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Revisiting De Christiana Expeditione as an Artefact of Globalisation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 March 2021

Nicholas J. Lewis
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Abstract

For Europeans, Matteo Ricci's mission memoirs proved to be the most comprehensive and accessible book about China. Ricci's account of the early Jesuit mission was immensely popular, receiving translations into most European languages. Until the twentieth century, however, anyone who read Ricci's narrative was not reading what Ricci himself had written. Rather, they were reading a curated translation produced by one of his successors, Nicolas Trigault. The resulting work, De Christiana Expeditione apud Sinas, was an edited translation, substantially the same but often different than Ricci's original manuscript.

This article reexamines Trigault's translation, on its own terms, as an artefact of globalisation. Not only does the adaptation reveal information about the Jesuit missions that Ricci's manuscript did not, but it also had a significant impact on European Catholics, as its dissemination inspired would-be missionaries to seek their vocations in China.

Keywords

Catholic ReformationSociety of JesusMing Chinatranslationslavery
Type
Article
Information
Itinerario , Volume 45 , Issue 1 , April 2021 , pp. 47 - 69
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Research Institute for History, Leiden University

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Footnotes

*

Nicholas J. Lewis, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.

References

Bibliography

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Ehalt, Rômulo da Silva. “Jesuit Arguments for Voluntary Slavery in Japan and Brazil.” Revista Brasileira de História 39:80 (April 2019): 87–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehalt, Rômulo. “Jesuits and the Problem of Slavery in Early Modern Japan.” PhD diss., Tokyo, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 2018.Google Scholar
Fezzi, Luca. “Osservazioni sul De Christiana Expeditione Apud Sinas Suscepta ab Societate Iesu di Nicolas Trigault.” Rivista Di Storia E Letteratura Religiosa 35:3 (1999): 541–66.Google Scholar
Foss, Theodore. “Nicholas Trigault, SJ—Amanuensis or Propagandist? The Rôle of the Editor of Della entrata della Compagnia di Giesù e Christianità nella Cina.” In International Symposium on Chinese–Western Cultural Interchange in Commemoration of the 400th Anniversary of the Arrival of Matteo Ricci, SJ, in China, ed. Kuang, Lo, 13–8. Taipei, Taiwan, 1983.Google Scholar
Frei, Elisa. “The Many Faces of Ignazio Maria Romeo SJ (1676–1724?), Petitioner for the Indies: A Jesuit Seen through His Litterae Indipetae and the Epistulae Generalium.” Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 85 (2016).Google Scholar
Gasch-Tomas, Jose and Maillard-Alvarez, Natalia. “The Discourse Regarding the Chinese and Muslim Worlds in the Hispanic Empire,” in Marcus Keller and Javier Irigoyen-García, The Dialectics of Orientalism in Early Modern Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.Google Scholar
Gernet, Jacques. China and the Christian Impact: A Conflict of Cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Gernet, Jacques. “Della Entrata Della Compagnia Di Giesù e Christianità Nella Cina de Matteo Ricci (1609) et Les Remaniements de Sa Traduction Latine (1615).” Comptes Rendus Des Séances de l'Académie Des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1 (2003).Google Scholar
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Hsia, Ronnie Po-chia. The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540–1770. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
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Lach, Donald F. Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery. 2 books. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Lach, Donald F. Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume II: A Century of Wonder. 3 books. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Lamalle, Edmond. “L'archivio di un grande Ordine religioso: L'Archivio Generale della Compagnia di Gesu.” Archiva Ecclesiae 24–25 (1981): 89–120.Google Scholar
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Rosenwein, Barbara H. “Problems and Methods in the History of Emotions.” Passions in Context, 1 (2010): 2–24.Google Scholar
Rule, Paul. “Jesuit and Confucian?: Chinese Religion in the Journals of Matteo Ricci, SJ, 1583–1610.” Journal of Religious History 5:2 (1968): 105–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rule, Paul. K'ung-Tzu or Confucius? The Jesuit Interpretation of Confucianism. Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1986.Google Scholar
