 321.
165 Stahn, Carsten, El Zeidy, Mohammed M and Olásolo, Héctor, ‘The International Criminal Court's Ad Hoc Jurisdiction Revisited’ (2005) 99 American Journal of International law 421CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 429.
166 Elements of Crimes (n 49).
167 Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Judgment, ICC-01/04-01/06, Trial Chamber, 14 March 2012, [618]; and Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges ICC-01/04/-01/06, Pre-Trial Chamber, 29 January 2007, [248]
168 Consider, eg, Schabas (n 36) 342; Zimmermann (n 44) 324; Kearney (n 2) 31; Ronen (n 2) 59–60; Chatham House, ‘Milestones in International Criminal Justice: The ICC and Palestine’, International Law Programme Meeting Summary, 2 December 2014, 3.
169 Zimmermann (n 44) 324.
170 ibid.
171 Zimmermann (n 44) 324. See also ICTR, Prosecutor v Nahimana and Others, Judgment, ICTR-99-52-A, Appeals Chamber, 28 November 2007, [723]–[725].
172 Broomhall (n 89) 959.
173 Prosecutor v Nahimana (n 171).
174 ibid.
175 Rome Statute (n 3) art 8(2)(b)(xxvi).
176 Rastan, Rod, ‘Jurisdiction’ in Stahn, Carsten (ed), The Law and Practice of the International Criminal Court (Oxford University Press 2015) 173Google Scholar.
177 ibid.
178 ICC, Decision pursuant to Article 15 of the Rome Statute on the Authorisation of an Investigation into the Situation in the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, ICC-02/11-14, Pre-Trial Chamber, 15 November 2011, [179]–[180].
179 Chatham House (n 168) 3.
180 Herb Keinon and Tovah Lazaroff, ‘Netanyahu Announces Plans for the First New West Bank Settlement in 25 Years’, The Jerusalem Post, 2 February 2017, https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Politics-And-Diplomacy/Netanyahu-announces-creation-of-new-settlement-480296.
181 ICC OTP, Preliminary Examinations Report 2017 (n 46) paras 59–61.
