Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T06:16:03.720Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Experiments on the nutrition of the dairy heifer. XI. Further observations on the effect of energy intake on protein utilization

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 March 2009

W. H. Broster ,
T. Smith ,
J. W. Siviter ,
E. Schuller  and
Valerie J. Broster
W. H. Broster
Affiliation:
National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, Reading RG2 9AT, England
T. Smith
Affiliation:
National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, Reading RG2 9AT, England
J. W. Siviter
Affiliation:
National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, Reading RG2 9AT, England
E. Schuller
Affiliation:
National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, Reading RG2 9AT, England
Valerie J. Broster
Affiliation:
National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, Reading RG2 9AT, England
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Five experiments were made to observe the effect on nitrogen (N) utilization by young cattle of supplements of sucrose, glucose monohydrate (dextrose), and maize starch when added to basal diets of concentrates and straw. The supplements provided about 12% of the total intake of air-dry food. Twenty-four yearling Friesian heifers were used in each of two randomized block experiments to measure live-weight gain, and 6, 10 and 10 yearling Friesian steers in three changeover design experiments to measure N retention.

Rates of live-weight gain and N retention were increased by all the supplements amongst which no order of superiority in benefit conferred could be established. The improvement in N retention was associated with a marked reduction in urinary N and a small increase in faecal N with supplemented rations.

The proportions of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in rumen fluid were not affected by starch supplementation. Both sugars, but glucose more than sucrose, decreased the ratio of acetic to propionic acid, measured 2 h after feeding.

Statistically significant multiple linear regression equations were observed between N retained and intakes of N and digestible organic matter (DOM), both as absolute amounts with live weight as a further independent variate, and as intakes/unit metabolic body size. N2 and DOM × N as additional variates did not benefit the fit of the equations over the range of intakes studied.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Agricultural Science , Volume 91 , Issue 2 , October 1978 , pp. 399 - 413
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1978

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Andrews, R. P., Esouder-Volonte, J., Curran, M. K. & Holmes, W. (1972). The influence of supplements of energy and protein on the intake and performance of cattle fed on cereal straws. Animal Production 15, 167–177.Google Scholar
Annison, E. F. (1976). Energy utilization in the body. In Principles of Cattle Production (ed. Swan, H. and Broster, W. H.), pp. 169–200. London: Butterworth.Google Scholar
Annison, E. F. & Armstrong, D. G. (1970). Volatile fatty acid metabolism and energy supply. In Physiology of Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant (ed. Phillipson, A. T. et al. ), pp. 422–437. Newcastleupon-Tyne: Oriel Press.Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. G. & Blaxter, K. L. (1957a). The heat increments of mixtures of steam-volatile fatty acids in fasting sheep. British Journal of Nutrition 11, 392–408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstrong, D. G. & Blaxter, K. L. (1957b). The utilization of acetic, propionio and butyric acids by fattening sheep. British Journal of Nutrition 11, 413–425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstrong, D. G., Blaxter, K. L., McC. Graham, N. & Wainmak, F. W. (1958). The utilization of the energy of two mixtures of steam-volatile fatty acids by fattening sheep. British Journal of Nutrition 12, 177–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstrong, D. G. & Prescott, J. H. D. (1971). Amount, physical form and composition of feed and milk secretion in the dairy cow. In Lactation (ed. Falconer, I. R.), pp. 349–377. London: Butterworth.Google Scholar
Balch, C. C. (1967). Problems in predicting the value of non-protein nitrogen as a substitute for protein in rations for farm ruminants. World Review of Animal Production 3, 84–91.Google Scholar
