Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T09:23:54.213Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Dimensions of Wealth Dispersion Among Farm Operator Households: An Assessment of the Impact of Farm Subsidies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2005

Hisham S. El-Osta
Affiliation:
Resource Economics Division, Economic Research Service (ERS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Washington, DC
Ashok K. Mishra
Affiliation:
Resource Economics Division, Economic Research Service (ERS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Washington, DC

Abstract

This paper uses microlevel data from the Agricultural Resource Management Survey to examine the changes in the distributions of household wealth and to assess the role farm subsidies play, among other factors, in affecting these distributions. The empirical analysis relies on the concept of the adjusted Gini coefficient and on fixed-effect regression procedures. Coefficients from fixed-effects estimation indicate a negative correlation between government payments and wealth dispersion, with the effect shifting toward more of a positive relation when government payments were allowed to interact with regional dummies.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Southern Agricultural Economics Association 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahearn, M.C., and El-Osta, H.S.. Farm Wealth: Its Distribution and Comparison to the Wealth of U.S. Households. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, AFO-41, June 1991, pp. 2123.Google Scholar
Aiken, L.S., and West, S.G.. Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publication, 1991.Google Scholar
Altonji, J.G., and Doraszelski, U.. The Role of Permanent Income and Demographics in Black/ White Differences in Wealth. Working Paper 8473. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Sept. 2001.Google Scholar
Arkes, J.Trends in Long-Run versus Cross-Section Earnings Inequality in the 1970s and 1980s.The Review of Income and Wealth 44(June 1998): 199213.10.1111/j.1475-4991.1998.tb00268.xGoogle Scholar
Baltagi, B.H. Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 2nd ed. West Sussex, England: Wiley and Sons, 2003.Google Scholar
Barnard, C., Nehring, R., Ryan, J., and Collender, R.. “Higher Cropland Value from Farm Program Payments: Who Gains?Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Outlook (November 2001):2630.Google Scholar
Barnard, C., Whittaker, G., Westenbarger, D., and Ahearn, M.. Measuring the Impact of Direct Government Payments on the Value of Midwest Cropland. Working Paper, American Farmland Trust Center for Agriculture in the Environment. CAE/WP 97-8. Dekalb, Illinois, May 1997.Google Scholar
Batte, M.T., Jones, E., and Schnitkey, G.D.. “Computer Use by Ohio Commercial Farmers.American Journal of Agricultural Economics 66(August 1984):342–50.10.2307/1240801Google Scholar
Beck, N., and Katz, J.N.. “What to Do (and Not to Do) with Time-Series Cross-Section Data.” The American Political Science Review 89,3(September 1995):634–47.10.2307/2082979Google Scholar
Belsley, D.A., Kuh, E., and Welsch, R.E.. Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity. New York: Wiley, 1980.Google Scholar
Berrebi, Z.M., and Silber, J.. “The Gini Coefficient and Negative Income: A Comment.Oxford Economic Papers 37(1985):525–26.Google Scholar
Blandford, D.Distributional Impact of Farm Programs and the Adjustment Dilemma.American Journal of Agricultural Economics 69(December 1987):980–87.10.2307/1242244Google Scholar
Boehlje, M., and Griffin, S.. “Financial Impacts of Government Support Price Programs.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 61,2(May 1979):285–96.10.2307/1239733Google Scholar
Bonnen, J.T.The Distribution of Benefits from Selected U.S. Farm Programs.” Rural Poverty in the United States. A Report by the President's National Advisory Commission on Rural Poverty. Washington, DC, May 1968.Google Scholar
Boyne, D.H.Changes in the Real Wealth Position of Farm Operators, 1940-1960.” Michigan State University, Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, 1964.Google Scholar
Chen, C., Tsaur, T., and Rhai, T.. “The Gini Coefficient and Negative Income.Oxford Economic Papers 34(1982):473–78.Google Scholar
El-Osta, H.S., and Morehart, M.J.. “The Dynamics of Wealth Concentration Among Farm Operator Households.” Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 31,1(April 2002):8496.Google Scholar
Featherstone, A.M., and Baker, T.. “Effects of Reduced Price and Income Supports on Farmland Rents and Value.North Central Journal of Agricultural Economics 10(July 1988): 177–90.10.2307/1349218Google Scholar
Gale, E.H. Jr.Longitudinal Analysis of Farm Size Over the Farmer's Life Cycle.Review of Agricultural Economics 16(January 1994): 113–23.10.2307/1349526Google Scholar
Goodwin, B.K., Mishra, A.K., and Ortalo-Magné, F.Landowners' Riches: The Distribution of Agricultural Subsidies.” Internet Site: http://research.bus.wisc.edu/fom/documents/lr-latest.pdf (Accessed May 2004).Google Scholar
Goodwin, B.K., and Ortalo-Magné, F.. “The Capitalization of Wheat Subsidies into Agricultural Land Values.Candían Journal of Agricultural Economics 40(1992):3754.10.1111/j.1744-7976.1992.tb03676.xGoogle Scholar
Gould, B.W., and Saupe, W.E.. “Changes in the Distribution of Income and Wealth of Farm Households: Evidence from Wisconsin Panel Data.North Central Journal of Agricultural Economics 12(1990):3146.10.2307/1349356Google Scholar
Greene, W.H. Econometric Analysis, 3rd ed. Englwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1997.Google Scholar
Greenwood, D.T.Analyzing the Effects of Age and Household Size on the Distribution of Household Wealth in the U.S. Using Income Tax Microdata.” Statistics of Income and Related Administrative Record Research: 1983. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Treasury, Inter nal Revenue Service, Statistics and Income Division, October 1983, 243–47.Google Scholar
Haden, K.L., and Johnson, L.A.. “Factors Which Contribute to the Financial Performance of Selected Tennessee Dairies.Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics 21(July 1989):105–12.Google Scholar
Harris, D.G.Inflation-Indexed Price Supports and Land Values.American Journal of Agricultural Economics 59(August 1977):489–95.10.2307/1239650Google Scholar
Hopkins, J.W., Morehart, M.J., and Bohman, M.. “Analyzing Direct Payments to U.S. Farm Households: Addressing the ‘Distribution Gap’.” Paper presented at the 5th Conference on Global Economic Analysis meeting, Taipei, Taiwan, 5-7 June 2002.Google Scholar
Hoppe, R.A., ed. Structural and Financial Characteristics of U.S. Farms: 2001 Family Farm Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Information Bulletin No. 768, May 2001.Google Scholar
Lins, D.A., Harl, N.E., and Frey, T.L.. Farmland. Skokie, IL: Agri Business Publications, 1982.Google Scholar
Litchfield, J.A. “Inequality: Methods and Tools.” Internet site: http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/inequal/methods/litchfie.pdf (Accessed August 2003).Google Scholar
Litteil, C.R., Milliken, G.A., Stroup, W.W., and Wolfinger, R.D.. SAS System for Mixed Models. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc., 1996.Google Scholar
Martin, P. MGW's Perspective. Spring 2002. Internet site: http://www.martingoodrich.com/musings/archive-individual.asp?ID=157 (Accessed June 2003).Google Scholar
Melichar, E.Farm Wealth:Origins, Impacts, and Implications for Public Policy.” Cornell University Experiment Station. Agricultural Economic Research 83-40, 1983.Google Scholar
Mishra, A., El-Osta, H.S., Morehart, M.J., Johnson, J.D., and Hopkins, J.W.. Income, Wealth, and the Economic Weil-Being of Farm Households. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Economic Report 812, July 2002.Google Scholar
Mishra, A.K., Moss, C.B., and Erickson, K.W.. “Changes in the Distribution of Farm Wealth in the United States.” Paper presented at the WAEA annual meeting, Logan, Utah, 10 July 2001.Google Scholar
Nord, S.Income Inequality and City Size: An Examination of Alternative Hypotheses for Large and Small Cities.” The Review of Economics and Statistics LXII, No. 4(November 1980): 502–08.Google Scholar
Pendakur, K.Changes in Canadian Family Income and Consumption Inequality between 1978 and 1992.” The Review of Income and Wealth 44,2(June 1998):259–83.10.1111/j.1475-4991.1998.tb00272.xGoogle Scholar
Rausser, G.C.Predatory versus Productive Government: The Case of U.S. Agricultural Policies.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 6,3(Summer 1992): 133–57.Google Scholar
Reinsei, R.D., and Banker, D.. Aspects of Farm Finances: Distribution of Income, Family Income, and Direct Payments, 1986. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Economic Report 630, April 1990.Google Scholar
Reinsei, R.D., and Krenz, R.D.. Capitalization of Farm Program Benifits into Land Values. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Economic Report 506, (No date).Google Scholar
Reinsei, R.D., and Reinsel, E.I.. “The Economics of Asset Values and Current Income in Farming.American Journal of Agricultural Economics 61(December 1979):10931104.10.2307/3180382Google Scholar
Reynolds, J.E., and Timmons, J.F.. “Factors Affecting Farmland Values in the United States.” Research Bulletin 566, Iowa State University, 1969.Google Scholar
Ryan, J., Barnard, C., and Collender, R.. “Government Payments to Farmers Contribute to Rising Land Values.” Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Outlook (June-July 2001):2226.Google Scholar
Schultze, C.L. The Distribution of Farm Subsidies: Who Gets the Benefits? Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1971.Google Scholar
Short, S.D.Concentration of 1978 Deficiency Payments.North Central Journal of Agricultural Economics 4(July 1982):21–9.10.2307/1349063Google Scholar
Slottje, D.J., and Hayes, K.J.. “Labor Force Participation, Race and Human Capital: Influence on Earnings' Distributions Across States.The Review of Income and Wealth 38(1992):2737.10.1111/j.1475-4991.1992.tb00399.xGoogle Scholar
Sumner, D.A.Targeting Farm Programs.Contemporary Policy Issues 9(January 1991):93106.Google Scholar
United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. 1996 Agricultural Resource Management Survey Phase III: Survey Administration Manual. Washington, DC, January 2000.Google Scholar
United States General Accounting Office. Farm Programs: Information on Recipients of Federal Payments. Report to the Chairman, Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, U.S. Senate. GAO-01-606. Washington, DC, June 2001.Google Scholar
Vantreese, V., Reed, M.R., and Skees, J.R.. “Mandatory Production Controls and Asset Values: A Case Study of Burley Tobacco Quotas.American Journal of Agricultural Economics 71 (May 1989):319–25.10.2307/1241589Google Scholar
Weldon, R.N., Moss, C.B., and Erickson, K.. “The Distribution of Farm Wealth in the United States.” Agricultural Finance Review 53(1993): 100–09.Google Scholar
Weisbrod, S.A., and Hansen, W.L.. “An Income-Net Worth Approach to Measuring Economic Welfare.American Economic Review 53(December 1968): 1315–29.Google Scholar
Whittaker, G., and Ahearn, M.C.. “The Distribution of Direct Government Payments.” Issues for the 1990's: Commodity Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Information Bulletin 664-37, May 1993.Google Scholar
Wu, X., Perloff, J.M., and Golan, A.. “Effects of Government Policies on Income Distribution and Welfare.” Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley. Paper iirwps-086-02, 2002. Internet site: http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=iir (Accessed March 2004).Google Scholar
Yi, Y.On the Evaluation of Main Effects in Multiplicative Regression Models.Journal of the Market Research Society 31(1989): 133–8.Google Scholar