Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T21:57:56.512Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

What's Left of the Right: Nabeyama Sadachika and Anti-communism in Transwar Japan, 1930–1960

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 November 2019

Reto Hofmann
Reto Hofmann*
Affiliation:
Reto Hofmann (reto.hofmann@uwa.edu.au) is Senior Lecturer in the School of Social Sciences at the University of WesternAustralia and Research Adjunct at the Waseda Institute for Advanced Study.
Get access

Abstract

This article examines the thought and career of Nabeyama Sadachika (1901–79) from communist militant in 1920s Japan to his conversion to the emperor system in the 1930s and, finally, to his role in shaping the postwar anti-communist movement. Using Nabeyama's recently released private papers, the article shows how he brokered his anti-communist expertise to a range of postwar actors and institutions—the police, the Self-Defense Forces, business circles, politicians—as well as to foreign states, especially the Republic of China (Taiwan). These networks indicate that important sections of Japan's postwar establishment rallied behind anti-communism in the face of reforms that threatened their power at home and their vision for Japan in the world order after 1945. As a transwar history, this article adds to our understanding of Japan's transition from the age of empire to that of liberal democracy by qualifying narratives about the “progressive” nature of postwar Japanese politics. It argues that the vitality of anti-communism is symptomatic of the durability of particular political traditions, and reveals that, despite the significant reforms that Japan underwent after 1945, the Right was able to claim a space in the country's political culture that has been neglected by historians.

Keywords

anti-communismfascismNabeyama SadachikaJapanright-wing movementstranswar history
Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 79 , Issue 2 , May 2020 , pp. 403 - 427
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

[NARA] National Archives and Records Administration, College Park. 1957. Department of State Central Files. 4560962, APACL, “Department of State, Memorandum of Conversation.” May 11.Google Scholar
[NARA] National Archives and Records Administration, College Park. n.d. Military Agency Records. UD1402, 352259, Sekai Minshu Kenkyūjo.Google Scholar
[NDL] National Diet Library, Kensei Shiryōshitsu. 1949. Nabeyama Sadachika Bunkō. Personal Papers of Nabeyama Sadachika. 108, Nihon kyōsantō chūō iinkai senden kyōiku-bu “Sen-i sangyō wo shoshiki seyo!” May 14.Google Scholar
[NDL] National Diet Library, Kensei Shiryōshitsu. 1954a. Nabeyama Sadachika Bunkō. Personal Papers of Nabeyama Sadachika. 2, “Ajia jinmin hankyōrenmei Chūka minkoku sōkaisho,” Letter Ku Keng-chan to Nabeyama. October.Google Scholar
[NDL] National Diet Library, Kensei Shiryōshitsu. 1954b. Nabeyama Sadachika Bunkō. Personal Papers of Nabeyama Sadachika. 142, “Kyōsantō no senjutsu.” December 5.Google Scholar
[NDL] National Diet Library, Kensei Shiryōshitsu. 1957. Nabeyama Sadachika Bunkō. Personal Papers of Nabeyama Sadachika. 192, “Kyūshū kakuchi.” October.Google Scholar
[NDL] National Diet Library, Kensei Shiryōshitsu. 1958. Nabeyama Sadachika Bunkō. Personal Papers of Nabeyama Sadachika. 204, “San'in, Kansai, Chūbu keizai kurabu.” September.Google Scholar
[NDL] National Diet Library, Kensei Shiryōshitsu. 1960. Nabeyama Sadachika Bunkō. Personal Papers of Nabeyama Sadachika. 57, postcard from Tainan by Waseda Anpo study group. April.Google Scholar
[NDL] National Diet Library, Kensei Shiryōshitsu. n.d.a. Nabeyama Sadachika Bunkō. Personal Papers of Nabeyama Sadachika. 242, Kansai chihō iinkai, “Zen sen-i shidō-bu kaigi.” August 28 (year unknown).Google Scholar
[NDL] National Diet Library, Kensei Shiryōshitsu. n.d.b. Nabeyama Sadachika Bunkō. Personal Papers of Nabeyama Sadachika. 481, “Marukusu-shugi no kōzai.” Date unknown.Google Scholar
Abramovici, Pierre. 2014. “The World Anti-Communist League: Origins, Structures and Activities.” In Transnational Anti-Communism and the Cold War: Agents, Activities, and Networks, eds. Dongen, Luc Van, Roulin, Stéphanie, and Scott-Smith, Giles, 113–29. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldous, Christopher. 1997. The Police in Occupation Japan: Control, Corruption and Resistance to Reform. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Barshay, Andrew. 2013. The Gods Left First: The Captivity and Repatriation of Japanese POWs in Northeast Asia, 1945–1956. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bronson, Adam. 2016. One Hundred Million Philosophers: Science of Thought and the Culture of Democracy in Postwar Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CIA. 2014. “The J.I.S. Groups and the Japanese National Revival—Present and Future.” In CIA Nihonjin fairu: Beikoku kokuritsu kobunshokan kimitsu kaijo shiryo [CIA files on Japanese persons: Declassified documents from the National Archives and Record Administration], ed. Tetsurō, Katō, 2:67–136. 4 vols. Tokyo: Gendai shiryō shuppan.Google Scholar
Cumings, Bruce. 1993. “Japan's Position in the World System.” In Postwar Japan as History, ed. Gordon, Andrew, 34–63. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Dower, John W. 1990. “The Useful War.” Daedalus 119(3):49–70.Google Scholar
Dower, John W. 1999. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Dower, John W., and Tetsuo, Hirata. 2007. “Japan's Red Purge: Lessons from a Saga of Suppression of Free Speech and Thought.” Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 5(7).Google Scholar
Takahiro, Fuke. 2013. “Ikkoku shakaishugi kara minshu-shakaishugi e: Sano Manabu, Nabeyama Sadachika no senji to sengo” [From Socialism in One Country to people's socialism: Sano Manabu and Nabeyama Sadachika during and after World War II]. Kyōto daigaku daigakuin ningen kankyōgaku kenkyūka gendaibunmeiron kōza bunmei kōzōron bunya ronshū 9.Google Scholar
Garon, Sheldon. 1990. State and Labor in Modern Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gayle, Curtis Anderson. 2003. Marxist History and Postwar Japanese Nationalism. London: RoutledgeCurzon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gluck, Carol. 1985. Japan's Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Udi. 2014. The Weimar Century: German Émigrés and the Ideological Foundations of the Cold War. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gülstorff, Torben. 2015. Warming Up a Cooling War: An Introductory Guide on the CIAS and Other Globally Operating Anti-communist Networks at the Beginning of the Cold War Decade of Détente. Cold War International History Project Working Paper 75. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.Google Scholar
Harootunian, Harry. 2000. Overcome by Modernity: History, Culture, and Community in Interwar Japan. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi. 2005. Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toshio, Hironaka. 1968. Sengo Nihon no keisatsu [The police in postwar Japan]. Tokyo: Iwanami shoten.Google Scholar
Hofmann, Reto. 2015. The Fascist Effect: Japan and Italy, 1915–1952. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Hoston, Germaine A. 1986. Marxism and the Crisis of Development in Prewar Japan. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hoston, Germaine A. 1994. The State, Identity, and the National Question in China and Japan. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Humphreys, Leonard. 1995. The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ken, Ishida. 2013. “Nichi-I Gaimushō to hankyōshugiteki kokusaikan: Sankoku dōmei no kigen o megutte” [The Japanese and Italian foreign ministries and their international anti-communist view: On the origins of the tripartite pact]. Chiba Daigaku hōgaku ronshū 18(1):145–93.Google Scholar
Johnson, Chalmers. 1990. An Instance of Treason: Ozaki Hotsumi and the Sorge Spy Ring. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Shin, Kawashima. 2009. “Nikka kankei seijōka no shinkō, 1950–1957” [The development of the normalization of Japanese-Taiwanese relations, 1950–1957]. In Nittai kankei-shi, 1945–2008 [The history of Japan-Taiwan relations, 1945–2008], eds. Shin, Kawashima et al. , 39–66. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar
Shin, Kawashima and Yasuhiro, Matsuda. 2009. “Sengo Nikka, Nittai kankei wo gaikan suru” [An overview of Japan-China and Japan-Taiwan relations]. In Nittai kankei-shi, 1945–2008 [The history of Japan-Taiwan relations, 1945–2008], eds. Shin, Kawashima et al. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar
Koschmann, J. Victor. 1996. Revolution and Subjectivity in Postwar Japan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Koshiro, Yukiko. 2013. Imperial Eclipse: Japan's Strategic Thinking about Continental Asia before August 1945. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krämer, Hans Martin. 2005. “Just Who Reversed the Course? The Red Purge in Higher Education during the Occupation of Japan.” Social Science Japan Journal 8(1):1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kushner, Barak. 2015. Men to Devils, Devils to Men: Japanese War Crimes and Chinese Justice. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kushner, Barak, and Muminov, Sherzod, eds. 2017. The Dismantling of Japan's Empire in East Asia: Deimperialization, Postwar Legitimation and Imperial Afterlife. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chin-ching, Lee. 1988. Sengo no Nikka kankei to kokusaihō [Postwar Japan-Taiwan relations and international law]. Tokyo: Ajia daigaku.Google Scholar
Linkhoeva, Tatiana. 2018. “The Russian Revolution and the Emergence of Japanese Anticommunism.” Revolutionary Russia 31(2):261–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masao, Maruyama. 1969. “The Ideology and Dynamics of Japanese Fascism.” In Thought and Behaviour in Modern Japanese Politics, ed. Morris, Ivan, 25–83. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hajimu, Masuda. 2014. Cold War Crucible: The Korean Conflict and the Postwar World. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Richard H. 1976. Thought Control in Prewar Japan. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Akimasa, Miyake. 1994. Reddo pāji to wa nanika: Nihon senryō no kage [What was the red purge? In the shade of the occupation of Japan]. Tokyo: Ōtsuki.Google Scholar
Mizuno, Hiromi, Moore, Aaron S., and DiMoia, John, eds. 2018. Engineering Asia: Technology, Colonial Development, and the Cold War Order. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Morris, Ivan I. 1960. Nationalism and the Right Wing in Japan: A Study of Postwar Trends. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. 2014. “Democracy's Porous Borders: Espionage, Smuggling and the Making of Japan's Transwar Regime (Part 1).” Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 12(40, no. 4).Google Scholar
Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. 2015. “Prisoner Number 600,001: Rethinking Japan, China, and the Korean War 1950–1953.” Journal of Asian Studies 74(2):411–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1948a. “Keiei kiritsu to rōdō kiritsu” [Management discipline and labor discipline]. Kōgyō jōhō 3(13).Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1948b. “Kyoku-sa no mukaiketsu tōsō” [The unsolved struggle of the extreme left]. Kōgyō jōhō 17(6).Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1948c. “Rōso undō no shin-hōkō to keieisha no arikata: Nabeyama Sadachika to kigyōka no taironkai” [The new direction of the union movement and management: A discussion between Nabeyama Sadachika and industrialists]. Kōgyō jōhō 3(15).Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1948d. Tenkanki ni tatsu [At a turning point]. Tokyo: Daitō.Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1949a. “Fashizumu no obake” [The specter of fascism]. Kumiai undō 4(4):6–9.Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1949b. “Kyōsantō tenkō 15 nen” [15 years since my conversion from communism]. Senken keizai 24(2).Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1949c. Watashi wa kyōsantō wo suteta: Jiyū to sokoku wo motomete [I left the Communist Party: In search for freedom and ancestral land]. Tokyo: Daitō.Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1950a. “Kyōsanshugi to Nakanishi riron: Kyū-rōnōha no saigen” [Communism and Nakanishi's thesis: The reappearance of the old Ronoha]. Kaizō 31(3):34.Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1950b. Kyōsantō hihan [A critique of the Communist Party]. Tokyo: Rokumeisha.Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1950c. “Nihon kyōsantō wa dō senjutsu wo kaeruka” [How does the Japan Communist Party change its tactics?]. Jitsugyō no Nihon 53(15).Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1950d. “Senryōchika no Nihon kyōsantō” [The Japan Communist Party during the occupation]. Kaizō 31(6).Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1951a. “Naigai jōsei to kokunai shisō mondai ni tsuite” [The internal and external situation and the domestic thought problem]. Yokohama shobō 2(5).Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1951b. “Ware moshi tokushinkyoku-chō nariseba” [If I were the head of the Special Investigations Bureau]. Kaizō, 117–18.Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1954. “Kakeashi de mita Taiwan: Zentō ageteno tairiku hankō ketsui” [Having seen Taiwan in a hurry: A whole island's determination to attack the mainland]. Nihon shūhō 292 (July 5):44–48.Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. [1957] 1973. “Shō sōtō no kyoshū mondai” [The problem of Generalissimo Chiang's course of action]. In Nihon no hansei: Nabeyama Sadachika senshū [Reflecting on Japan: Selected writings of Nabeyama Sadachika]. Tokyo: Janarusha.Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. [1962] 1973. “Ajia hankyō-renmei taikai no igi” [The significance of the convention of the Asian People's Anti-Communist League]. In Nihon no hansei: Nabeyama Sadachika senshū [Reflecting on Japan: Selected writings of Nabeyama Sadachika]. Tokyo: Janarusha.Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. [1964] 1973. “Tayorini sareru Nihon no jōtai” [Relying on the state of Japan]. In Nihon no hansei: Nabeyama Sadachika senshū [Reflecting on Japan: Selected writings of Nabeyama Sadachika]. Tokyo: Janarusha.Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama, Kazuo, Yatsugi, and Shinkichi, Fuchi. 1961. “Keisatsu-kan saininshiki-ron no tōjō” [The appearance of a theory of recognition of police officers]. Keisatsu bunka 13(2).Google Scholar
Najita, Tetsuo, and Harootunian, H. D.. 1998. “Japan's Revolt against the West.” In Modern Japanese Thought, ed. Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi, 207–72. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sumio, Obinata. 2000. Kindai Nihon no keisatsu to chiiki shakai [The modern Japanese police and rural society]. Tokyo: Chikuma shobō.Google Scholar
Tetsuya, Sakai. 2007. Kindai Nihon no kokusai chitsujo-ron [Modern Japan and theories of international world order]. Tokyo: Iwanami shoten.Google Scholar
Schmid, Andre. 2018. “Historicizing North Korea: State Socialism, Population Mobility, and Cold War Historiography.” American Historical Review 123(2):439–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hisamitsu, Shigeta. 1949. “Nabeyama Sadachika gyōjōki” [Nabeyama Sadachika's report]. Chōryū 4(8).Google Scholar
Shisaku. 1949. “Hankyō no mōgyū Nabeyama Sadachika” [Nabeyama Sadachika: Crazy bull of anti-communism]. 28(11):46–47.Google Scholar
Siniawer, Eiko Maruko. 2008. Ruffians, Yakuza, Nationalists: The Violent Politics of Modern Japan, 1860–1960. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Steinhoff, Patricia G. 1988. “Tenkō and Thought Control.” In Japan and the World: Essays on Japanese History and Politics, eds. Bernstein, Gail Lee and Fukui, Haruhiro, 78–94. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, Marla, and Chamedes, Giuliana, eds. 2018. “Special Section: Anti-communism in Transnational Perspective.” Journal of Contemporary History 53(1).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tipton, Elise. 1990. The Japanese Police State: The Tokkō in Interwar Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Tsui, Brian. 2018. China's Conservative Revolution: The Quest for a New Order, 1927–1949. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781108164610CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, Max M. 2011. “The Problem of ‘Thought’: Crisis, National Essence and the Interwar Japanese State.” PhD diss., New York University.Google Scholar
Ward, Max M. 2019. Thought Crime: Ideology and State Power in Interwar Japan. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Watt, Lori. 2009. When Empire Comes Home: Repatriation and Reintegration in Postwar Japan. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center.Google Scholar
Wilson, Sandra, Cribb, Robert, Trefalt, Beatrice, and Aszkielowicz, Dean. 2017. Japanese War Criminals: The Politics of Justice after the Second World War. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teiji, Yabe. 1974. Yabe Teiji nikki [The diary of Yabe Teiji]. 4 vols. Tokyo: Yomiuri shinbunsha.Google Scholar
Yamanouchi, Yasushi, Victor Koschmann, J., and Narita, Ryūichi, eds. 1998. Total War and “Modernization.” Ithaca, N.Y.: East Asia Program, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Yellen, Jeremy A. 2016. “Into the Tiger's Den: Japan and the Tripartite Pact, 1940.” Journal of Contemporary History 51(3):555–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yomiuri shinbun. 1956. “Kokufu hōmondan shuppatsu” [The departure of a delegation to the Nationalist government]. August 14.Google Scholar
Yomiuri shinbun. 1958. “Kokufu to no kankei seijōka wo yōbō” [For a normalization of relations with the Nationalist government]. March 30.Google Scholar
Yomiuri shinbun. 1959. “Hōtaidan tōka ni shuppatsu” [The delegation bound for Taiwan to depart on the tenth]. January 18.Google Scholar
Yomiuri shinbun. 1962. “Hankyō 21 kakoku atsumete” [A meeting of twenty-one anti-communist countries]. October 1.Google Scholar
Yomiuri shinbun. 1965. “Kiuchi shi-ra shushō ni ikensho” [Kiuchi and others submit a petition to the prime minister]. April 23.Google Scholar
Takaaki, Yoshimoto. 1990. Tenkō-ron [On ideological conversion]. Tokyo: Kodansha.Google Scholar
[NARA] National Archives and Records Administration, College Park. 1957. Department of State Central Files. 4560962, APACL, “Department of State, Memorandum of Conversation.” May 11.Google Scholar
[NARA] National Archives and Records Administration, College Park. n.d. Military Agency Records. UD1402, 352259, Sekai Minshu Kenkyūjo.Google Scholar
[NDL] National Diet Library, Kensei Shiryōshitsu. 1949. Nabeyama Sadachika Bunkō. Personal Papers of Nabeyama Sadachika. 108, Nihon kyōsantō chūō iinkai senden kyōiku-bu “Sen-i sangyō wo shoshiki seyo!” May 14.Google Scholar
[NDL] National Diet Library, Kensei Shiryōshitsu. 1954a. Nabeyama Sadachika Bunkō. Personal Papers of Nabeyama Sadachika. 2, “Ajia jinmin hankyōrenmei Chūka minkoku sōkaisho,” Letter Ku Keng-chan to Nabeyama. October.Google Scholar
[NDL] National Diet Library, Kensei Shiryōshitsu. 1954b. Nabeyama Sadachika Bunkō. Personal Papers of Nabeyama Sadachika. 142, “Kyōsantō no senjutsu.” December 5.Google Scholar
[NDL] National Diet Library, Kensei Shiryōshitsu. 1957. Nabeyama Sadachika Bunkō. Personal Papers of Nabeyama Sadachika. 192, “Kyūshū kakuchi.” October.Google Scholar
[NDL] National Diet Library, Kensei Shiryōshitsu. 1958. Nabeyama Sadachika Bunkō. Personal Papers of Nabeyama Sadachika. 204, “San'in, Kansai, Chūbu keizai kurabu.” September.Google Scholar
[NDL] National Diet Library, Kensei Shiryōshitsu. 1960. Nabeyama Sadachika Bunkō. Personal Papers of Nabeyama Sadachika. 57, postcard from Tainan by Waseda Anpo study group. April.Google Scholar
[NDL] National Diet Library, Kensei Shiryōshitsu. n.d.a. Nabeyama Sadachika Bunkō. Personal Papers of Nabeyama Sadachika. 242, Kansai chihō iinkai, “Zen sen-i shidō-bu kaigi.” August 28 (year unknown).Google Scholar
[NDL] National Diet Library, Kensei Shiryōshitsu. n.d.b. Nabeyama Sadachika Bunkō. Personal Papers of Nabeyama Sadachika. 481, “Marukusu-shugi no kōzai.” Date unknown.Google Scholar
Abramovici, Pierre. 2014. “The World Anti-Communist League: Origins, Structures and Activities.” In Transnational Anti-Communism and the Cold War: Agents, Activities, and Networks, eds. Dongen, Luc Van, Roulin, Stéphanie, and Scott-Smith, Giles, 113–29. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldous, Christopher. 1997. The Police in Occupation Japan: Control, Corruption and Resistance to Reform. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Barshay, Andrew. 2013. The Gods Left First: The Captivity and Repatriation of Japanese POWs in Northeast Asia, 1945–1956. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bronson, Adam. 2016. One Hundred Million Philosophers: Science of Thought and the Culture of Democracy in Postwar Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CIA. 2014. “The J.I.S. Groups and the Japanese National Revival—Present and Future.” In CIA Nihonjin fairu: Beikoku kokuritsu kobunshokan kimitsu kaijo shiryo [CIA files on Japanese persons: Declassified documents from the National Archives and Record Administration], ed. Tetsurō, Katō, 2:67–136. 4 vols. Tokyo: Gendai shiryō shuppan.Google Scholar
Cumings, Bruce. 1993. “Japan's Position in the World System.” In Postwar Japan as History, ed. Gordon, Andrew, 34–63. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Dower, John W. 1990. “The Useful War.” Daedalus 119(3):49–70.Google Scholar
Dower, John W. 1999. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Dower, John W., and Tetsuo, Hirata. 2007. “Japan's Red Purge: Lessons from a Saga of Suppression of Free Speech and Thought.” Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 5(7).Google Scholar
Takahiro, Fuke. 2013. “Ikkoku shakaishugi kara minshu-shakaishugi e: Sano Manabu, Nabeyama Sadachika no senji to sengo” [From Socialism in One Country to people's socialism: Sano Manabu and Nabeyama Sadachika during and after World War II]. Kyōto daigaku daigakuin ningen kankyōgaku kenkyūka gendaibunmeiron kōza bunmei kōzōron bunya ronshū 9.Google Scholar
Garon, Sheldon. 1990. State and Labor in Modern Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gayle, Curtis Anderson. 2003. Marxist History and Postwar Japanese Nationalism. London: RoutledgeCurzon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gluck, Carol. 1985. Japan's Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Udi. 2014. The Weimar Century: German Émigrés and the Ideological Foundations of the Cold War. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gülstorff, Torben. 2015. Warming Up a Cooling War: An Introductory Guide on the CIAS and Other Globally Operating Anti-communist Networks at the Beginning of the Cold War Decade of Détente. Cold War International History Project Working Paper 75. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.Google Scholar
Harootunian, Harry. 2000. Overcome by Modernity: History, Culture, and Community in Interwar Japan. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi. 2005. Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toshio, Hironaka. 1968. Sengo Nihon no keisatsu [The police in postwar Japan]. Tokyo: Iwanami shoten.Google Scholar
Hofmann, Reto. 2015. The Fascist Effect: Japan and Italy, 1915–1952. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Hoston, Germaine A. 1986. Marxism and the Crisis of Development in Prewar Japan. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hoston, Germaine A. 1994. The State, Identity, and the National Question in China and Japan. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Humphreys, Leonard. 1995. The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ken, Ishida. 2013. “Nichi-I Gaimushō to hankyōshugiteki kokusaikan: Sankoku dōmei no kigen o megutte” [The Japanese and Italian foreign ministries and their international anti-communist view: On the origins of the tripartite pact]. Chiba Daigaku hōgaku ronshū 18(1):145–93.Google Scholar
Johnson, Chalmers. 1990. An Instance of Treason: Ozaki Hotsumi and the Sorge Spy Ring. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Shin, Kawashima. 2009. “Nikka kankei seijōka no shinkō, 1950–1957” [The development of the normalization of Japanese-Taiwanese relations, 1950–1957]. In Nittai kankei-shi, 1945–2008 [The history of Japan-Taiwan relations, 1945–2008], eds. Shin, Kawashima et al. , 39–66. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar
Shin, Kawashima and Yasuhiro, Matsuda. 2009. “Sengo Nikka, Nittai kankei wo gaikan suru” [An overview of Japan-China and Japan-Taiwan relations]. In Nittai kankei-shi, 1945–2008 [The history of Japan-Taiwan relations, 1945–2008], eds. Shin, Kawashima et al. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar
Koschmann, J. Victor. 1996. Revolution and Subjectivity in Postwar Japan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Koshiro, Yukiko. 2013. Imperial Eclipse: Japan's Strategic Thinking about Continental Asia before August 1945. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krämer, Hans Martin. 2005. “Just Who Reversed the Course? The Red Purge in Higher Education during the Occupation of Japan.” Social Science Japan Journal 8(1):1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kushner, Barak. 2015. Men to Devils, Devils to Men: Japanese War Crimes and Chinese Justice. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kushner, Barak, and Muminov, Sherzod, eds. 2017. The Dismantling of Japan's Empire in East Asia: Deimperialization, Postwar Legitimation and Imperial Afterlife. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chin-ching, Lee. 1988. Sengo no Nikka kankei to kokusaihō [Postwar Japan-Taiwan relations and international law]. Tokyo: Ajia daigaku.Google Scholar
Linkhoeva, Tatiana. 2018. “The Russian Revolution and the Emergence of Japanese Anticommunism.” Revolutionary Russia 31(2):261–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masao, Maruyama. 1969. “The Ideology and Dynamics of Japanese Fascism.” In Thought and Behaviour in Modern Japanese Politics, ed. Morris, Ivan, 25–83. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hajimu, Masuda. 2014. Cold War Crucible: The Korean Conflict and the Postwar World. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Richard H. 1976. Thought Control in Prewar Japan. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Akimasa, Miyake. 1994. Reddo pāji to wa nanika: Nihon senryō no kage [What was the red purge? In the shade of the occupation of Japan]. Tokyo: Ōtsuki.Google Scholar
Mizuno, Hiromi, Moore, Aaron S., and DiMoia, John, eds. 2018. Engineering Asia: Technology, Colonial Development, and the Cold War Order. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Morris, Ivan I. 1960. Nationalism and the Right Wing in Japan: A Study of Postwar Trends. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. 2014. “Democracy's Porous Borders: Espionage, Smuggling and the Making of Japan's Transwar Regime (Part 1).” Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 12(40, no. 4).Google Scholar
Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. 2015. “Prisoner Number 600,001: Rethinking Japan, China, and the Korean War 1950–1953.” Journal of Asian Studies 74(2):411–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1948a. “Keiei kiritsu to rōdō kiritsu” [Management discipline and labor discipline]. Kōgyō jōhō 3(13).Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1948b. “Kyoku-sa no mukaiketsu tōsō” [The unsolved struggle of the extreme left]. Kōgyō jōhō 17(6).Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1948c. “Rōso undō no shin-hōkō to keieisha no arikata: Nabeyama Sadachika to kigyōka no taironkai” [The new direction of the union movement and management: A discussion between Nabeyama Sadachika and industrialists]. Kōgyō jōhō 3(15).Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1948d. Tenkanki ni tatsu [At a turning point]. Tokyo: Daitō.Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1949a. “Fashizumu no obake” [The specter of fascism]. Kumiai undō 4(4):6–9.Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1949b. “Kyōsantō tenkō 15 nen” [15 years since my conversion from communism]. Senken keizai 24(2).Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1949c. Watashi wa kyōsantō wo suteta: Jiyū to sokoku wo motomete [I left the Communist Party: In search for freedom and ancestral land]. Tokyo: Daitō.Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1950a. “Kyōsanshugi to Nakanishi riron: Kyū-rōnōha no saigen” [Communism and Nakanishi's thesis: The reappearance of the old Ronoha]. Kaizō 31(3):34.Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1950b. Kyōsantō hihan [A critique of the Communist Party]. Tokyo: Rokumeisha.Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1950c. “Nihon kyōsantō wa dō senjutsu wo kaeruka” [How does the Japan Communist Party change its tactics?]. Jitsugyō no Nihon 53(15).Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1950d. “Senryōchika no Nihon kyōsantō” [The Japan Communist Party during the occupation]. Kaizō 31(6).Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1951a. “Naigai jōsei to kokunai shisō mondai ni tsuite” [The internal and external situation and the domestic thought problem]. Yokohama shobō 2(5).Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1951b. “Ware moshi tokushinkyoku-chō nariseba” [If I were the head of the Special Investigations Bureau]. Kaizō, 117–18.Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. 1954. “Kakeashi de mita Taiwan: Zentō ageteno tairiku hankō ketsui” [Having seen Taiwan in a hurry: A whole island's determination to attack the mainland]. Nihon shūhō 292 (July 5):44–48.Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. [1957] 1973. “Shō sōtō no kyoshū mondai” [The problem of Generalissimo Chiang's course of action]. In Nihon no hansei: Nabeyama Sadachika senshū [Reflecting on Japan: Selected writings of Nabeyama Sadachika]. Tokyo: Janarusha.Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. [1962] 1973. “Ajia hankyō-renmei taikai no igi” [The significance of the convention of the Asian People's Anti-Communist League]. In Nihon no hansei: Nabeyama Sadachika senshū [Reflecting on Japan: Selected writings of Nabeyama Sadachika]. Tokyo: Janarusha.Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama. [1964] 1973. “Tayorini sareru Nihon no jōtai” [Relying on the state of Japan]. In Nihon no hansei: Nabeyama Sadachika senshū [Reflecting on Japan: Selected writings of Nabeyama Sadachika]. Tokyo: Janarusha.Google Scholar
Sadachika, Nabeyama, Kazuo, Yatsugi, and Shinkichi, Fuchi. 1961. “Keisatsu-kan saininshiki-ron no tōjō” [The appearance of a theory of recognition of police officers]. Keisatsu bunka 13(2).Google Scholar
Najita, Tetsuo, and Harootunian, H. D.. 1998. “Japan's Revolt against the West.” In Modern Japanese Thought, ed. Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi, 207–72. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sumio, Obinata. 2000. Kindai Nihon no keisatsu to chiiki shakai [The modern Japanese police and rural society]. Tokyo: Chikuma shobō.Google Scholar
Tetsuya, Sakai. 2007. Kindai Nihon no kokusai chitsujo-ron [Modern Japan and theories of international world order]. Tokyo: Iwanami shoten.Google Scholar
Schmid, Andre. 2018. “Historicizing North Korea: State Socialism, Population Mobility, and Cold War Historiography.” American Historical Review 123(2):439–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hisamitsu, Shigeta. 1949. “Nabeyama Sadachika gyōjōki” [Nabeyama Sadachika's report]. Chōryū 4(8).Google Scholar
Shisaku. 1949. “Hankyō no mōgyū Nabeyama Sadachika” [Nabeyama Sadachika: Crazy bull of anti-communism]. 28(11):46–47.Google Scholar
Siniawer, Eiko Maruko. 2008. Ruffians, Yakuza, Nationalists: The Violent Politics of Modern Japan, 1860–1960. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Steinhoff, Patricia G. 1988. “Tenkō and Thought Control.” In Japan and the World: Essays on Japanese History and Politics, eds. Bernstein, Gail Lee and Fukui, Haruhiro, 78–94. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, Marla, and Chamedes, Giuliana, eds. 2018. “Special Section: Anti-communism in Transnational Perspective.” Journal of Contemporary History 53(1).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tipton, Elise. 1990. The Japanese Police State: The Tokkō in Interwar Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Tsui, Brian. 2018. China's Conservative Revolution: The Quest for a New Order, 1927–1949. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781108164610CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, Max M. 2011. “The Problem of ‘Thought’: Crisis, National Essence and the Interwar Japanese State.” PhD diss., New York University.Google Scholar
Ward, Max M. 2019. Thought Crime: Ideology and State Power in Interwar Japan. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Watt, Lori. 2009. When Empire Comes Home: Repatriation and Reintegration in Postwar Japan. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center.Google Scholar
Wilson, Sandra, Cribb, Robert, Trefalt, Beatrice, and Aszkielowicz, Dean. 2017. Japanese War Criminals: The Politics of Justice after the Second World War. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teiji, Yabe. 1974. Yabe Teiji nikki [The diary of Yabe Teiji]. 4 vols. Tokyo: Yomiuri shinbunsha.Google Scholar
Yamanouchi, Yasushi, Victor Koschmann, J., and Narita, Ryūichi, eds. 1998. Total War and “Modernization.” Ithaca, N.Y.: East Asia Program, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Yellen, Jeremy A. 2016. “Into the Tiger's Den: Japan and the Tripartite Pact, 1940.” Journal of Contemporary History 51(3):555–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yomiuri shinbun. 1956. “Kokufu hōmondan shuppatsu” [The departure of a delegation to the Nationalist government]. August 14.Google Scholar
Yomiuri shinbun. 1958. “Kokufu to no kankei seijōka wo yōbō” [For a normalization of relations with the Nationalist government]. March 30.Google Scholar
Yomiuri shinbun. 1959. “Hōtaidan tōka ni shuppatsu” [The delegation bound for Taiwan to depart on the tenth]. January 18.Google Scholar
Yomiuri shinbun. 1962. “Hankyō 21 kakoku atsumete” [A meeting of twenty-one anti-communist countries]. October 1.Google Scholar
Yomiuri shinbun. 1965. “Kiuchi shi-ra shushō ni ikensho” [Kiuchi and others submit a petition to the prime minister]. April 23.Google Scholar
Takaaki, Yoshimoto. 1990. Tenkō-ron [On ideological conversion]. Tokyo: Kodansha.Google Scholar