Smith, Jeffrey Chipps. Sensuous Worship: Jesuits and the Art of the Early Catholic Reformation in Germany. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Sommervogel, Carlos, de Backer, Augustin, Rivière, Ernest, Bliard, Pierre, and Carayon, Auguste. Bibliothèque des écrivains de la Compagnie de Jésus. Edited by Backer, Aloys de. 30 books. Brussels: O. Schepens, 1890–1932.Google Scholar
Sousa, Lúcio de. The Portuguese Slave Trade in Early Modern Japan: Merchants, Jesuits and Japanese, Chinese, and Korean Slaves. Leiden: Brill, 2018.Google Scholar
Spence, Jonathan D. The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci. New York: Penguin, 1984.Google Scholar
Strasser, Ulrike. “From ‘German India’ to the Spanish Indies and Back: Jesuit Migrations Abroad and Their Effects at Home.” In Migration and Religion: Christian Transatlantic Missions, Islamic Migration to Germany, ed. Becker-Cantarino, Barbara. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2012.Google Scholar
Streit, Robert, Dindinger, Johannes, Rommerskirchen, Johannes, Kowalsky, N., and Metzler, Josef. Bibliotheca missionum. 30 vols. Münster: Verlag der Aschendorffschen Buchhandlung, 1916–1974.Google Scholar
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History. New York: Longman, 1993.Google Scholar
Vermote, Fredrick. “The Role of Urban Real Estate in Jesuit Finances and Networks between Europe and China, 1612–1778.” PhD diss., Vancouver, The University of British Columbia, 2013.Google Scholar
Xie, M. “From Della Entrata Della Compagnia Di Giesù e Christianità Nella Cina to de Christiana Expeditione apud Sinas Suscepta Ab Societate Iesu: A Study on Niccolò Longobardo and the Policy of Jesuit Mission in Earlier Modern China.” Logos and Pneuma—Chinese Journal of Theology, 46 (Spring 2017): 75–114.Google Scholar
Županov, Ines G. Missionary Tropics: The Catholic Frontier in India, 16th–17th Centuries. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koninklijke Bibliotheek van België, Brussels, Belgium (KBR).Google Scholar
St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri:Google Scholar
–Archives and Rare Books (SLU);Google Scholar
–Vatican Film Archive (VFL);Google Scholar
–Roman Archives of the Society of Jesus, Fondo Gesuitico, Indipetae Collection (VFL-FG).Google Scholar
Bartoli, Daniello. Dell'istoria Della Compagnia de Gesù. Terza Parte Dell'Asia. Firenze: Simone Birindelli, 1832.Google Scholar
Gouvea, António de. Asia Extrema: Entra Nella a Fé, Promulga-Se a Ley de Deos Pelos Padres Da Companhia de Jesus. ed. Araújo, Horácio P.. Lisbon: Fundação Oriente, 1995.Google Scholar
Kircher, Athanasius. China monumentis [. . .] illustrata. Amsterdam: Joannem Janssonium à Waesberge & Elizeum Weyerstraet, 1667.Google Scholar
Lamalle, Edmond, and Trigault, Nicolas. “La propagande du P. Nicolas Trigault en faveur des missions de Chine (1616).” Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 9 (1940): 49–120.Google Scholar
Poncelet, Alfred. Histoire de La Compagnie de Jésus Dans Les Anciens Pays-Bas: Établissement de La Compagnie de Jésus En Belgique et Ses Développements Jusqu’à La Fin Du Règne d'Albert et d'Isabelle. Bruxelles: M. Lamertin, 1926.Google Scholar
Ricci, Matteo, Corradini, Piero, and Del Gatto, Maddalena. Della Entrata della Compagnia di Giesù e Christianità nella Cina. Macerata: Quodlibet, 2000.Google Scholar
Ricci, Matteo, and D'Elia, Pasquale. Storia Dell'introduzione Del Cristianesimo in Cina. Fonti Ricciane: Documenti Originali Concernenti Matteo Ricci. 3 vols. Rome: La Libreria dello Stato, 1942.Google Scholar
Ricci, Matteo, and Venturi, Pietro Tacchi. I Commentarj Della Cina. Opere Storiche Del P. Matteo Ricci SJ, vol. 1. Macerata: F. Giorgetti, 1911.Google Scholar
Trigault, Nicolas. Copye des briefs gheschreven vanden E. P. Nicolaes Trigault. Antwerp: Daniel Vervliet, 1609.Google Scholar
Trigault, Nicolas. De Christiana Expeditione apud Sinas Suscepta Ab Societate Iesu ex P. Matthaei Riccii eiusdem Societatis Commentariis [. . .]. Augsburg, Germany: Christoph Mangium, 1615.Google Scholar
Trigault, Nicolas. De Christiana Expeditione apud Sinas Suscepta Ab Societate Iesu ex P. Matthaei Riccii eiusdem Societatis Commentariis [. . .]. Cologne, Germany: Bernhard Wolter, 1617.Google Scholar
Trigault, Nicolas. China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Matthew Ricci, 1583–1610. Translated by Gallagher, Louis. New York: Random House, 1953.Google Scholar
Xavier, Francis, and Joseph Costelloe, M.. The Letters and Instructions of Francis Xavier. Series St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1992.Google Scholar
