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Unseating “State” and “Archive”: Mobility and Manipulation in Past Environments and Present Praxis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2021

Heather Ferguson
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Abstract

These concluding reflections assess how the contributors to this special issue intervene in key assumptions that shape the current field of archival studies. As the “archival turn” gains ground, forms of Euro- and state-centrism reappear in scholarship otherwise innovative in its attention to the textual remnants of the past. Here, instead, we explore the methodological stakes involved in defining both the “archive” and the historical power brokers who created and preserved a documentary record in pursuit of their varied social, cultural, economic, and political projects. The essay points to the resurgence of culturalist and civilisational indices for comparative archivistics, and follows the arguments collected in this issue to assert by contrast the often uneven and uneasy regional, administrative, and procedural definitions at work within preserved records. Identifying “mobility” as both a methodological tactic and a historical process, this conclusion presents a fluid rather than fixed textual landscape and presents an alternative frame for investigating preservationist practices.

Keywords

periodisationarchivalityEurasiaOttoman mühimmerecord keeping
Type
Article
Information
Itinerario , Volume 44 , Special Issue 3: Beyond the Islamicate Chancery: Archives, Paperwork, and Textual Encounters Across Eurasia , December 2020 , pp. 591 - 608
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Research Institute for History, Leiden University

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Footnotes

*

Heather Ferguson received an MA in Middle Eastern Studies from the University of Texas, Austin, and a PhD from the University of California, Berkeley. After a two-year postdoctoral position at Stanford University, she joined the faculty at Claremont McKenna in 2011 and is now an Associate Professor of Ottoman and Middle Eastern History. Heather is an American Council of Learned Societies Fellow, 2014–2015, for her book project entitled The Proper Order of Things: Language, Power and Law in Ottoman Administrative Discourses (Stanford 2018). Her second book project, supported by an NEH summer stipend and an ACLS Burkhardt Fellowship, is titled Sovereign Valedictions: “Last Acts” and Archival Ventures in Ottoman and Habsburg Courts. Her research focuses broadly on comparative early modern empires, categories of sovereignty and power, linkages between archives and state governance, as well as on legal and urban transformations around the Mediterranean. She serves as editor of the Review of Middle East Studies, and associate editor for the International Journal of Islamic Architecture.

References

Unpublished Primary Sources

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Dery, David. “‘Papereality’ and Learning in Bureaucratic Organization.” Administration & Society 29:6 (1998): 677–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Fabian, Johannes. Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
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Firges, Pascal, et al. , eds. Well-Connected Domains: Towards an Entangled Ottoman History. Leiden: Brill, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, Pál. “The Grand Vizieral Telhis: A Study in the Ottoman Central Administration 1566–1656.” Archivum Ottomanicum 15 (1997): 137–88.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. The Order of Things: An Archaeology of Knowledge. London: Vintage, 1994.Google Scholar
Friedrich, Markus. The Birth of the Archive: A History of Knowledge. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghobrial, John-Paul. “The Archive of Orientalism and Its Keepers: Re-Imagining the Histories of Arabic Manuscripts in Early Modern Europe.” Past & Present 230, suppl. 11 (2016): 90–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghobrial, John-Paul. The Whispers of Cities: Information Flows in Istanbul, London, and Paris in the Age of William Trumbull. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grafton, Anthony. Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450–1800. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Head, Randolph C. Making Archives in Early Modern Europe: Proof, Information, and Political Record Keeping, 1400–1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heyd, Uriel. Ottoman Documents on Palestine, 1552–1615: A Study of the Firman According to the Mühimme Defteri. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960.Google Scholar
Hirschler, Konrad. “From Archive to Archival Practices: Rethinking the Preservation of Mamlūk Administrative Documents.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 136:1 (2016): 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
İnalcık, Halil, “Arz-ı Hal ve Arz-ı Mahzarlar.” In Osmanlı’da Devlet, Hukuk, Adalet, 49–71. Istanbul: Eren, 2000.Google Scholar
Kinra, Rajeev. Writing Self, Writing Empire: Chandar Bhan Brahman and the Cultural World of the Indo-Persian State Secretary. Oakland: University of California Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Krstić, Tijana. “Of Translation and Empire: Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Imperial Interpreters as Renaissance Go-Betweens.” In The Ottoman World, ed. Woodhead, Christine, 130–42. Milton Park: Routledge, 2012.Google Scholar
Kütükoğlu, Mübahat S. “Mühimme Defterlerinde Muâmele Kayıdları Üzerine.” Tarih Boyunca Paleografya ve Diplomatik Semineri, 95–112. Istanbul, 1988.Google Scholar
el-Leithy, Tamer. “Living Documents, Dying Archives: Towards a Historical Anthropology of Medieval Arabic Archives.” Al-Qantara 32 (2011): 389–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lydon, Ghislaine. On Trans-Saharan Trails: Islamic Law, Trade Networks and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Nineteenth-Century Western Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Messick, Brinkley. Shari'a Scripts: A Historical Anthropology. New York: Columbia University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Colin Paul. The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran: Power, Religion and Rhetoric. London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
al-Musawi, Muhsin J. The Medieval Islamic Republic of Letters: Arabic Knowledge Construction. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussdorfer, Laurie. Brokers of Public Trust: Notaries in Early Modern Rome. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
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Prange, Sebastian R. Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raman, Bhavani. Document Raj: Writing and Scribes in Early Colonial South India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothman, Natalie. Brokering Empire: Trans-Imperial Subjects between Venice and Istanbul. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
el-Rouayheb, Khaled. Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century: Scholarly Currents in the Ottoman Empire and the Maghreb. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Şahin, Kaya. Empire and Power in the Reign of Süleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Sekulic, Ana. “From a Legal Proof to a Historical Fact: Trajectories of an Ottoman Document in a Franciscan Monastery, Sixteenth to Twentieth Century.” Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient 62:5 (2019): 925–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoler, Ann. Along the Archival Grain: Epistemic Anxieties and Colonial Common Sense. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Temelkuran, Tevfik. “Divân-ı Hümâyûn Mühimme Kalemi.” Tarih Enstitüsü Dergisi 6 (1975): 129–75.Google Scholar
Ursinus, Michael. “Petitions from Orthodox Church Officials to the Imperial Diwan, 1675.” Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 18 (1994), 236–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wakako, Kumakura. “Who Handed over Mamluk Land Registers to the Ottomans? A Study on the Administrators of Land Records in the Late-Mamluk Period.” Mamluk Studies Review 18 (2014): 279–98.Google Scholar
Walsham, Alexandra. “Focus: The History of Archives and the History of Science,” ed. Yale, Elizabeth. Isis 107:1 (2016): 74–120.Google Scholar
Walsham, Alexandra. “The Social History of the Archive: Record Keeping in Early Modern Europe.” Past & Present 230, suppl. 11 (1 November 2016): 9–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittman, Richard. “Before Qadi and Grand Vizier: Intra-Communal Dispute Resolution and Legal Transactions among Christians and Jews in the Plural Society of Seventeenth-Century Istanbul.” PhD diss., Harvard University, 2008.Google Scholar
Woodhead, Christine. “From Scribe to Litterateur: The Career of a Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Katib.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 9:1 (1982): 55–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binark, İsmet, ed. 3 Numaralı Mühimme Defteri, 966–68/1558–60. 2 vols. Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlık, Develt Arșivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 1993.Google Scholar
Binark, İsmet, ed. 7 Numaralı Mühimme Defteri, 975–76/1567–69. 2 vols. Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlık, Develt Arșivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 1999.Google Scholar
Binark, İsmet, ed. 12 Numaralı Mühimme Defteri, 978–79/1570–72. 3 vols. Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlık, Develt Arșivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 1996.Google Scholar
Binark, İsmet, and Necati, G., eds. 5 Numaralı Mühimme Defteri, 973/1565–66. 2 vols. Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlık, Develt Arșivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 1994.Google Scholar
Binark, İsmet, and Necati, G., eds. 6 Numaralı Mühimme Defteri, 972/1564–65. 3vols. Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlık, Develt Arșivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 1995.Google Scholar
Murphey, Rhoads. “The Veliyuddin Telhis: Notes on the Sources and Interrelations between Koçi Bey and Contemporary Writers of Advice to Kings.” Belleten 43 (1979): 547–71.Google Scholar
Sahillioğlu, Halil, ed. Koca Sinan Paşa'nın telhisleri. Istanbul: İslam Tarih, Sanat ve Kültür Araştırma Merkezi, 2004.Google Scholar
Sahillioğlu, Halil, ed. Topkapı Sarayı Arşivi H. 951–52 tarihli ve E-12321 numaralı mühimme defteri. Istanbul: IRCICA, 2002.Google Scholar
Sarınay, Yusuf, ed. 82 Numaralı Mühimme Defteri, 1026–27/1617–18: Özet, Transkripsiyon, İndeks ve Tıpkıbasım. Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlık, Develt Arșivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 2000.Google Scholar
Sarınay, Yusuf, ed. 83 Numaralı Mühimme Defteri, 1036–37/1626–28: Özet, Transkripsiyon, İndeks ve Tıpkıbasım. Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlık, Develt Arșivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 2002.Google Scholar
Sarınay, Yusuf, ed. 85 Numaralı Mühimme Defteri, 1040–41/1630–31: Özet, Transkripsiyon, İndeks ve Tıpkıbasım. Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlık, Develt Arșivleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 2001.Google Scholar
Abu-Husayn, Abdul Rahim. The View from Istanbul: Ottoman Lebanon and the Druze Emirate. New York: I. B. Tauris Publishers, 2004.Google Scholar
Adamson, J. S. A., ed. The Princely Courts of Europe: Ritual, Politics and Culture under the Ancien Régime, 1500–1750. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1999.Google Scholar
Ahmed, Shahab. What Is Islam?: The Importance of Being Islamic. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alam, Muzaffar, and Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. “The Making of a Munshi.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 24:2 (2004): 61–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ateş, Sabri. “Empires at the Margin: Towards a History of Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands and the Borderlands Peoples, 1843–1881.” PhD diss., New York University, 2006.Google Scholar
Atiyas, Ekin Emine Tuşalp. “Political Literacy and the Politics of Eloquence: Ottoman Scribal Community in the Seventeenth Century.” PhD diss., Harvard University, 2013.Google Scholar
Baldwin, James E. “Petitioning the Sultan in Ottoman Egypt.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental & African Studies 75 (2012): 499–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartlett, Anne Clark Bartlett. “Foucault's ‘Medievalism.’” Mystics Quarterly 20:1 (1994): 10–18.Google Scholar
Benton, Lauren. A Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European Empires, 1400–1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burak, Guy. “‘In Compliance with the Old Register’: On Ottoman Documentary Depositories and Archival Consciousness.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 62:5–6 (2019): 799–823.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burak, Guy. “Evidentiary Truth Claims, Imperial Registers, and the Ottoman Archive: Contending Legal Views of Archival and Record-Keeping Practices in Ottoman Greater Syria (Seventeenth–Nineteenth Centuries).” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 79:2 (2016): 233–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Das, Veena. “Signature of the State: The Paradox of Illegibility.” In Anthropology in the Margins of the State, ed. Das, Veena and Poole, Deborah, 225–52. Santa Fe, N.Mex.: School of American Research Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Dávid, Géza. “The Müimme Defteri as a Source for Ottoman–Habsburg Rivalry in the Sixteenth Century.” Archivum Ottomanicum 20 (2002): 167–209.Google Scholar
Dávid, Géza, and Fodor, Pál. Ransom Slavery along the Ottoman Borders: Early Fifteenth–Early Eighteenth Centuries. Leiden: Brill, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Kathleen. Periodization and Sovereignty: How Ideas of Feudalism and Secularization Govern the Politics of Time. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dery, David. “‘Papereality’ and Learning in Bureaucratic Organization.” Administration & Society 29:6 (1998): 677–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duindam, Jeroen. Royal Courts in Dynastic States and Empires: A Global Perspective. Leiden: Brill, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emecen, Feridun M. “Osmanlı Divanının Ana Defter Serileri: Ahkâm-ı Mîrî, Ahkâm-ı Kuyûd-ı Mühimme ve Ahkâm-ı Şikâyet.” Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi 3:5 (2005): 107–39.Google Scholar
Fabian, Johannes. Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Fabris, Maria Pia Pedani. “The Ottoman Venetian Frontier (15th–18th Centuries).” In The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilisation, ed. Çiçek, Kemal, vol. 1, 171–7. Ankara: Yeni Türkiye, 2000.Google Scholar
Firges, Pascal, et al. , eds. Well-Connected Domains: Towards an Entangled Ottoman History. Leiden: Brill, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, Pál. “The Grand Vizieral Telhis: A Study in the Ottoman Central Administration 1566–1656.” Archivum Ottomanicum 15 (1997): 137–88.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. The Order of Things: An Archaeology of Knowledge. London: Vintage, 1994.Google Scholar
Friedrich, Markus. The Birth of the Archive: A History of Knowledge. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghobrial, John-Paul. “The Archive of Orientalism and Its Keepers: Re-Imagining the Histories of Arabic Manuscripts in Early Modern Europe.” Past & Present 230, suppl. 11 (2016): 90–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghobrial, John-Paul. The Whispers of Cities: Information Flows in Istanbul, London, and Paris in the Age of William Trumbull. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grafton, Anthony. Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450–1800. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Head, Randolph C. Making Archives in Early Modern Europe: Proof, Information, and Political Record Keeping, 1400–1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heyd, Uriel. Ottoman Documents on Palestine, 1552–1615: A Study of the Firman According to the Mühimme Defteri. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960.Google Scholar
Hirschler, Konrad. “From Archive to Archival Practices: Rethinking the Preservation of Mamlūk Administrative Documents.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 136:1 (2016): 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
İnalcık, Halil, “Arz-ı Hal ve Arz-ı Mahzarlar.” In Osmanlı’da Devlet, Hukuk, Adalet, 49–71. Istanbul: Eren, 2000.Google Scholar
Kinra, Rajeev. Writing Self, Writing Empire: Chandar Bhan Brahman and the Cultural World of the Indo-Persian State Secretary. Oakland: University of California Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Krstić, Tijana. “Of Translation and Empire: Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Imperial Interpreters as Renaissance Go-Betweens.” In The Ottoman World, ed. Woodhead, Christine, 130–42. Milton Park: Routledge, 2012.Google Scholar
Kütükoğlu, Mübahat S. “Mühimme Defterlerinde Muâmele Kayıdları Üzerine.” Tarih Boyunca Paleografya ve Diplomatik Semineri, 95–112. Istanbul, 1988.Google Scholar
el-Leithy, Tamer. “Living Documents, Dying Archives: Towards a Historical Anthropology of Medieval Arabic Archives.” Al-Qantara 32 (2011): 389–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lydon, Ghislaine. On Trans-Saharan Trails: Islamic Law, Trade Networks and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Nineteenth-Century Western Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lydon, Ghislaine. “A Paper Economy of Faith without Faith in Paper: A Reflection on Islamic Institutional History.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 71:3 (2009): 647–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markiewicz, Christopher. “Europeanist Trends and Islamicate Trajectories in Early Modern Ottoman History.” Past & Present 239:1 (2018): 265–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Messick, Brinkley. Shari'a Scripts: A Historical Anthropology. New York: Columbia University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Colin Paul. The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran: Power, Religion and Rhetoric. London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
al-Musawi, Muhsin J. The Medieval Islamic Republic of Letters: Arabic Knowledge Construction. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussdorfer, Laurie. Brokers of Public Trust: Notaries in Early Modern Rome. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Peacock, A. C. S., et al. , eds. The Frontiers of the Ottoman World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Połczyński, Michael. “The Relacyja of Sefer Muratowicz: 1601–1602: Private Royal Envoy of Sigismund III Vasa to Shah ‘Abbas I.” Turkish Historical Review 5:1 (30 April 2014): 59–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prange, Sebastian R. Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raman, Bhavani. Document Raj: Writing and Scribes in Early Colonial South India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothman, Natalie. Brokering Empire: Trans-Imperial Subjects between Venice and Istanbul. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
el-Rouayheb, Khaled. Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century: Scholarly Currents in the Ottoman Empire and the Maghreb. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Şahin, Kaya. Empire and Power in the Reign of Süleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Şahin, Kaya, and Schleck, Julia. “Courtly Connections: Anthony Sherley's Relation of His Travels (1613) in a Global Context.” Renaissance Quarterly 69:1 (2016): 80–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sekulic, Ana. “From a Legal Proof to a Historical Fact: Trajectories of an Ottoman Document in a Franciscan Monastery, Sixteenth to Twentieth Century.” Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient 62:5 (2019): 925–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoler, Ann. Along the Archival Grain: Epistemic Anxieties and Colonial Common Sense. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Temelkuran, Tevfik. “Divân-ı Hümâyûn Mühimme Kalemi.” Tarih Enstitüsü Dergisi 6 (1975): 129–75.Google Scholar
Ursinus, Michael. “Petitions from Orthodox Church Officials to the Imperial Diwan, 1675.” Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 18 (1994), 236–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wakako, Kumakura. “Who Handed over Mamluk Land Registers to the Ottomans? A Study on the Administrators of Land Records in the Late-Mamluk Period.” Mamluk Studies Review 18 (2014): 279–98.Google Scholar
Walsham, Alexandra. “Focus: The History of Archives and the History of Science,” ed. Yale, Elizabeth. Isis 107:1 (2016): 74–120.Google Scholar
Walsham, Alexandra. “The Social History of the Archive: Record Keeping in Early Modern Europe.” Past & Present 230, suppl. 11 (1 November 2016): 9–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittman, Richard. “Before Qadi and Grand Vizier: Intra-Communal Dispute Resolution and Legal Transactions among Christians and Jews in the Plural Society of Seventeenth-Century Istanbul.” PhD diss., Harvard University, 2008.Google Scholar
Woodhead, Christine. “From Scribe to Litterateur: The Career of a Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Katib.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 9:1 (1982): 55–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar