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Scots in the English Atlantic from 1603 to 1660: Policy, Patronage, and Subjecthood
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 31 January 2022
Abstract
This article examines the legal and sociopolitical position that Scots held in the English Atlantic world from the union of the crowns in 1603 to the restoration of the Stuart dynasty in 1660. It demonstrates that Scots gained access to colonial opportunities through the royal patronage of James VI and I and Charles I. The policy of those monarchs also largely supported Scottish endeavours in the transatlantic arena: in land ownership, commerce, and colonial leadership. The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the Commonwealth, and the Protectorate disrupted the colonial opportunities that were opened to Scots in the preceding decades. They lost their access to royal patronage, and the concept of Commonwealth subjecthood displaced the earlier concept of postnati subjecthood. By tracing how concepts of subjecthood developed in this period, the article contextualises the Restoration period when Scots were labelled as aliens in the English Navigation Acts to restrict their access to the English Atlantic.
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- Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Research Institute for History, Leiden University
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Bibliography
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Graham, Eric J. A Maritime History of Scotland, 1650–1790. East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Marsha. “Commerce around the Edges: Atlantic Trade Networks among Boston's Scottish Merchants.” International Journal of Maritime History 23:2 (December 2011): 301–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, Francis Russell. The Disaster of Darien: The Story of the Scots Settlement and the Causes of Its Failure, 1699–1701. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1929.Google Scholar
Horn, James. “British Diaspora: Emigration from Britain, 1680–1815.” In The Oxford History of the British Empire, Volume II: The Eighteenth Century, ed. Marshall, P. J., 28–52. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Hulsebosch, Daniel J. Constituting Empire: New York and the Transformation of Constitutionalism in the Atlantic World, 1664–1830. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.Google Scholar
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Juricek, John Thomas. “English Claims in North America to 1660: A Study in Legal and Constitutional History.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 1970.Google Scholar
Keith, Theodora. “Economic Condition of Scotland under the Commonwealth and Protectorate.” Scottish Historical Review 5:19 (April 1908): 273–84.Google Scholar
Keith, Theodora. “Scottish Trade with the Plantations before 1707.” Scottish Historical Review 6:21 (October 1908): 32–48.Google Scholar
Lee, Maurice. “Dearest Brother”: Lauderdale, Tweeddale and Scottish Politics, 1660–1674. Edinburgh: John Donald, 2010.Google Scholar
Levack, Brian P. The Formation of the British State: England, Scotland, and the Union, 1603–1707. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
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Macinnes, Allan I. Union and Empire: The Making of the United Kingdom in 1707. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackillop, A., and Murdoch, Steve. Introduction to Military Governors and Imperial Frontiers c. 1600–1800: A Study of Scotland and Empires, ed. Mackillop, A. and Murdoch, Steve, xxv–li. Leiden: Brill, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGrail, Thomas H. Sir William Alexander, First Earl of Stirling: A Biographical Study. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1940.Google Scholar
Mijers, Esther. “Between Empires and Cultures: Scots in New Netherland and New York.” Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 33:2 (November 2013): 165–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murdoch, Steve, and Mijers, Esther. “Migrant Destinations, 1500–1750.” In The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History, ed. Devine, T. M. and Wormald, Jenny, 320–37. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholls, Andrew D. The Jacobean Union: A Reconsideration of British Civil Policies under the Early Stuarts. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Paul, James Balfour, ed. The Scots Peerage founded on Wood's Edition of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland. Vol. 5. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1908.Google Scholar
Pestana, Carla Gardina. The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution, 1640–1661. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Pestana, Carla Gardina. “English Character and the Fiasco of the Western Design.” Early American Studies 3:1 (Spring 2005): 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, Eric. “Scotland and the Uses of the Atlantic Empire.” In Strangers within the Realm: Cultural Margins of the First British Empire, ed. Bailyn, Bernard and Morgan, Philip D., 67–114. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Scally, John J. “Hamilton, James, first duke of Hamilton.” In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. Cannadine, David. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/12087.Google Scholar
Schreiber, Roy E. The First Carlisle: Sir James Hay, First Earl of Carlisle as Courtier, Diplomat and Entrepreneur, 1580–1636. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1984.Google Scholar
Scott, William Robert. The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-Stock Companies to 1720. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910.Google Scholar
Selwood, Jacob. “‘English-Born Reputed Strangers’: Birth and Descent in Seventeenth-Century London.” Journal of British Studies 44:4 (October 2005): 728–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, Jenny. Everyday Life in the Early English Caribbean: Irish, Africans, and the Construction of Difference. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Sherman, Arnold Alan. “Commerce, Colonies, and Competition: Special Interest Groups and English Commercial and Colonial Policy, 1660–1673.” PhD diss., Yale University, 1972.Google Scholar
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