Abé, Takao. The Jesuit Mission to New France: A New Interpretation in the Light of the Earlier Jesuit Experience in Japan. Leiden: Brill, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540–1750. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Bireley, Robert. The Jesuits and the Thirty Years War: Kings, Courts, and Confessors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Bohnet, Adam. “Matteo Ricci and Nicolas Trigault's Descriptions of the Literati of China.” Quaderni d'Italianistica: Official Journal of the Canadian Society for Italian Studies 21:2 (2000): 77–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boxer, Charles. The Christian Century in Japan, 1549–1650. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.Google Scholar
Boxer, Charles. Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550–1770. London: Oxford University Press, 1968.Google Scholar
Boxer, Charles. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1969.Google Scholar
Boxer, Charles. South China in the Sixteenth Century (1550–1575): Being the Narratives of Galeote Pereira, Fr. Gaspar Da Cruz, O.P., Fr. Martin de Rada, O.E.S.A. (1550–1575). New York: Routledge, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brockey, Liam M. “Books of Martyrs: Example and Imitation in Europe and Japan, 1597–1650.” The Catholic Historical Review 103:2 (28 May 2019): 207—–23.Google Scholar
Brockey, Liam M. “Jesuits and Unfree Labor in Early Modern East Asia.” In Jesuits and Race: Continuity and Change, ca. 1530-2020, ed. Millett, Nathaniel and Parker, Charles H.. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. Forthcoming, 2022.Google Scholar
Brockey, Liam M. The Visitor: Andre Palmeiro and the Jesuits in Asia. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broomhall, Susan. Early Modern Emotions: An Introduction. New York: Routledge, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, Thomas Francis. The Invention of Printing in China and Its Spread Westward. New York: Ronald Press Company, 1955.Google Scholar
Capoccia, Anna. “Per Una Lettura Delle Indipetae Italiane Del Settecento: ‘Indifferenza’ E Desiderio Di Martirio.” Nouvelles de La République Des Lettres, 1 (2000): 7–43.Google Scholar
Clossey, Luke. Salvation and Globalization in the Early Jesuit Missions. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delfosse, Annick. “Ecce Ego, Mitte Me: Les Indipetae Gallo-Belges Ou Les Desir Des Indes.” Unpublished article.Google Scholar
D'Elia, Pasquale. “Daniele Bartoli e Nicola Trigault,” Rivista Storica Italia, 16 (June 1938): 77–92.Google Scholar
Ditchfield, Simon. “Decentering the Catholic Reformation Papacy and Peoples in the Early Modern World.” Archiv Für Reformationsgeschichte 101:1 (2013): 186–208.Google Scholar
Ehalt, Rômulo da Silva. “Jesuit Arguments for Voluntary Slavery in Japan and Brazil.” Revista Brasileira de História 39:80 (April 2019): 87–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehalt, Rômulo. “Jesuits and the Problem of Slavery in Early Modern Japan.” PhD diss., Tokyo, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 2018.Google Scholar
Fezzi, Luca. “Osservazioni sul De Christiana Expeditione Apud Sinas Suscepta ab Societate Iesu di Nicolas Trigault.” Rivista Di Storia E Letteratura Religiosa 35:3 (1999): 541–66.Google Scholar
Foss, Theodore. “Nicholas Trigault, SJ—Amanuensis or Propagandist? The Rôle of the Editor of Della entrata della Compagnia di Giesù e Christianità nella Cina.” In International Symposium on Chinese–Western Cultural Interchange in Commemoration of the 400th Anniversary of the Arrival of Matteo Ricci, SJ, in China, ed. Kuang, Lo, 13–8. Taipei, Taiwan, 1983.Google Scholar
Frei, Elisa. “The Many Faces of Ignazio Maria Romeo SJ (1676–1724?), Petitioner for the Indies: A Jesuit Seen through His Litterae Indipetae and the Epistulae Generalium.” Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 85 (2016).Google Scholar
Gasch-Tomas, Jose and Maillard-Alvarez, Natalia. “The Discourse Regarding the Chinese and Muslim Worlds in the Hispanic Empire,” in Marcus Keller and Javier Irigoyen-García, The Dialectics of Orientalism in Early Modern Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.Google Scholar
Gernet, Jacques. China and the Christian Impact: A Conflict of Cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Gernet, Jacques. “Della Entrata Della Compagnia Di Giesù e Christianità Nella Cina de Matteo Ricci (1609) et Les Remaniements de Sa Traduction Latine (1615).” Comptes Rendus Des Séances de l'Académie Des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1 (2003).Google Scholar
Golvers, Noël. “Addenda to the Prosopography of the ‘Foreign’ Indipetae-Mathematicians in Portuguese SJ Colleges (II): P. W. Kirwitzer, SJ, and G. B. Keynes, SJ, in Portugal.” Archives Internationales d'Histoire Des Sciences 60:165 (December 2010): 429–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golvers, Noël. “Litterae Indipetae from the Jesuit Provincia Flandro-Belgica: 1640–1660.” Sankt Augustin: Institut Monumenta Serica, 2010.Google Scholar
Guy, Donna J., and Sheridan, Thomas, eds. Contested Ground: Comparative Frontiers on the Northern and Southern Edges of the Spanish Empire. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Higashibaba, Ikuo. Christianity in Early Modern Japan: Kirishitan Belief and Practice. Leiden: Brill, 2001.Google Scholar
Hsia, Ronnie Po-chia. The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540–1770. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Jesuits. Scriptores Provinciae Austriacae Societatis Jesu, Collectionis Scriptores Ejusdem Societatis Universae Tomus Primus, 1885.Google Scholar
Lach, Donald F. Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery. 2 books. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Lach, Donald F. Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume II: A Century of Wonder. 3 books. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lach, Donald F., and Van Kley, . Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. 4 books. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamalle, Edmond. “L'archivio di un grande Ordine religioso: L'Archivio Generale della Compagnia di Gesu.” Archiva Ecclesiae 24–25 (1981): 89–120.Google Scholar
Logan, Anne-Marie, and Brockey, Liam M.. “Nicolas Trigault, SJ,: A Portrait by Peter Paul Rubens.” Metropolitan Museum Journal, 38 (2003): 157–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Massimi, Marina. “A Psicologia dos Jesuítas: Uma Contribuição à História das Idéias Psicológicas.” Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica 14:3 (2001): 625–33.Google Scholar
Nebgen, Christoph. Missionarsberufungen Nach Übersee in Drei Deutschen Provinzen Der Gesellschaft Jesu Im 17. Und 18. Jahrhundert. Regensburg: Schnell & Steiner, 2007.Google Scholar
O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Rosenwein, Barbara H. “Problems and Methods in the History of Emotions.” Passions in Context, 1 (2010): 2–24.Google Scholar
Rule, Paul. “Jesuit and Confucian?: Chinese Religion in the Journals of Matteo Ricci, SJ, 1583–1610.” Journal of Religious History 5:2 (1968): 105–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rule, Paul. K'ung-Tzu or Confucius? The Jesuit Interpretation of Confucianism. Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1986.Google Scholar
Smith, Jeffrey Chipps. Sensuous Worship: Jesuits and the Art of the Early Catholic Reformation in Germany. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Sommervogel, Carlos, de Backer, Augustin, Rivière, Ernest, Bliard, Pierre, and Carayon, Auguste. Bibliothèque des écrivains de la Compagnie de Jésus. Edited by Backer, Aloys de. 30 books. Brussels: O. Schepens, 1890–1932.Google Scholar
Sousa, Lúcio de. The Portuguese Slave Trade in Early Modern Japan: Merchants, Jesuits and Japanese, Chinese, and Korean Slaves. Leiden: Brill, 2018.Google Scholar
Spence, Jonathan D. The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci. New York: Penguin, 1984.Google Scholar
Strasser, Ulrike. “From ‘German India’ to the Spanish Indies and Back: Jesuit Migrations Abroad and Their Effects at Home.” In Migration and Religion: Christian Transatlantic Missions, Islamic Migration to Germany, ed. Becker-Cantarino, Barbara. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2012.Google Scholar
Streit, Robert, Dindinger, Johannes, Rommerskirchen, Johannes, Kowalsky, N., and Metzler, Josef. Bibliotheca missionum. 30 vols. Münster: Verlag der Aschendorffschen Buchhandlung, 1916–1974.Google Scholar
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History. New York: Longman, 1993.Google Scholar
Vermote, Fredrick. “The Role of Urban Real Estate in Jesuit Finances and Networks between Europe and China, 1612–1778.” PhD diss., Vancouver, The University of British Columbia, 2013.Google Scholar
Xie, M. “From Della Entrata Della Compagnia Di Giesù e Christianità Nella Cina to de Christiana Expeditione apud Sinas Suscepta Ab Societate Iesu: A Study on Niccolò Longobardo and the Policy of Jesuit Mission in Earlier Modern China.” Logos and Pneuma—Chinese Journal of Theology, 46 (Spring 2017): 75–114.Google Scholar
Županov, Ines G. Missionary Tropics: The Catholic Frontier in India, 16th–17th Centuries. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar