Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T04:29:48.111Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The response of field beans (Vicia faba L.) to irrigation and sowing date. 2. Growth and development in relation to yield

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 March 2009

M. M. Husain ,
G. D. Hill  and
J. N. Gallagher
M. M. Husain
Affiliation:
Plant Science Department, Lincoln College, Canterbury, New Zealand
G. D. Hill
Affiliation:
Plant Science Department, Lincoln College, Canterbury, New Zealand
J. N. Gallagher
Affiliation:
Plant Science Department, Lincoln College, Canterbury, New Zealand
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

The growth and yield of four crops of field bean cv. Maris Bead in response to irrigation and sowing date were analysed in relation to leaf area expansion and senescence and their absorption and utilization of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Total dry matter (D.M.) production and seed yield were strongly correlated with total green area duration (GAD) and post-flowering GAD respectively.

Total D.M. production was also strongly related to radiation absorbed by the green surfaces of the crop although autumn sowing and drought both decreased the constant of proportionality, i.e. the growth efficiency (Eg). Autumn sowings yielded more than spring sowings because they grew for longer and received 22% more radiation. Their harvest index was also about 40% higher than in spring sowings. These more than compensated for their smaller Eg. Drought decreased yield mainly by decreasing radiation received and Eg. Growth duration was shorter and harvest index was smaller.

The rate of phenological development was strongly dependent upon temperature and to a lesser extent on photoperiod. The average thermal duration from emergence to flowering was 790 °Cd above a base of 0 °C. The time from sowing to the end of the pod growth was well represented by a simple multiplicative model in which development rate was a linear function of temperature above a base of 0 °C and photoperiod above a base of 6 h. The average photothermal duration required for 10 crops was 980 °Cd.

An attempt was also made to determine the crop physiological and environmental factors which govern the change in size of the yield components of field bean crops caused by irrigation and sowing date. The final number of pods per plant was closely correlated with the rate of supply of assimilates during pod filling. Irrigation increased assimilate flux by increasing leaf area, growth rate and total dry matter during pod growth. Both the rate and duration of pod growth were little affected by irrigation. Autumn sowings produced heavier pods and beans due to both a faster rate and a longer duration of growth which were associated with a greater production of assimilate during the seed growth period. Seed growth depends on both the current assimilate and stored reserves, the latter especially when plants were subjected to environmental stress.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Agricultural Science , Volume 111 , Issue 2 , October 1988 , pp. 233 - 254
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Angus, J. F., Mackenzie, D. H., Morton, R. & Schafer, C. A. (1981). Phasic development in field crops. II. Thermal and photoperiodic responses of spring wheat. Field Crops Research 4, 269–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angus, J. F., Mackenzie, D. H., Myer, R. J. K. & Foale, M. A. (1982). Phasic development in field crops. III. The pseudocereals, buckwheat and grain amaranth. Field Crops Research 5, 305–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, C. Y. (1959). The determination and significance of the base temperature in a linear heat unit system. Proceedings American Society for Horticultural Science 73, 430–445.Google Scholar
Attiya, H. J. (1985). The effects of plant population, growth regulators and irrigation on development and yield or spring sown field beans (Vicia faba L.). Ph.D. thesis, Lincoln College, University of Canterbury.Google Scholar
Austin, R. B., Morgan, C. L. & Ford, M. A. (1981). A field study of the carbon economy of normal and ‘topless’ field beans (Vicia faba). In Vicia faba: Physiology and Breeding (ed. Thompson, R.), pp. 60–77. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biscoe, P. V. & Gallagher, J. N. (1978). A physiological analysis of cereal yield. I. Production of dry matter. Agricultural Progress 53, 34–50.Google Scholar
Blondon, F. (1975). [The necessities for flowering in three lines of Vicia faba L. (horse bean)]. Comptes Rendus des Séances de l' Academie d' Agricultre de France 61, 1068–1081.Google Scholar
