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Article contents
Market Exclusivity and the Right to Health in South Africa: A Primer for Tackling the Paradox
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 February 2020
Abstract
South Africa remains confronted with challenges to the realization of the right to healthcare services, shaped by both national and global dynamics. The proliferation of exclusivity regimes in intellectual property (IP) rule-making poses a threat to affordable healthcare services. Although South Africa is not a signatory to any of these enhanced IP norms, it may still be at risk through transposition, given that the current norm-setting constitutes the future direction of rule-making. These global dynamics are compounded by overly protective measures in South Africa's patent law as well as non-IP factors, particularly the prevalent weak health infrastructure. Although South Africa's IP Policy Phase I incorporates a raft of changes to address the situation, capacity constraints could thwart effective outcomes. Consequently, beyond the current patent law reform, there should be a roadmap for how to manage global IP norm-setting as well as non-IP factors, to foster universal healthcare coverage in South Africa.
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- Research Article
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- Copyright © SOAS, University of London 2020
Footnotes
*
PhD (Manchester), LLM (Manchester), BL, LLB (Nigeria). Lecturer in law, Faculty of Law, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus. The author takes responsibility for all errors in this article.
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47 Ibid.
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49 Id at 14.
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52 Baker and Vawda “Why is it so difficult”, above at note 41 at 16.
53 TPPA, art 18.53. However, TRIPS, art 29(2) requires information on foreign patent applications.
54 See US-Singapore FTA (2003), art 16.8(4)(c); US-Bahrain FTA (2006), art 14.9(1)–(2); and US-Peru FTA (2009), art 16.10(4).
55 Artecona and Plank-Brumback “Access to medicines”, above at note 2 at 22.
56 Diependaele, Cockbain and Sterckx “Raising the barriers”, above at note 2 at 13.
57 Ibid.
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69 Ibid.
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93 Id at 4.
94 Id at 6.
95 Ibid.
96 Id at 8–13.
97 Id at 20.
98 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, art 53.
99 Erga omnes obligations enjoy a special status due to their universal applicability, but jus cogens is superior to rights erga omnes.
100 By virtue of art 103 of the UN Charter, UN norms such as the right to health should ordinarily be superior to international trade norms such as the right to IP. Moreover, international trade norms such as the right to IP merely affect individuals or participants in international trade, while the UN norms, such as the right to health, affect everyone. See S Joseph Blame it on the WTO? A Human Rights Critique (2011, Oxford University Press), chaps 1 and 6, available at: <http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565894.001.0001/acprof-9780199565894-chapter-8> (last accessed 6 January 2020).
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102 Id at 27.
103 Ibid.
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107 Id at 2–4.
108 Ibid.
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111 Ibid.
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113 Ibid.
114 In the case of Barcelona Traction Case, Light and Power Co Ltd (New Application) (Belgium v Spain) 1970 ICJ rep 4 (judgment of February 5), the International Court of Justice observed (at 3) that the basic right of the human person creates obligations erga omnes. This has been interpreted to mean that some rights are obligatory to all states.
115 Promoting Access to Medical Technologies and Innovation: Intersections Between Public Health, Intellectual Property and Trade (2013, WTO-WIPO-WHO) at 42, available at: <http://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/global_challenges/628/wipo_pub_628.pdf> (last accessed 6 January 2020).
116 Boschiero “Intellectual property rights”, above at note 101 at 19.
117 Report of the UN Secretary-General's, above at note 112 at 56.
118 Ibid.
119 The Constitution, secs 27(2) and 28.
120 Baker, BK “International collaboration on IP / access to medicines: Birth of South Africa's Fix the Patent Laws campaign” (2016) 60 New York Law School Review 297Google Scholar.
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122 Ibid.
123 UN Conference on Trade and Development “International investment agreements navigator: IIAs by economy: South Africa bilateral investment treaties”, available at: <https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/countries/195/south-africa> (last accessed 16 January 2010).
124 “Undermining access”, above at note 7 at 3.
125 Id at 2.
126 Ibid.
127 Report of the UN Secretary-General's, above at note 112 at 19.
128 Ibid.
129 Id at 19–20.
130 Id at 13–37.
131 “Patient groups march for access to medicines in South Africa” (October 2017, Fix the Patent Laws), available at: <http://www.fixthepatentlaws.org/?p=1179> (last accessed 6 January 2020).
132 Ibid.
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135 Access to Medicine Index 2016 (2016, Access to Medicines Foundation), available at: <https://accesstomedicineindex.org/media/atmi/Access-to-Medicine-Index-2016.pdf> (last accessed 6 January 2020).
136 Ibid.
137 Access To Vaccines Index 2017: How Vaccines Companies Are Responding To Calls For Greater Immunisation Coverage (2017, Access to Medicines Foundation), available at: <https://accesstovaccinesindex.org/media/atvi/2017-Access-to-Vaccines-Index.pdf> (last accessed 6 January 2020).
138 Promoting Access, above at note 115 at 42.
139 S Ranchod et al “South Africa's hospital sector: Old divisions and new developments” (2017) South African Health Review 2017 (2017, Health Systems Trust) 101, available at: <http://www.hst.org.za/publications/south-african-health-review-2017> (last accessed 6 January 2020).
140 JR Hunter et al “The ideal clinic in South Africa: Progress and challenges in implementation” South African Health Review, id, 111 at 114–22; A Jenner, N Bhagwandin and S Kowalski “Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR): Overview of current approaches, consortia and intellectual property issues” (2017, WIPO Global Challenges Report) at 117–18, available at: <http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/policy/en/global_health/pdf/gc_amr_report_2017.pdf> (last accessed 6 January 2020).
141 R Bonorchis and J Kew “How South Africa stumbles on health care for all” (2017), available at: <https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-27/how-south-africa-stumbles-on-health-care-for-all-quicktake-q-a> (last accessed 6 January 2020).
142 Ibid.
143 Ibid.
144 Id at 117–18.
145 Hunter et al “The ideal clinic”, above at note 140 at 119–22.
146 L Rispel “Analysing the progress and fault lines of health sector transformation in South Africa” in South African Health Review 2016 (2016, Health Systems Trust) 18, available at: <https://www.hst.org.za/publications/Pages/South-African-Health-Review-2016.aspx> (last accessed 6 January 2020).
147 Id at 19.
148 P Williams “Saving SARS: Why SARS is failing and what can be done to get it back on track” (2018) <https://www.bowmanslaw.com/insights/tax/saving-sars-sars-failing-can-done-get-back-track/> (last accessed 6 January 2020).
149 Rispel “Analysing the progress”, above at note 146 at 19.
150 Ibid.
151 “Global health: South Africa” (USAID), available at: <https://www.usaid.gov/south-africa/global-health> (last accessed 6 January 2020).