Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T16:43:36.588Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Vote Buying and Village Outrage in an Election in Northern Thailand: Recent Legal Reforms in Historical Context

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 May 2008

Katherine A. Bowie
Get access

Abstract

Vote buying has long been considered a major obstacle to democracy in Thailand. As reiterated in explanations of Thailand's 2006 military coup, vote buying in Thai electoral politics has often been attributed to traditional village culture and rural ignorance. Placing a 1995 northern Thai election for kamnan (subdistrict head) in historical context, this essay suggests that vote buying did not typify village electoral politics but was an aberration that reached its zenith during the mid-1990s. Legal ambiguities, not rural apathy or ignorance, impeded villagers' ability to protest corrupt practices and safeguard their internal democracy. These ambiguities emerged as new democratic laws implemented in 1992 and 1995 to decentralize power conflicted with older laws dating from the days of absolute monarchy. Subsequent legal reforms appear to have mitigated the importance of vote buying in village electoral politics. How these reforms will affect national electoral politics remains to be seen.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 67 , Issue 2 , May 2008 , pp. 469 - 511
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Phraraachabanyat laksana pokkhrohng thohngthii BE 2457 [Local Administrative Act of 1914]. Bangkok: Ministry of Interior.Google Scholar
Phraraachabanyat laksana pokkhrohng thohngthii BE 2457 lae thii kaekhaj phyymtyym thyng patcuban BE 2542 [Local Administrative Act of 1914 with amendments 1–10 through 1999]. Bangkok. Ministry of Interior.Google Scholar
Phraraachabanyat rabiab borihaarn raachakaarn suan tambon BE 2499 [Act on Regulations Governing Tambon Councils 1956]. Bangkok: Ministry of Interior.Google Scholar
Prakaat khohng khana patiwat chabab thii 326 [Revolutionary Council Decree no. 326]. December 1972.Google Scholar
Prakaat khohng khana patiwat chabab thii 364 [Revolutionary Council Decree no. 364]. December 2515/1972.Google Scholar
Phraraachabanyat Saphaatambol lae ongkaanborihaarn suan tambon BE 2537 [Act on Tambon Councils and Tambon Administrative Organizations of 1994]. Bangkok: Ministry of Interior. Available in English at http://www.ipd.ph/logolinsea/resources/resources.html.Google Scholar
Phraraachabanyat Saphaatambol lae ongkaanborihaarn suan tambon BE 2537 lae thii kaekhaj phyymtyym con thyng. chabab thii 3 phoh soh 2542 [Act on Tambon Council and Tambon Administrative Bodies of 1994, third version of 1999]. Bangkok: Ministry of Interior.Google Scholar
Phraraachabanyat Saphaatambol lae ongkaanborihaarn suan tambon BE 2537, lae thii kaekhaj phyymtyym con thyng. chabab thii 5 phoh soh 2546 [Act on Tambon Council and Tambon Administrative Bodies of 1994, fifth version of 2003]. Bangkok: Ministry of Interior.Google Scholar
Rabiab Krasuang Mahaat thai waa duaj kaan lyak kamnan BE 2524 [Regulation of the Ministry of Interior regarding elections of kamnan 1981]. Bangkok: Ministry of Interior.Google Scholar
Khoh bangkhap krasuang mahaat thai waa duaj kaan lyak phuuyaibaan BE 2535 [Order of the Ministry of Interior regarding elections of village heads 1992]. Bangkok: Ministry of Interior.Google Scholar
M.T. 0409/W.12. Department of Local Administration, Ministry of Interior, January 9, 1984.Google Scholar
M.T. 0409/W. 419. Department of Local Administration, Ministry of Interior, March 14, 2534/1991.Google Scholar
Tahanamongkolmas, Abhinya 2001. “Thailand: A Moment of Transition.” Southeast Asian Affairs 2001:325–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yothapibal, Adth V. 1970. “The ‘Tambon’ in Thailand.” In Local Authority and Administration in Thailand, ed. von der Mehden, Fred R and Wilson, David A., 51–80. Los Angeles: Academic Advisory Council for Thailand.Google Scholar
Akin, Rabibhadana. 1969. The Organization of Thai Society in the Early Bangkok Period, 1728–1873. Southeast Asia Data Paper no. 74. Ithaca, N.Y.: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Anderson, Ben. 1977. “Withdrawal Symptoms: Social and Cultural Aspects of the October 6 Coup.” Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 9 (3): 13–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Ben. 1996. “Elections and Participation in Three Southeast Asian Countries.” In The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia, ed. Taylor, R. H, 12–33. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Laothamatas, Anek 1993. “Sleeping Giant Awakens! The Middle Class in Thai Politics.” Asian Review 7 (1): 78–125.Google Scholar