Bonhomme, R., Ruget, F., Deriaux, M. & Vincourt, P. (1982). Relations entre production de matriere seche arienne et energie interceptée chez different genotypes de mais. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires de Séances de l' Academie des Sciences III 294, 393–398.Google Scholar
Boyer, J. S. (1970). Differing sensitivity of photosynthesis to low leaf water potentials in corn and soybean. Plant Physiology 46, 236–339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bull, T. A. (1968). Expansion of leaf area per plant in field beans (Vicia faba L.) as related to daily maximum temperature. Journal of Applied Ecology 5, 61–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, A., Frazer, B. D., Gilbert, N., Gutierrez, A. P. & Mackauer, M. (1974). Temperature requirement of some aphids and their parasites. Journal of Applied Ecology 11, 431–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charles-Edwards, D. A. (1984 a). On the ordered development of plants. 1. A hypothesis. Annals of Botany 53, 699–707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charles-Edwards, D. A. (1984 b). On the ordered development of plants. 2. Self thinning in plant communities. Annals of Botany 53, 709–714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dantuma, G. & Thompson, R. (1983). Whole crop physiology and yield components. In The Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) (ed. Hebblethwaite, P. D.), pp. 143–159. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Dekhuijzen, H. J., Verkerke, D. R. & Houwers, A. (1981). Physiological aspects of the growth and development of Vicia faba. In Vicia faba: Physiology and Breeding (ed. Thompson, R.), pp. 7–30. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denmead, O. T. (1975). Temperate cereals. In Vegetation and the Atmosphere (ed. Monteith, J. L.), pp. 1–31. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Denmead, M. D. & Auld, B. A. (1980). The effects of position and temperature on the expansion of leaves of Vicia faba L. Annals of Botany 46, 511–517.Google Scholar
Dennett, M. D., Elston, J. & Milford, J. R. (1979). The effect of temperature on the growth of individual leaves of Vicia faba L. in the field. Annals of Botany 43, 197–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, M. D., Milford, J. R. & Elston, J. (1978). The effect of temperature on the relative leaf growth rate on crops of Vicia faba L. Agricultural Meterology 19, 505–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eden, A. (1968). A survey of the analytical composition of field beans (Vicia faba L.). Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 70, 299–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egli, D. B. (1975). The rate of accumulation of dry weight in seed of soybeans and its relationship to yield. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 55, 215–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egli, D. B. & Leggett, J. E. (1976). The influence of varying source sink ratios on the rate of dry weight accumulation in seed of soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. Agronomy Journal 68, 371–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egli, D. G., Fraser, J., Leggett, J. E. & Poneleit, C. G. (1981). Control of seed growth in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. Annals of Botany 48, 171–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Nadi, A. H. (1970). Water relations of beans. II. Effects of differential irrigation on yield and size of broad beans. Experimental Agriculture 5, 185–207.Google Scholar
Evans, L. T. (1959). Environmental control of flowering in Vicia faba L. Annals of Botany 23, 521–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farah, S. M. (1981). An examination of the effects of water stress on leaf growth of crops of field beans (Vicia faba L.). 1. Crop growth and yield. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 96, 327–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fasheun, A. & Dennett, M. D. (1982). Interception of radiation and growth efficiency in field beans (Vicia faba L.). Agricultural Meteorology 26, 221–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feddes, R. A. (1971). Water heat and crop growth. Mendedlingen van de Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen no. 71–122, pp. 1–84.Google Scholar
Gallagher, J. N. & Biscoe, P. V. (1978 a). Radiation absorption, growth and yield of cereals. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 91, 47–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, J. N. & Biscoe, P. V. (1978 b). A physiological analysis of cereal yield. II. Partitioning of dry matter. Agricultural Progress 53, 51–70.Google Scholar
Gallagher, J. N., Biscoe, P. V. & Dennis-Jones, R. (1983). Environmental influences on the development, growth and yield of barley. In Barley: Production and Marketing. Agronomy Society of New Zealand, Special Publication no. 2, pp. 21–50.Google Scholar