Balch, C. C., Broster, W. H., Rook, J. A. F. & Tuck, Valerie J. (1965). The effect on growth rate and on milk yield and composition of finely grinding the hay and cooking (flaking) the maize in mixed diets for growing and for milking heifers. Journal of Dairy Research 32, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bines, J. A. & Balch, C. C. (1973). Relative retentions of the nitrogen of urea and groundnut in isoenergetic diets for growing heifers. British Journal of Nutrition 29, 457–466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, J. L., Faichney, G. J. & McC. Graham, N. (1976). Future role of computer simulation in research and its application to ruminant protein nutrition. In Protein Metabolism and Nutrition (ed. Cole, D. J. A. et al. ), pp. 477–491. European Association for Animal Production publication No. 16. London: Butterworth.Google Scholar
Black, J. L. & Griffiths, D. A. (1975). Effects of live weight and energy intake on nitrogen balance and total N requirement of lambs. British Journal of Nutrition 33, 399–413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blaxter, K. L. (1962). The Energy Metabolism of Ruminants. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Broster, W. H. (1972). Protein requirements of cows for lactation. In Handbuch der Tierernahrung (ed. Lenkeit, W., Breirem, K. and Crasemann, E.) 2, 292–322. Hamburg and Berlin: Paul Parey.Google Scholar
Broster, W. H. (1973). Protein-energy interrelationships in growth and lactation of cattle and sheep. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 32, 116–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broster, W. H. & Broster, Valerie J. (1969–1970). Influence of levels of protein and energy hi the rations on growth rate of dairy heifers. Report of the National Institute for Research in Dairying, p. 82.Google Scholar
Broster, W. H. & Oldham, J. D. (1976). Protein quantity and quality for the U.K. dairy cow. In Nutrition and the Climatic Environment (ed. Haresign, W., Swan, H. and Lewis, D.), pp. 123–153. London: Butterworth.Google Scholar
Broster, W. H. & Smith, T. (1967). Nutrition of the growing heifer. Protein requirements: white fishmeal vs. decorticated groundnut meal. Report of the National Institute for Research in Dairying, pp. 44–45.Google Scholar
Broster, W. H., Smith, T., Broster, V. J. & Siviter, J. W. (1978). Experiments on the nutrition of the dairy heifer. X. Effect on nitrogen utilization for growth of chemical and physical treatment of the principal source of protein in the diet. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, 90, 299–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broster, W. H., Sutton, J. D., Smith, T., Broster, V. J. & Balch, C. C. (1970). The effects of supplements of sucrose and of glucose monohydrate on the milk production and live weight of dairy cows. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 74, 217–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broster, W. H., Sutton, J. D., Tuck, V. J. & Baloh, C. C. (1965). The effect of the addition of large amounts of cod-liver oil to the rations of yearling heifers on their rate of live-weight gain. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 65, 227–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broster, W. H. & Tuck, Valerie J. (1963). Protein requirements of heifers weighing 800–900 lb. Report of the National Institute for Research in Dairying, p. 48.Google Scholar
Broster, W. H., Tuck, Valerie J. & Balch, C. C. (1963). Experiments on the nutrition of the dairy heifer. IV. Protein requirements of 2-year-old heifers. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 60, 393–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broster, W. H., Tuck, Valerie J. & Baloh, C. C. (1964). Experiments on the nutrition of the dairy heifer. V. Nutrition in late pregnancy. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 63, 51–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broster, W. H., Tuck, Valerie J. & Smith, T. (1966). Nutrition of the growing heifer. Protein requirements: Decorticated groundnut meal vs. soyabean meal and vs. white fishmeal. Report of National Institute for Research in Dairying, pp. 54–55.Google Scholar
Broster, W. H., Tuck, Valerie J., Smith, T. & Johnson, V. W. (1969). Experiments on the nutrition of the dairy heifer. VII. Observations on the effect of the energy intake on the utilization of protein in growth and lactation. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 72, 13–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bull, L. S., Reid, J. T. & Johnson, D. E. (1970). Energetics of sheep concerned with the utilization of acetic acid. Journal of Nutrition 100, 262–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burroughs, W., Nelson, D. K. & Mertens, D. R. (1975). Evaluation of protein nutrition by metabolizable protein and urea fermentation potential. Journal of Dairy Science 58, 611–619.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coohran, W. G. & Cox, G. M. (1957). Experimental Designs. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.Google Scholar
Elliott, R. C., Reed, W. D. C. & Topps, J. H. (1964). Studies of protein requirements of ruminants. British Journal of Nutrition 18, 519–528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eskeland, B., Pfander, W. H. & Preston, R. L. (1973). Utilization of volatile fatty acids and glucose for protein deposition in Iambs. British Journal of Nutrition 29, 347–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flatt, W. P., Moe, P. W., Munson, A. W. & Cooper, T. (1969). Energy utilization by high producing cows. II. Summary of energy balance experiments with lactating Holstein cows. In Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals (ed. Blaxter, K. L., Kielanowski, J. and Thorbek, G.), pp. 235–251. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Oriel Press.Google Scholar
Griffiths, T. W. & Smith, F. H. (1974). Further studies on the utilization of nitrogen in silage based diets. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 83, 531–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffiths, T. W., Spillane, T. A. & Bath, I. H. (1973). Studies on the nutritive value of silage with particular reference to the effects of energy and nitrogen supplementation in growing heifers. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 80, 75–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hovell, F. D. DeB. & Greenhalgh, J. F. D. (1970). The utilization of salts of acetic acid by growing lambs. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 29, 28A–29A.Google Scholar
Kay, M. (1976). Meeting the energy and protein requirements of the growing animal. In Principles of Cattle Production (ed. Swan, H. and Broster, W. H.), pp. 255–270. London: Butterworth.Google Scholar
Leng, R. A. & Preston, T. R. (1976). Sugar cane for cattle production: present constraints, perspectives and research priorities. Tropical Animal Production 1, 1–26.Google Scholar
Miller, E. L. (1973). Evaluation of foods as sources of nitrogen and amino acids. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 32, 79–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, E. L., Balch, C. C., Ørskov, E. R., Roy, J. H. B. & Smith, R. H. (1977). Comparison of calculated N requirements for ruminants with the results of practical feeding trials. In 2nd International Symposium on Protein Metabolism and Nutrition (secretary: Tamminga, S.), pp. 137–141. European Association for Animal Production Publication No. 22. Wageningen: Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation.Google Scholar
Morton, J. R. & Ridgman, W. J. (1977). Problems in the statistical design and analysis of feeding trials. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 36, 173–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ørskov, E. R. (1970). Nitrogen utilization by the young ruminant. Proceedings of Nutrition Conference of Feed Manufacturers, University of Nottingham pp. 20–35.Google Scholar
Ørskov, E. R. (1976). Factors influencing protein and non-protein nitrogen utilization in young ruminants. In Protein Metabolism and Nutrition (ed. Cole, D. J. A. et al. ), pp. 457–476. European Association for Animal Production Publication No. 16. London: Butterworth.Google Scholar
Ørskov, E. R. (1977). Dietary protein: energy relationships for growth in young ruminants. In 2nd International Symposium on Protein Metabolism and Nutrition (secretary: Tamminga, S.), pp. 110–114. European Association for Animal Production Publication No. 22. Wageningen: Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation.Google Scholar
Ørskov, E. R. & Allen, D. M. (1966a). Utilization of salts of volatile fatty acids by growing sheep. 1. Acetate, propionate and butyrate as sources of energy for young growing lambs. British Journal of Nutrition 20, 295–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ørskov, E. R. & Allen, D. M. (1966b). Utilization of salts of volatile fatty acids by growing sheep. 3. Effeot of frequency of feeding on the utilization of acetate and propionate by young growing lambs. British Journal of Nutrition 20, 509–518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ørskov, E. R. & Allen, D. M. (1966c) Utilization of salts of volatile fatty acids by growing sheep. 4. Effects of type of fermentation of the basal diet on the utilization of salts of volatile fatty acids for nitrogen retention and body gains. British Journal of Nutrition 20, 519–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ørskov, E. R., Hovell, F. D. & Allen, D. M. (1966). Utilization of salts of volatile fatty acids by growing sheep. 2. Effect of stage of maturity and hormone implantation on the utilization of volatile fatty acids as sources of energy for growth and fattening. British Journal of Nutrition 20, 307–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ørskov, E. R., Flatt, W. P., Moe, P. W., Munro, A. W., Hemken, R. W. & Katz, I. (1969). The influence of ruminal infusion of volatile fatty acids on milk yield and composition and energy utilization by lactating cows. British Journal of Nutrition 23, 443–453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poole, D. A. & Allen, D. M. (1970). Utilization of salts of volatile fatty acids by growing sheep. 5. Effects of type of fermentation of the basal diet on the utilization of salts of acetic acid for body gains. British Journal of Nutrition 24, 695–704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preston, T. R. (1972). Fattening beef cattle on molasses in the tropics. World Animal Review 1, 24–29.Google Scholar
Rook, J. A. F. (1976). Nutritional influences on milk quality. In Principles of Cattle Production (ed. Swan, H. and Broster, W. H.), pp. 221–236. London: Butterworth.Google Scholar
Rook, J. A. F., Balch, C. C., Campling, R. C. & Fisher, L. J. (1963). The utilization of acetic, propionic and butyric acids by growing heifers. British Journal of Nutrition 17, 399–406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, J. H. B., Balch, C. C., Miller, E. L., Ørskov, E. R. & Smith, R. H. (1977). Calculation of the N requirement for ruminants from nitrogen metabolism studies. In 2nd International Symposium on Protein Metabolism and Nutrition (secretary: Tamminga, S.), pp. 126–129. European Association for Animal Production Publication No. 22. Wageningen: Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation.Google Scholar
Satter, L. D. & Roffler, R. E. (1975). Nitrogen requirement and utilization in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 58, 1219–1237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Satter, L. D. & Roffler, R. E. (1977). Calculating requirements for protein and non-protein nitrogen by ruminants. In 2nd International Symposium on Protein Metabolism and Nutrition (secretary: Tamminga, S.), pp. 133–136. European Association for Animal Production Publication No. 22. Wageningen: Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation.Google Scholar
Smith, R. H. (1969). Nitrogen metabolism and the rumen. Journal of Dairy Research 36, 313–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, T. (1978). The use of poor quality forages by growing cattle. Thesis: University of Reading.Google Scholar
Smith, T. & Broster, W. H. (1977). The use of poor quality fibrous sources of energy by young cattle. World Review of Animal Production 13, 49–58.Google Scholar
Snedecor, G. W. & Cochran, W. G. (1967). Statistical Methods. Iowa: Iowa State University Press.Google Scholar
Stobo, I. J. F. & Roy, J. H. B. (1973). The protein requirement of the ruminant calf. 4. Nitrogen balance studies on rapidly growing calves given diets of different protein content. British Journal of Nutrition 30, 113–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutton, J. D. (1976). Energy supply from the digestive tract of cattle. In Principles of Cattle Production (ed. Swan, H. and Broster, W. H.), pp. 121–143. London: Butterworth.Google Scholar
Syrjälä, L. (1972). Effect of different sucrose, starch and cellulose supplements on the utilization of grass silages by ruminants. Annales Agricultural Fenniae 11, 199–276.Google Scholar
Syrjälä, L. (1975). Live-weight gain, feed intake and wool growth of lambs on different grass silages and sucrose and starch supplements. Annales Agriculturae Fenniae 14, 338–348.Google Scholar
Syrjälä, L. (1977). Effect of carbohydrate supplement on the utilization of silage protein. In Quality of Forage (ed. Knutsson, P.G.), pp. 55–66. Inst for Husdjurens Utfodring och vard Report No. 54. Uppsala: University Press.Google Scholar
Whitelaw, F. G., Preston, T. R. & Dawson, G. S. (1961). The nutrition of the early weaned calf. II. A comparison of commercial groundnut meal, heattreated groundnut meal, and fishmeal as the major protein source in the diet. Animal Production 3, 127–133.Google Scholar
Whitelaw, F. G., Preston, T. R. & MacLeod, N. A. (1964). The nutrition of the early weaned calf. VII. The relative value of four different fishmeal products as the major protein source in the diet. Animal Production 6, 25–30.Google Scholar
Wilke, P. I. & Merwe, F. J. Van Der (1976). Net utilization of roughage and concentrates diets by sheep. British Journal of Nutrition 35, 201–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winchester, C. F. & Harvey, W. R. (1966). Effects of protein and energy intake on nitrogen retention and growth of cattle. Technical Bulletin No. 1364. Agricultural Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Yates, F. (1936). Incomplete randomised blocks. Annals of Eugenics 7, 121–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar