Published online by Cambridge University Press: 31 July 2013
The nationalistic fervour that greeted Ghana's performances in the 2010 football World Cup in South Africa powerfully evoked memories of an earlier period in the history of the Ghanaian state that witnessed Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of independent Ghana, draw on the game as a rallying point for nation-building and pan-African unity. This article uncovers this history by analysing Nkrumah's overt politicisation of football in the late colonial and immediate postcolonial periods. This study not only makes a novel contribution to the growing historical and social scientific literature on what is arguably Africa's most pervasive popular cultural form but also deepens our understanding of one of the continent's most significant political figures.
I am grateful to the three anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and constructive criticisms. Author's email: p.darby@ulster.ac.uk
1 Asamoah Gyan missed a penalty in the last minute of extra time in their quarter-final against Uruguay that would have seen Ghana win the game. Ghana went on to lose the penalty shoot-out.
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71 The Black Stars played 12 matches during the course of their 42- day tour, winning eight games, drawing one and losing three. K. Obeng, ‘The sporting youth salute the party’, The Ghanaian Times (Accra), 13 June 1964; Hawkey, Feet of the Chameleon; Goldblatt, The Ball is Round.
72 Versi, Football in Africa; Obeng, ‘The sporting youth’.
73 Evening News (Accra), 28 Jan. 1960. The placement was arranged during Fortuna Düsseldorf's three-match tour of Ghana in 1959.
74 Cited in ‘Africa kicks’.
75 ‘13 meet Kwame Nkrumah with cup’, The Ghanaian Times (Accra), 3 Dec. 1963. Nkrumah was often referred to as ‘Osagyefo,’ which translated as ‘victor in war’, but was more loosely taken to mean ‘the redeemer’.
76 Versi, Football in Africa, 75.
77 W. Kwateng, ‘Africa's glory matters most in Tokyo’, The Ghanaian Times (Accra), 19 June 1964.
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88 The club celebrated its one-year anniversary in March 1962, an occasion that was marked by Nkrumah gifting six live sheep to the club's assistant manager B. B. Bismarck. The Ghanaian Times (Accra), 8 Mar. 1962.
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96 Ibid. Yankey went on to head Ghana's Special Intelligence Unit, founded in 1963 to monitor anti-government dissent.
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100 The Ghanaian Times (Accra), 11 Jan. 1963.
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103 The Ghanaian Times (Accra), 25 Nov.1963.
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115 Prior to Ghana's hosting of the 1978 African Cup of Nations, General Ignatius Acheampong and a tournament organising committee dominated by the military government invested heavily in the preparation of the Black Stars, a move that bore fruit with a third continental title for Ghana. In 1982, Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings welcomed the Black Stars in person when they touched down in Accra following their fourth African Cup of Nations title. A year later, Rawlings decorated the Asante Kotoko squad with medals following their first African Champions Clubs Cup success. Goldblatt, The Ball is Round; Bediako, Black Stars.
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