Gallagher, J. N., Biscoe, P. V. & Scott, R. K. (1975). Barley and its environment. V. Stability of grain weight. Journal of Applied Ecology 12, 319–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grassland Research Institute (1976). Weather and soil moisture. GRI, Annual Report, 129.Google Scholar
Grassland Research Institute (1977). Weather and soil moisture. GRI, Annual Report, 149.Google Scholar
Hadley, R., Summerfield, R. J. & Roberts, E. H. (1983). Effects of temperature and photoperiod on reproductive development of selected grain legumes. In Temperate Legumes: Physiology, Genetics and Nodulation (ed. Jones, D. G. and Davies, D. R.), pp. 19–41. London: Pitman.Google Scholar
Hawkins, R. C. & Cooper, P. J. M. (1981). Growth, development and grain yield in maize. Experimental Agriculture 17, 203–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hebblethwaite, P. (1982). The effect of water stress on the growth, development and yield of Vicia faba L. In Field Bean Improvement (ed. Hawtin, G. and Webb, C.), pp. 165–175. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herbert, S. J. (1977). Density and irrigation studies in Lupinus albus and L. angustifolius. Ph.D. thesis, Lincoln College, University of Canterbury.Google Scholar
Hipps, L. E., Asrar, G. & Kanemasu, E. T. (1983). Assessing the interception of photosynthetically active radiation in winter wheat. Agricultural Meteorology 28, 253–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huck, M. G., Ishihar, K., Peterson, C. M. & Ushijima, T. (1983). Soybean adaptation to water stress at selected stages of growth. Plant Physiology 73, 422–427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, G. & Keatinge, J. D. H. (1983). Solar radiation interception, drymatter production and yield in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspangh). Field Crops Research 6, 171–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, G., Keatinge, J. D. H. & Scott, S. P. (1981). Pigeon pea as a dry season crop in Trinidad, West Indies. II. Interception and utilization of solar radiation. Tropical Agriculture 53, 191–199.Google Scholar
Hunt, R. (1978). Plant growth analysis. Institute of Biology Studies in Biology No. 96, pp. 26–38.Google Scholar
Husain, M. M. (1984). The response of field beans (Vicia faba L.) to irrigation and sowing date. Ph.D. thesis, Lincoln College, University of Canterbury.Google Scholar
Husain, M. M., Gallagher, J. N., Hill, G. D., Othman, M. & Reid, J. B. (1983). The non-existence of moisture sensitive phases in Vicia faba L. in Canterbury. Proceedings of the Agronomy Society of New Zealand 13, 87–94.Google Scholar
Husain, M. M., Hill, G. D. & Gallagher, J. N. (1988). The response of field beans (Vicia faba L.) to irrigation and sowing date. I. Yield and yield components. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 111, 221–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ishag, H. M. (1973 a). Physiology of seed yield in field beans (Vicia faba L.) 1. Yield and yield components. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 80, 181–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ishag, H. M. (1973 b). Physiology of seed yield in field beans (Vicia faba L.). 2. Dry matter production. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 80, 191–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Legg, B. L., Day, W., Lowlor, D. W. & Parkinson, K. J. (1979). The effects of drought on barley growth: Models and measurements showing the relative importance of leaf area and photosynthetic rate. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 92, 703–716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leong, S. K. & Ong, C. K. (1983). The influence of temperature and soil water deficit on the development and morphology of ground nut (Arachis hypogea L.). Journal of Experimental Botany 34, 1151–1561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieth, H. (1975). Measurement of calorific values. In Primary Productivity of the Biosphere (ed. Lieth, H. and Whittaker, R.), pp. 119–129. New York: Springer Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
List, R. J. (1971). Duration of daylength, civil twilight, and astronomical twilight. In Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, pp. 505–515.Google Scholar
Littleton, E. J., Dennett, M. D., Monteith, J. L. & Elston, J. (1979). The growth and development of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) under tropical field conditions. 2. Accumulation and partition of dry weight. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 93, 309–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loomis, R. S. & Gerakis, P. A. (1975). Productivity of agricultural ecosystems. In Photosynthesis and Productivity in Different Environments (ed. Cooper, J. P.), pp. 145–172. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mahon, J. D. & Hobbs, S. L. A. (1983). Variability in pod filling characteristics of peas (Pisum sativum L.) under field conditions. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 63, 283–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, B. & Willey, R. W. (1983). Radiation interception and growth in an intercrop of pearl millet/groundnut. Field Crops Research 7, 141–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monteith, J. L. (1977). Climate and efficiency of crop production in Britain. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 281, 277–294.Google Scholar
Monteith, J. L. (1978). Reassessment of maximum growth rates of C3 and C4 crops. Experimental Agriculture 14, 1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monteith, J. L. (1981). Climatic variation in the growth of crops. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 107, 794–774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monteith, J. L. & Elston, J. (1983). Performance and productivity of foliage in the field. In The Growth and Functioning of Leaves (ed. Dale, J. E. and Milthorpe, F. L.), pp. 127–149. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Monteith, J. L. & Scott, R. K. (1982). Weather and yield variation of crops. In Food, Nutrition and Climate (ed. Blaxter, K. and Fowden, L.), pp. 127–149. London: Applied Science.Google Scholar
Muchow, R. C. & Charles-Edwards, D. A. (1982). An analysis of growth of mung beans at a range of plant densities in tropical Australia. II. Seed production. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 33, 55–61.Google Scholar
Naimark, L. (1976). [Development phases and ontogenesis stages of legumes]. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Belorusskaya Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Akademiya no. 15, pp. 16–22.Google Scholar
Newton, S. D. (1980). The agronomy of Vicia faba L. in Canterbury. Ph.D. thesis, Lincoln College, University of Canterbury.Google Scholar
Newton, S. D. & Hill, G. D. (1977). The effect of time of sowing and density on pod position and yield of two cultivars of field beans (Vicia faba L.). Proceedings of the Agronomy Society of New Zealand 7, 57–63.Google Scholar
Pandey, R. K. (1984). Influence of source and sink removal on seed yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Field Crops Research 8, 159–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Passioura, J. B. (1976). Physiology of grain yield in wheat growing on stored water. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 3, 559–565.Google Scholar
Pate, J. S., Peoples, M. B. & Atkins, C. A. (1983). Postanthesis economy of carbon in a cultivar of cpwpea. Journal of Experimental Botany 34, 544–562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peat, W. E. (1983). Developmental physiology. In The Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) (ed. Hebblethwaite, P. D.), pp. 103–132. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Rawson, H. M. & Turner, N. C. (1983). Irrigation timing and relationship between leaf area and yield in sunflower. Irrigation Science 4, 167–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sale, P. J. M. (1977). Net carbon exchange rates of fieldgrown in relation to dry weight accumulation. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 4, 555–569.Google Scholar
Saxena, M. C. (1981). Some physiological aspects of adaptation. In Field Bean Improvement (ed. Hawtin, G. and Webb, C.), pp. 145–160. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Shibles, R. M. & Weber, C. R. (1965). Leaf area, solar radiation interception and dry matter production by soybeans. Crop Science 5, 575–577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sibma, L. (1968). Growth of closed green crop surfaces in the Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 16, 211–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivakumar, M. V. K. & Virmani, S. M. (1984). Crop production in relation to interception of photosynthetically active radiation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 31, 131–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skjelvag, A. O. (1981 a). Effects of climatic factors on the growth and development of the field bean (Vicia faba L. var. minor). I. Phenology, height growth and yield in a phytotrone [sic] experiment. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, 31, 358–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skjelvag, A. O. (1981 b). Effects of climatic factors on the growth and development of the field bean (Vicia fabaL. var. minor) II. Phenological development in outdoor experiments. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica 31, 372–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sofield, I., Evans, L. T., Cook, M. G. & Wardlaw, I. F. (1977). Factors influencing the rate and duration of grain filling in wheat. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 4, 785–797.Google Scholar
Spiertz, J. H. J., ten Hag, B. A. & Kupers, L. J. P. (1971). Relation between green area duration and grain yield in some varieties of spring wheat. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 19, 211–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sprent, J. I. & Bradford, A. M. (1977). Nitrogen fixation in field beans Vicia faba as affected by population density, shading and its relationship with soil moisture. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 88, 303–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szeicz, G. (1965). A miniature tube solarimeter. Journal of Applied Ecology 2, 145–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szeicz, G. (1974 a). Solar radiation for plant growth. Journal of Applied Ecology 11, 617–636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szeicz, G. (1974 b). Solar radiation in crop canopies. Journal of Applied Ecology 11, 1117–1156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamaki, K., Naka, J. & Asanuma, K. I. (1974). [Physiological studies of the growing process of broad bean plants. 8. Effects on the length of light duration on the growth and chemical components]. Kagawa Darigaku Nogakuba Gakuzyuta Hokoku 25, 157–170.Google Scholar
Taylor, H. M., Mason, K. K., Bennie, A. T. P. & Rowse, H. R. (1982). Response of soybeans to two row spacings and two soil water levels. I. An analysis of biomass accumulation, canopy development, solar radiation interception and components of seed yield. Field Crops Research 5, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tekrony, D. M., Egli, D. B., Balles, J. & Pfeiffer, J. (1979). Physiological maturity in soybean. Agronomy Journal 71, 771–775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, R. (1979 a). Crop growth and partition of assimilated in field beans (Vicia faba): Response to elimination of some major constraints. In Some Current Research on Vicia faba in Western Europe (ed. Bond, D. A., Scarascia-Mugnozza, G. T. S. & Poulsen, M. H.), pp. 407–420. Publication, Commission of the European Communities no. EUR 6244.Google Scholar
Thompson, R. (1979 b). Changes in the partitioning of assimilate in Vicia faba in response to environment. In Temperate Legumes: Physiology, Genetics and Nodulation (ed. Jones, D. G. & Davies, D. R.), pp. 175–190. London: Pitman.Google Scholar
Thompson, R. & Taylor, H. (1977). Yield components and cultivars, sowing date and density in field beans (Vicia faba). Annals of Applied Biology 86, 313–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, R. & Taylor, H. (1981). Factors limiting growth and yield of Vicia faba. In Vicia faba: Physiology and Breeding (ed. Thompson, R.), pp. 60–77. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, R., Taylor, H. & Brinklow, J. E. (1981). Control of growth: Yield and quality of protein and other seed crops used for feed manufacture. Scottish Crop Research Institute, Annual Report, pp. 48–49.Google Scholar
Thompson, R., Taylor, H. & Brinklow, J. E. (1982). Control of growth, yield and quality of protein and other seed crops used for feed manufacture: (Field bean: Measured Maximum (MM) yield). Scottish Crop Research Institute, Annual Report, pp. 164–165.Google Scholar
Thorne, G. N. (1984). Physiology of grain yield of wheat and barley. Rothamsted Experimental Station, Annual Report for 1973, Part II, pp. 5–25.Google Scholar
Turk, K. J. & Hall, A. E. (1980). Drought adaptation of cowpea. III. Influence of drought on plant growth and relations with seed yield. Agronomy Journal 72, 428–433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, D. J. (1952). The physiological basis of variation in yield. Advances in Agronomy 4, 101–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wellbank, P. J., French, S. A. W. & Witts, K. J. (1966). Dependence of yield of wheat varieties on their leaf area duration. Annals of Botany 30, 291–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, D. R., Jamieson, P. D., Jermyn, W. A. & Hanson, R. (1985). Models of growth and water use of field peas (Pisum sativum L.). In The Pea Crop: A Basis for Improvement (ed. Hebblethwaite, P. D., Heath, M. C. and Dawkins, T. C. K.), pp. 139–151. London: Butterworths.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoshida, S. (1972). Physiological aspects of grain yield. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 23, 437–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zain, Z. M., Gallagher, J. N., White, J. G. H. & Reid, J. B. (1983). The effect of irrigation and radiation absorption, water use and yield of conventional and semileafless peas. Proceedings of the Agronomy Society of New Zealand 13, 95–102.Google Scholar