Laothamatas, Anek. 1996. “A Tale of Two Democracies: Conflicting Perceptions of Elections and Democracy in Thailand.” In The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia, ed. Taylor, R. H., 184–200. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1961. “Who Is a Kamnan? What Are His Duties?” [Kamnan khyy khrai? Mii amnaat naathii yangrai?]. Bangkok: Ministry of Interior and U.S. Operations Mission to Thailand.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1962. “Who Is the Village Head? What Are His Duties?” [Phuuyaibaan khyy khrai? Mii amnaat naathii yangrai?]. Bangkok: Ministry of Interior and U.S. Operations Mission to Thailand.Google Scholar
Arghiros, Daniel. 2001. Democracy, Development and Decentralization in Provincial Thailand. Richmond, Surrey, U.K.: Curzon.Google Scholar
Arghiros, Daniel. 2002. “Political Reform and Civil Society at the Local Level: Thailand's Local Government Reforms.” In Reforming Thai Politics, ed. McCargo, Duncan, 223–46. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Bowie, Katherine A. 1988. “Peasant Perspectives on the Political Economy of the Northern Thai Kingdom of Chiang Mai in the Nineteenth Century: Implications for the Understanding of Peasant Political Expression.” PhD diss., University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Bowie, Katherine A. 1997. Rituals of National Loyalty: An Anthropology of the State and the Village Scout Movement in Thailand. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Bowie, Katherine A. 1998. “The Alchemy of Charity: Of Class and Buddhism in Northern Thailand.” American Anthropologist 100 (2): 469–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowie, Katherine A. 2008. “Standing in the Shadows: Matrilocal Power in Electoral Politics in Rural Thailand.” American Ethnologist 35 (1).Google Scholar
Callahan, William A. 1998. Imagining Democracy: Reading “The Events of May” in Thailand. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Callahan, William A. 2000. Pollwatching, Elections, and Civil Society in Southeast Asia. Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Callahan, William A. 2005. “The Discourse of Vote Buying and Political Reform in Thailand.” Pacific Affairs 78 (1): 95–113.Google Scholar
Callahan, William A., and Duncan, McCargo. 1996. “Vote-Buying in Thailand's Northeast: The July 1995 General Election.” Asian Survey 36 (4): 376–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingavata, Chaichana 1990. “Community Development and Local-Level Democracy in Thailand: The Role of Tambol Councils.” Sojourn 5:113–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karnjanaprakorn, Choop 1962. Municipal Government in Thailand as an Institution and Process of Self-Government. Bangkok: Institute of Public Administration, Thammasat University.Google Scholar
Crook, Richard C., and Manor, James 1998. Democracy and Decentralisation in South Asia and West Africa: Participation, Accountability, and Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Delcore, Henry. 2000. “Localizing Development: Environment, Agriculture, and Hegemony in Northern Thailand.” PhD diss., University of Wisconsin–Madison.Google Scholar
De Young, John E. 1966. Village Life in Modern Thailand. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Duby, Georges. 1974. The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century. Trans. Clarke, Howard B.. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Engel, David M. 1978. Code and Custom in a Thai Provincial Court: The Interaction of Formal and Informal Systems of Justice. Association for Asian Studies Monograph no. 34. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Fishel, Thamora V. 2001. “Reciprocity and Democracy: Power, Gender, and the Provincial Middle Class in Thai Political Culture.” PhD diss., Cornell University.Google Scholar
Fraser, Thomas M Jr. 1966. Fishermen of South Thailand: The Malay Villagers. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Girling, John L. S. 1981. Thailand: Society and Politics. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Hewison, Kevin. 1993. “Of Regimes, State and Pluralities: Thai Politics Enters the 1990s.” In Southeast Asia in the 1990s: Authoritarianism, Democracy and Capitalism, ed. Hewison, Kevin, Robison, Richard, and Rodan, Garry, 159–89. St. Leonards, Australia: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Hutchcroft, Paul D. 2001. “Centralization and Decentralization in Administration and Politics: Assessing Territorial Dimensions of Authority and Power.” Governance: An International Journal of Policy and Administration 14 (1): 23–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tejapira, Kasian 2006. “Toppling Taksin.” New Left Review 39:5–37.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Howard K. 1960. Bangkhuad: A Community Study in Thailand. Locust Valley, N.Y.: J. J. Augustin for the Association for Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Chongkittavorn, Kavi 2006. “Regional Perspective: How to Salvage the Coup and Move on to the Reform.” The Nation (Bangkok), September 25.Google Scholar
Kemp, Jeremy. 1976. “Social Organization of a Hamlet in Phitsanulok Province, North-Central Thailand.” PhD diss., University of London.Google Scholar
Keyes, Charles F. 1970. “Local Leadership in Rural Thailand.” In Local Authority and Administration in Thailand, ed. von der Mehden, Fred R. and Wilson, David A, 92–127. Los Angeles: Academic Advisory Council for Thailand.Google Scholar
Theeravit, Khien 1997. Thailand in Crisis: A Study of the Political Turmoil of May 1992. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Print House.Google Scholar
Kingshill, Konrad. 1976. Ku Daeng—The Red Tomb: A Village Study in Northern Thailand. Bangkok: Suriyaban.Google Scholar
Kynnersley, C. W. 1905. “Notes of Visits to Puket, Ghirbee and Trang.” Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 42:8–18.Google Scholar
Maine, Henry Sumner. 1861. Ancient Law: Its Connection with the Early History of Society and Its Relation to Modern Ideas. Boston: Beacon Press, 1963.Google Scholar
McCargo, Duncan. 1997. Chamlong Srimuang and the New Thai Politics. London: Hurst & Co.Google Scholar
McCargo, Duncan, and Pathmanand, Ukrist 2005. The Thaksinization of Thailand. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.Google Scholar
McVey, Ruth, ed. 2000. Money and Power in Provincial Thailand. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Moerman, Michael. 1969. “A Thai Village Headman as a Synaptic Leader.” Journal of Asian Studies 28 (3): 535–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, Barrington Jr. 1966. The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin.Google Scholar
Morell, David, and Samudavanija, Chai-anan 1981. Political Conflict in Thailand: Reform, Reaction, Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Oelgeschalger, Gunn & Hain.Google Scholar
Murashima, Eiji. 1987. “Local Elections and Leadership in Thailand: A Case Study of Nakhon Sawan Province.” Developing Economies 25 (4): 363–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murashima, Eiji, Mektrairat, Nakarin and Wanthana, Somkiat 1991. The Making of Modern Thai Political Parties. Tokyo: Institute of Developing Economies.Google Scholar
Murray, David. 1996. Angels and Devils: Thai Politics from February 1991 to September 1992, a Struggle for Democracy? Bangkok: White Orchid Press.Google Scholar
Nakata, Thinapan. 1987. “Political Culture: Problems of Development of Democracy.” In Government and Politics of Thailand, ed. Xuto, Somsakdi, 168–95. Singapore: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Neher, Clark D. 1970a. “Development in Rural Thailand.” In Local Authority and Administration in Thailand, ed. von der Mehden, Fred R. and Wilson, David A., 23–50. Los Angeles: Academic Advisory Council for Thailand.Google Scholar
Neher, Clark D. 1970b. Rural Thai Government: The Politics of the Budgetary Process. De Kalb, Ill.: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University.Google Scholar
Neher, Clark D. 1974. The Dynamics of Politics and Administration in Rural Thailand. Athens, Oh.: Ohio University Center for International Studies, Southeast Asia Program.Google Scholar
Neher, Clark D. ed. 1976. Modern Thai Politics: From Village to Nation. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Nelson, Michael H. 1998. Central Authority and Local Democratization in Thailand: A Case Study from Chachoengsao Province. Bangkok: White Lotus Press.Google Scholar
Nelson, Michael H. 2000. Local Government Reform in Thailand, with Some Comparative Perspectives. Bangkok: Center for the Study of Thai Politics and Democracy, King Prajadhipok's Institute.Google Scholar
Noranit Setabutr, SomkitLertpaithoon, CharasSuwanmala, NiyomRathamarit, PathanSuvanamongkol, SurasitVajirakachorn, MichioMuratmatsu, NobukiMochida, YutakaHayashi, Katayama MasahisaAkizuki, Kengo and Nagai, Fumio 2002. Capacity Building of Thai Local Authorities. Thailand Japan Joint Research Project. Bangkok: Ministry of Interior.Google Scholar
Ockey, James. 2000. “The Rise of Local Power in Thailand: Provincial Crime, Elections and the Bureaucracy.” In Money and Power in Provincial Thailand, ed. McVey, Ruth, 74–96. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Ockey, James. 2004. Making Democracy: Leadership, Class, Gender, and Political Participation in Thailand. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Painter, Martin. 2006. “Taksinisation or Managerialism? Reforming the Thai Bureaucracy.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 36 (1): 26–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phongphaichit, Pasuk and Baker, Chris 1995. Thailand: Economy and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Phongphaichit, Pasuk and Baker, Chris 2004. Thaksin: The Business of Politics in Thailand. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Press.Google Scholar
Phongpaichit, Pasuk and Piriyarangsan, Sungsidh 1994. Corruption and Democracy in Thailand. Bangkok: Political Economy Center, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University.Google Scholar
Phillips, Herbert P. 1958. “The Election Ritual in a Thai Village.” Journal of Social Issues 14:36–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piker, Steven. 1983. A Peasant Community in Changing Thailand. Tempe: Arizona State University.Google Scholar
Potter, Jack M. 1976. Thai Peasant Social Structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Suvanamongkol, Prathan 1986. Thirty Years of the Tambon Council: In Search of a Role? Bangkok: Public Affairs Group, Public Affairs Foundation, and Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.Google Scholar
Jumbala, Prudhisan 1987. “Interest and Pressure Groups.” In Government and Politics of Thailand, ed. Xuto, Somsakdi, 110–67. Singapore: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Riggs, Fred W. 1966. Thailand: The Modernization of a Bureaucratic Polity. Honolulu: East-West Center Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, Philip S. Jr. 1996. “The Rise of the Rural Network Politician: Will Thailand's New Elite Endure?” Asian Survey 36 (9): 924–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, Herbert J. 1974. The Dynamics of Development in Rural Thailand. De Kalb, Ill.: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University.Google Scholar
Rubin, Herbert J. 1973. “Will and Awe: Illustrations of Thai Villager Dependency upon Officials.” Journal of Asian Studies 32 (3): 425–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, Herbert J., and Rubin, Irene S. 1973. “Effects of Institutional Change upon a Dependency Culture: The Commune Council 275 in Rural Thailand.” Asian Survey 13 (3): 270–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharp, Lauriston, and Hanks, Lucien M. 1978. Bang Chan: Social History of a Rural Community in Thailand. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vilaichit, Snit 1967. Kamnan and Puyaibaan: Their Origin, History and Importance to Village Development in Thailand. Bangkok: U.S. Operation Missions to Thailand.Google Scholar
Bunbongkarn, Suchit 1987. “Political Institutions and Processes.” In Government and Politics of Thailand, ed. Xuto, Somsakdi, 41–74. Singapore: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bunbongkarn, Suchit 1996. “Elections and democratization in Thailand.” In The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia, ed. Taylor, R. H, 184–200. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ratanarat, Suvit and Intarathai, Koonthong 1976. “The Thai Tambon Development Programme.” Journal of Economics and Business Administration (Bangkok) 6 (1): 112–19.Google Scholar
Takagi, Ryo. 1999. “Interaction and Power Relations: A Village Head (Kamnan) Election in Central Thailand.” Tai Culture 4 (1): 153–68.Google Scholar
Bunnag, Tej 1977. The Provincial Administration of Siam, 1892–1915: The Ministry of the Interior under Prince Damrong Rajanubhab. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Charoenmuang, Thanet 1992. “From Electocracy to Centralization: The Problem of Thailand's Democratization in 1990s.” In Proceedings of the 1992 International Symposium on Democratic Experiences in Southeast Asian Countries, ed. Phuangkasem, Corrine, Sonsri, Sida, Songsamphan, Chalidaporn, and Wajjwaiku, Siriporn, 50–63. Bangkok: Japanese Studies Center, Thammasat University.Google Scholar
Mokarapong, Thawatt 1972. History of the Thai Revolution: A Study in Political Behaviour. Bangkok: Chalermnit Press.Google Scholar
Pongsukdhirak, Thitinan 2003. “Thailand: Democratic Authoritarianism.” Southeast Asian Affairs 2003:277–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, Ladd M. 1970. “Local Authority and Development in the Four Muslij Provinces of Thailand.” In Local Authority and Administration in Thailand, ed. von der Mehden, Fred and Wilson, David A., 145–69. Los Angeles: Academic Advisory Council for Thailand.Google Scholar
Thompson, Virginia. 1955. “Rural and Urban Self-Government in Southeast Asia.” In Representative Government in Southeast Asia, by Emerson, Rupert, 118–50. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Turton, Andrew. 1989. “Local Powers and Rural Differentiation.” In Agrarian Transformation: Local Processes and the State in Southeast Asia, ed. Hart, Gillian, Turton, Andrew, White, Benjamin, with Fegan, Brian and Ghee, Lim Teck, 70–97. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Von der Mehden, Fred R., and Wilson, David A, eds. 1970. Local Authority and Administration in Thailand. Los Angeles: Academic Advisory Council for Thailand.Google Scholar
Wales, H. G. Quaritch. 1934. Ancient Siamese Government and Administration. New York: Paragon Book Reprints, 1965.Google Scholar
Wilson, David A. 1962. Politics in Thailand. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric R. 1982. Europe and the People without History. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Phraraachabanyat laksana pokkhrohng thohngthii BE 2457 [Local Administrative Act of 1914]. Bangkok: Ministry of Interior.Google Scholar
Phraraachabanyat laksana pokkhrohng thohngthii BE 2457 lae thii kaekhaj phyymtyym thyng patcuban BE 2542 [Local Administrative Act of 1914 with amendments 1–10 through 1999]. Bangkok. Ministry of Interior.Google Scholar
Phraraachabanyat rabiab borihaarn raachakaarn suan tambon BE 2499 [Act on Regulations Governing Tambon Councils 1956]. Bangkok: Ministry of Interior.Google Scholar
Prakaat khohng khana patiwat chabab thii 326 [Revolutionary Council Decree no. 326]. December 1972.Google Scholar
Prakaat khohng khana patiwat chabab thii 364 [Revolutionary Council Decree no. 364]. December 2515/1972.Google Scholar
Phraraachabanyat Saphaatambol lae ongkaanborihaarn suan tambon BE 2537 [Act on Tambon Councils and Tambon Administrative Organizations of 1994]. Bangkok: Ministry of Interior. Available in English at http://www.ipd.ph/logolinsea/resources/resources.html.Google Scholar
Phraraachabanyat Saphaatambol lae ongkaanborihaarn suan tambon BE 2537 lae thii kaekhaj phyymtyym con thyng. chabab thii 3 phoh soh 2542 [Act on Tambon Council and Tambon Administrative Bodies of 1994, third version of 1999]. Bangkok: Ministry of Interior.Google Scholar
Phraraachabanyat Saphaatambol lae ongkaanborihaarn suan tambon BE 2537, lae thii kaekhaj phyymtyym con thyng. chabab thii 5 phoh soh 2546 [Act on Tambon Council and Tambon Administrative Bodies of 1994, fifth version of 2003]. Bangkok: Ministry of Interior.Google Scholar
Rabiab Krasuang Mahaat thai waa duaj kaan lyak kamnan BE 2524 [Regulation of the Ministry of Interior regarding elections of kamnan 1981]. Bangkok: Ministry of Interior.Google Scholar
Khoh bangkhap krasuang mahaat thai waa duaj kaan lyak phuuyaibaan BE 2535 [Order of the Ministry of Interior regarding elections of village heads 1992]. Bangkok: Ministry of Interior.Google Scholar
M.T. 0409/W.12. Department of Local Administration, Ministry of Interior, January 9, 1984.Google Scholar
M.T. 0409/W. 419. Department of Local Administration, Ministry of Interior, March 14, 2534/1991.Google Scholar
Tahanamongkolmas, Abhinya 2001. “Thailand: A Moment of Transition.” Southeast Asian Affairs 2001:325–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yothapibal, Adth V. 1970. “The ‘Tambon’ in Thailand.” In Local Authority and Administration in Thailand, ed. von der Mehden, Fred R and Wilson, David A., 51–80. Los Angeles: Academic Advisory Council for Thailand.Google Scholar
Akin, Rabibhadana. 1969. The Organization of Thai Society in the Early Bangkok Period, 1728–1873. Southeast Asia Data Paper no. 74. Ithaca, N.Y.: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Anderson, Ben. 1977. “Withdrawal Symptoms: Social and Cultural Aspects of the October 6 Coup.” Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 9 (3): 13–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Ben. 1996. “Elections and Participation in Three Southeast Asian Countries.” In The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia, ed. Taylor, R. H, 12–33. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Laothamatas, Anek 1993. “Sleeping Giant Awakens! The Middle Class in Thai Politics.” Asian Review 7 (1): 78–125.Google Scholar
Laothamatas, Anek. 1996. “A Tale of Two Democracies: Conflicting Perceptions of Elections and Democracy in Thailand.” In The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia, ed. Taylor, R. H., 184–200. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1961. “Who Is a Kamnan? What Are His Duties?” [Kamnan khyy khrai? Mii amnaat naathii yangrai?]. Bangkok: Ministry of Interior and U.S. Operations Mission to Thailand.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1962. “Who Is the Village Head? What Are His Duties?” [Phuuyaibaan khyy khrai? Mii amnaat naathii yangrai?]. Bangkok: Ministry of Interior and U.S. Operations Mission to Thailand.Google Scholar
Arghiros, Daniel. 2001. Democracy, Development and Decentralization in Provincial Thailand. Richmond, Surrey, U.K.: Curzon.Google Scholar
Arghiros, Daniel. 2002. “Political Reform and Civil Society at the Local Level: Thailand's Local Government Reforms.” In Reforming Thai Politics, ed. McCargo, Duncan, 223–46. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Bowie, Katherine A. 1988. “Peasant Perspectives on the Political Economy of the Northern Thai Kingdom of Chiang Mai in the Nineteenth Century: Implications for the Understanding of Peasant Political Expression.” PhD diss., University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Bowie, Katherine A. 1997. Rituals of National Loyalty: An Anthropology of the State and the Village Scout Movement in Thailand. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Bowie, Katherine A. 1998. “The Alchemy of Charity: Of Class and Buddhism in Northern Thailand.” American Anthropologist 100 (2): 469–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowie, Katherine A. 2008. “Standing in the Shadows: Matrilocal Power in Electoral Politics in Rural Thailand.” American Ethnologist 35 (1).Google Scholar
Callahan, William A. 1998. Imagining Democracy: Reading “The Events of May” in Thailand. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Callahan, William A. 2000. Pollwatching, Elections, and Civil Society in Southeast Asia. Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Callahan, William A. 2005. “The Discourse of Vote Buying and Political Reform in Thailand.” Pacific Affairs 78 (1): 95–113.Google Scholar
Callahan, William A., and Duncan, McCargo. 1996. “Vote-Buying in Thailand's Northeast: The July 1995 General Election.” Asian Survey 36 (4): 376–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingavata, Chaichana 1990. “Community Development and Local-Level Democracy in Thailand: The Role of Tambol Councils.” Sojourn 5:113–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karnjanaprakorn, Choop 1962. Municipal Government in Thailand as an Institution and Process of Self-Government. Bangkok: Institute of Public Administration, Thammasat University.Google Scholar
Crook, Richard C., and Manor, James 1998. Democracy and Decentralisation in South Asia and West Africa: Participation, Accountability, and Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Delcore, Henry. 2000. “Localizing Development: Environment, Agriculture, and Hegemony in Northern Thailand.” PhD diss., University of Wisconsin–Madison.Google Scholar
De Young, John E. 1966. Village Life in Modern Thailand. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Duby, Georges. 1974. The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century. Trans. Clarke, Howard B.. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Engel, David M. 1978. Code and Custom in a Thai Provincial Court: The Interaction of Formal and Informal Systems of Justice. Association for Asian Studies Monograph no. 34. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Fishel, Thamora V. 2001. “Reciprocity and Democracy: Power, Gender, and the Provincial Middle Class in Thai Political Culture.” PhD diss., Cornell University.Google Scholar
Fraser, Thomas M Jr. 1966. Fishermen of South Thailand: The Malay Villagers. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Girling, John L. S. 1981. Thailand: Society and Politics. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Hewison, Kevin. 1993. “Of Regimes, State and Pluralities: Thai Politics Enters the 1990s.” In Southeast Asia in the 1990s: Authoritarianism, Democracy and Capitalism, ed. Hewison, Kevin, Robison, Richard, and Rodan, Garry, 159–89. St. Leonards, Australia: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Hutchcroft, Paul D. 2001. “Centralization and Decentralization in Administration and Politics: Assessing Territorial Dimensions of Authority and Power.” Governance: An International Journal of Policy and Administration 14 (1): 23–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tejapira, Kasian 2006. “Toppling Taksin.” New Left Review 39:5–37.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Howard K. 1960. Bangkhuad: A Community Study in Thailand. Locust Valley, N.Y.: J. J. Augustin for the Association for Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Chongkittavorn, Kavi 2006. “Regional Perspective: How to Salvage the Coup and Move on to the Reform.” The Nation (Bangkok), September 25.Google Scholar
Kemp, Jeremy. 1976. “Social Organization of a Hamlet in Phitsanulok Province, North-Central Thailand.” PhD diss., University of London.Google Scholar
Keyes, Charles F. 1970. “Local Leadership in Rural Thailand.” In Local Authority and Administration in Thailand, ed. von der Mehden, Fred R. and Wilson, David A, 92–127. Los Angeles: Academic Advisory Council for Thailand.Google Scholar
Theeravit, Khien 1997. Thailand in Crisis: A Study of the Political Turmoil of May 1992. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Print House.Google Scholar
Kingshill, Konrad. 1976. Ku Daeng—The Red Tomb: A Village Study in Northern Thailand. Bangkok: Suriyaban.Google Scholar
Kynnersley, C. W. 1905. “Notes of Visits to Puket, Ghirbee and Trang.” Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 42:8–18.Google Scholar
Maine, Henry Sumner. 1861. Ancient Law: Its Connection with the Early History of Society and Its Relation to Modern Ideas. Boston: Beacon Press, 1963.Google Scholar
McCargo, Duncan. 1997. Chamlong Srimuang and the New Thai Politics. London: Hurst & Co.Google Scholar
McCargo, Duncan, and Pathmanand, Ukrist 2005. The Thaksinization of Thailand. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.Google Scholar
McVey, Ruth, ed. 2000. Money and Power in Provincial Thailand. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Moerman, Michael. 1969. “A Thai Village Headman as a Synaptic Leader.” Journal of Asian Studies 28 (3): 535–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, Barrington Jr. 1966. The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin.Google Scholar
Morell, David, and Samudavanija, Chai-anan 1981. Political Conflict in Thailand: Reform, Reaction, Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Oelgeschalger, Gunn & Hain.Google Scholar
Murashima, Eiji. 1987. “Local Elections and Leadership in Thailand: A Case Study of Nakhon Sawan Province.” Developing Economies 25 (4): 363–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murashima, Eiji, Mektrairat, Nakarin and Wanthana, Somkiat 1991. The Making of Modern Thai Political Parties. Tokyo: Institute of Developing Economies.Google Scholar
Murray, David. 1996. Angels and Devils: Thai Politics from February 1991 to September 1992, a Struggle for Democracy? Bangkok: White Orchid Press.Google Scholar
Nakata, Thinapan. 1987. “Political Culture: Problems of Development of Democracy.” In Government and Politics of Thailand, ed. Xuto, Somsakdi, 168–95. Singapore: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Neher, Clark D. 1970a. “Development in Rural Thailand.” In Local Authority and Administration in Thailand, ed. von der Mehden, Fred R. and Wilson, David A., 23–50. Los Angeles: Academic Advisory Council for Thailand.Google Scholar
Neher, Clark D. 1970b. Rural Thai Government: The Politics of the Budgetary Process. De Kalb, Ill.: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University.Google Scholar
Neher, Clark D. 1974. The Dynamics of Politics and Administration in Rural Thailand. Athens, Oh.: Ohio University Center for International Studies, Southeast Asia Program.Google Scholar
Neher, Clark D. ed. 1976. Modern Thai Politics: From Village to Nation. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Nelson, Michael H. 1998. Central Authority and Local Democratization in Thailand: A Case Study from Chachoengsao Province. Bangkok: White Lotus Press.Google Scholar
Nelson, Michael H. 2000. Local Government Reform in Thailand, with Some Comparative Perspectives. Bangkok: Center for the Study of Thai Politics and Democracy, King Prajadhipok's Institute.Google Scholar
Noranit Setabutr, SomkitLertpaithoon, CharasSuwanmala, NiyomRathamarit, PathanSuvanamongkol, SurasitVajirakachorn, MichioMuratmatsu, NobukiMochida, YutakaHayashi, Katayama MasahisaAkizuki, Kengo and Nagai, Fumio 2002. Capacity Building of Thai Local Authorities. Thailand Japan Joint Research Project. Bangkok: Ministry of Interior.Google Scholar
Ockey, James. 2000. “The Rise of Local Power in Thailand: Provincial Crime, Elections and the Bureaucracy.” In Money and Power in Provincial Thailand, ed. McVey, Ruth, 74–96. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Ockey, James. 2004. Making Democracy: Leadership, Class, Gender, and Political Participation in Thailand. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Painter, Martin. 2006. “Taksinisation or Managerialism? Reforming the Thai Bureaucracy.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 36 (1): 26–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phongphaichit, Pasuk and Baker, Chris 1995. Thailand: Economy and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Phongphaichit, Pasuk and Baker, Chris 2004. Thaksin: The Business of Politics in Thailand. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Press.Google Scholar
Phongpaichit, Pasuk and Piriyarangsan, Sungsidh 1994. Corruption and Democracy in Thailand. Bangkok: Political Economy Center, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University.Google Scholar
Phillips, Herbert P. 1958. “The Election Ritual in a Thai Village.” Journal of Social Issues 14:36–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piker, Steven. 1983. A Peasant Community in Changing Thailand. Tempe: Arizona State University.Google Scholar
Potter, Jack M. 1976. Thai Peasant Social Structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Suvanamongkol, Prathan 1986. Thirty Years of the Tambon Council: In Search of a Role? Bangkok: Public Affairs Group, Public Affairs Foundation, and Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.Google Scholar
Jumbala, Prudhisan 1987. “Interest and Pressure Groups.” In Government and Politics of Thailand, ed. Xuto, Somsakdi, 110–67. Singapore: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Riggs, Fred W. 1966. Thailand: The Modernization of a Bureaucratic Polity. Honolulu: East-West Center Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, Philip S. Jr. 1996. “The Rise of the Rural Network Politician: Will Thailand's New Elite Endure?” Asian Survey 36 (9): 924–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, Herbert J. 1974. The Dynamics of Development in Rural Thailand. De Kalb, Ill.: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University.Google Scholar
Rubin, Herbert J. 1973. “Will and Awe: Illustrations of Thai Villager Dependency upon Officials.” Journal of Asian Studies 32 (3): 425–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, Herbert J., and Rubin, Irene S. 1973. “Effects of Institutional Change upon a Dependency Culture: The Commune Council 275 in Rural Thailand.” Asian Survey 13 (3): 270–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharp, Lauriston, and Hanks, Lucien M. 1978. Bang Chan: Social History of a Rural Community in Thailand. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vilaichit, Snit 1967. Kamnan and Puyaibaan: Their Origin, History and Importance to Village Development in Thailand. Bangkok: U.S. Operation Missions to Thailand.Google Scholar
Bunbongkarn, Suchit 1987. “Political Institutions and Processes.” In Government and Politics of Thailand, ed. Xuto, Somsakdi, 41–74. Singapore: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bunbongkarn, Suchit 1996. “Elections and democratization in Thailand.” In The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia, ed. Taylor, R. H, 184–200. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ratanarat, Suvit and Intarathai, Koonthong 1976. “The Thai Tambon Development Programme.” Journal of Economics and Business Administration (Bangkok) 6 (1): 112–19.Google Scholar
Takagi, Ryo. 1999. “Interaction and Power Relations: A Village Head (Kamnan) Election in Central Thailand.” Tai Culture 4 (1): 153–68.Google Scholar
Bunnag, Tej 1977. The Provincial Administration of Siam, 1892–1915: The Ministry of the Interior under Prince Damrong Rajanubhab. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Charoenmuang, Thanet 1992. “From Electocracy to Centralization: The Problem of Thailand's Democratization in 1990s.” In Proceedings of the 1992 International Symposium on Democratic Experiences in Southeast Asian Countries, ed. Phuangkasem, Corrine, Sonsri, Sida, Songsamphan, Chalidaporn, and Wajjwaiku, Siriporn, 50–63. Bangkok: Japanese Studies Center, Thammasat University.Google Scholar
Mokarapong, Thawatt 1972. History of the Thai Revolution: A Study in Political Behaviour. Bangkok: Chalermnit Press.Google Scholar
Pongsukdhirak, Thitinan 2003. “Thailand: Democratic Authoritarianism.” Southeast Asian Affairs 2003:277–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, Ladd M. 1970. “Local Authority and Development in the Four Muslij Provinces of Thailand.” In Local Authority and Administration in Thailand, ed. von der Mehden, Fred and Wilson, David A., 145–69. Los Angeles: Academic Advisory Council for Thailand.Google Scholar
Thompson, Virginia. 1955. “Rural and Urban Self-Government in Southeast Asia.” In Representative Government in Southeast Asia, by Emerson, Rupert, 118–50. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Turton, Andrew. 1989. “Local Powers and Rural Differentiation.” In Agrarian Transformation: Local Processes and the State in Southeast Asia, ed. Hart, Gillian, Turton, Andrew, White, Benjamin, with Fegan, Brian and Ghee, Lim Teck, 70–97. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Von der Mehden, Fred R., and Wilson, David A, eds. 1970. Local Authority and Administration in Thailand. Los Angeles: Academic Advisory Council for Thailand.Google Scholar
Wales, H. G. Quaritch. 1934. Ancient Siamese Government and Administration. New York: Paragon Book Reprints, 1965.Google Scholar
Wilson, David A. 1962. Politics in Thailand. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric R. 1982. Europe and the People without History. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar