Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T16:15:59.880Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Variation and determinants of early initiation of breastfeeding in high and low neonatal mortality settings in India

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 March 2021

Jeetendra Yadav Open the ORCID record for Jeetendra Yadav [Opens in a new window] ,
Chander Shekhar Open the ORCID record for Chander Shekhar [Opens in a new window]  and
Kusum Bharati
Jeetendra Yadav*
Affiliation:
ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
Chander Shekhar
Affiliation:
Department of Fertility Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, India
Kusum Bharati
Affiliation:
National Health Mission Uttar Pradesh, India
*
*Corresponding author. Email: jeetu.nims@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) is considered one of the most cost-effective interventions for infant survival and well-being. This study aimed to examine the variations in, and determinants of, early initiation of breastfeeding among women in high and low neonatal mortality rate (NMR) settings in India using data from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015–16. At 35%, EIBF was found to be disproportionately low in the high NMR group of states compared with 52% in the low NMR group, with the national average being 44%. The chance of EIBF significantly increased if childbirth was vaginal, delivery took place in a health institution, the mother received breastfeeding advice and the birth was a planned one in both high and low NMR settings. In the high NMR group of states, the probability of initiating breastfeeding immediately after birth improved to a great extent if childbirth was assisted by a trained person and if the mother was exposed to any type of mass media. There is an urgent need to increase the access of mothers to breastfeeding advice during pregnancy and to increase their exposure to mass media, particularly in high NMR states. In addition, achieving universal access to institutional deliveries and deliveries assisted by a skilled birth attendant, especially in high NMR settings, and promoting early breastfeeding, especially in the case of Caesarean deliveries, would further improve the level of EIBF in the country as a whole. These interventions can potentially increase the prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding and help India attain the neonatal mortality rate target of Sustainable Development Goal 3.

Keywords

Early initiation of breastfeedingNeonatal mortalityIndia
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Biosocial Science , Volume 54 , Issue 2 , March 2022 , pp. 199 - 216
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aarts, C, Kylberg, E, Hörnell, A, Hofvander, Y, Gebre-Medhin, M and Greiner, T (2000) How exclusive is exclusive breastfeeding? A comparison of data since birth with current status data. International Journal of Epidemiology 29(6), 1041–1046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agho, KE, Dibley, MJ, Odiase, JI and Ogbonmwan, SM (2011) Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in Nigeria. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 11, 2–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahmed, S and Ray, R (2014) Determinants of pregnancy and induced and spontaneous abortion in a jointly determined framework: evidence from a country-wide, district-level household survey in India. Journal of Biosocial Science 46 (4), 480–517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, J and Reilly, JJ (2002) Breastfeeding and lowering the risk of childhood obesity. The Lancet Series 359(9322), 2003–2004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnold, LD (2008) US health policy and access to banked donor human milk. Breastfeeding Medicine 3(4), 221–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azimi, N and Nasiri, A (2020) The effect of peer counseling on breastfeeding behavior of primiparous mothers: a randomized controlled field trial. Public Health Nursing 37(3), 446–452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ballard, O and Morrow, AL (2013) Human milk composition: nutrients and bioactive factors. Pediatric Clinics 60(1), 49–74.Google ScholarPubMed
Blixt, I, Johansson, M, Hildingsson, I, Papoutsi, Z and Rubertsson, C (2019) Women’s advice to healthcare professionals regarding breastfeeding: “offer sensitive individualized breastfeeding support” – an interview study. International Breastfeeding Journal 14(1), 51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buckles, K and Kolka, S (2014) Prenatal investments, breastfeeding, and birth order. Social Science & Medicine 118, 66–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chudasama, RK, Patel, PC and Kavishwar, AB (2009) Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in south Gujarat region of India. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research 1(2), 102–108.Google ScholarPubMed
Dhandapany, G, Bethou, A, Arunagirinathan, A and Ananthakrishnan, S (2008) Antenatal counseling on breastfeeding-is it adequate? A descriptive study from Pondicherry, India. International Breastfeeding Journal 3(5), doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-3-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dwivedi, LK (2010) Breastfeeding and its demographic and health implications in India. PhD Dissertation, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai.Google Scholar
Edmond, KM, Zandoh, C, Quigley, MA, Amenga-Etego, S, Owusu-Agyei, S and Kirkwood, BR (2006) Delayed breastfeeding initiation increases risk of neonatal mortality. Pediatrics 117(3), e380–e386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekubay, M, Berhe, A and Yisma, E (2018) Initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth among mothers with infants younger than or equal to 6 months of age attending public health institutions in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. International Breastfeeding Journal 13(1), 4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanson, LÅ and Korotkova, M (2002) The role of breastfeeding in prevention of neonatal infection. Seminars in Neonatology 7(4), 275–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horta, BL, Victora, CG and World Health, Organization (2013) Short-Term Effects of Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review on the Benefits of Breastfeeding on Diarrhoea and Pneumonia Mortality. World Health Organization, Geneva. URL: https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/breastfeeding_short_term_effects/en/ (accessed 12th November 2020).Google Scholar
ICMR Young Infant Study Group (2008) Age profile of neonatal deaths. Indian Pediatrics 45(12), 991–994.Google Scholar
IIPS and ICF (2017) National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015–16. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai India.Google Scholar
Jones, G, Steketee, RW, Black, RE, Butta, ZA, Morris, SS and Bellagio Child Survival Study Group (2003) How many child deaths can we prevent this year? The Lancet 362(9377), 65–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joshi, PC, Angdembe, MR, Dae, SK, Ahmed, S, Faruque, AR and Ahmed, T (2014) Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and associated factors among mothers in rural Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. International Breastfeeding Journal 9, 4358-9-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalisa, R, Malande, O, Nankunda, J and Tumwine, JK (2015) Magnitude and factors associated with delayed initiation of breastfeeding among mothers who deliver in Mulago hospital, Uganda. African Health Sciences 15(4), 1130–1135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamath, SP, Garg, D, Khan, M, Jain, A and Baliga, BS (2016) Perceptions and practices regarding breastfeeding among postnatal women at a District Tertiary Referral Government Hospital in Southern India. Scientifica, doi: 10.1155/2016/5430164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karim, F, Billah, SM, Chowdhury, MAK, Zaka, N, Manu, A, Arifeen, SE and Khan, ANS (2018) Initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth and its determinants among normal vaginal deliveries at primary and secondary health facilities in Bangladesh: a case-observation study. PloS One 13(8), e0202508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khedkar, Ashwini (2020) Modern education, sociocultural change and development among Korku tribe of Burhanpur with special reference to Khaknar clock, Madhya Pradesh. PhD thesis, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India.Google Scholar
Korn, EL and Graubard, BI (1990) Simultaneous testing of regression coefficients with complex survey data: use of Bonferroni t statistics. The American Statistician 44(4), 270–276.Google Scholar
Kramer, MS, Chalmers, B, Hodnett, ED, Sevkovskaya, Z, Dzikovich, I, Shapiro, S and Shishko, G (2001) Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT): a randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus. JAMA 285(4), 413–420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroeger, M (2003) Facts for Feeding: Birth, Initiation of Breastfeeding, and the First Seven Days After Birth. LINKAGES project, Academy for Educational Development. URL: www.linkagesproject.org.Google Scholar
Kronborg, H, Harder, I and Hall, EOC (2015) First time mothers’ experiences of breastfeeding their newborn. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare 6(2), 82–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lakew, Y, Tabar, L and Haile, D (2015) Socio-medical determinants of timely breastfeeding initiation in Ethiopia: evidence from the 2011 nation-wide Demographic and Health Survey. International Breastfeeding Journal 10(1), 24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lamberti, LM, Walker, CLF, Noiman, A, Victora, C and Black, RE (2011) Breastfeeding and the risk for diarrhea morbidity and mortality. BMC Public Health 11(3), 1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mihrshahi, S, Oddy, WH, Peat, JK and Kabir, I (2008) Association between infant feeding patterns and diarrhoeal and respiratory illness: a cohort study in Chittagong, Bangladesh. International Breastfeeding Journal 3(28), doi: 10.1186/1746-4358-3-28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohanty, SK and Srivastava, A (2013) Out-of-pocket expenditure on institutional delivery in India. Health Policy and Planning 28(3), 247–262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naroee, H, Rakhshkhorshid, M, Shakiba, M and Navidian, A (2020) The effect of motivational interviewing on self-efficacy and continuation of exclusive breastfeeding rates: a quasi-experimental study. Breastfeeding Medicine 15(8), 522–527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ndirangu, MN, Gatimu, SM, Mwinyi, HM and Kibiwott, DC (2018) Trends and factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding in Namibia: analysis of the demographic and health surveys 2000–2013. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 18(1), 171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nguyen, TT and Hawkins, SS (2013) Current state of US breastfeeding laws. Maternal & Child Nutrition 9(3), 350–358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ochola, SA (2008) Evaluation of two counseling strategies improving exclusive breastfeeding among HIV-negative mothers in Kibera Slum, Nairobi, Kenya: a randomized controlled trial. Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch Universit, Stellenbosch.Google Scholar
Office of the Registrar General (2018) Vital Statistics of India Based on the Civil Registration System 2018. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi.Google Scholar
Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (2014–2018) Sample Registration System Statistical Reports for 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi.Google Scholar
Ogbo, FA, Dhami, MV, Awosemo, AO, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, J, Osuagwu, UL et al. (2019) Regional prevalence and determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in India. International Breastfeed Journal 14(20), doi. 10.1186/s13006-019-0214-0.Google ScholarPubMed
Oot, L, Sommerfelt, A, Sethuraman, K and Ross, J (2015) Estimating the Effect of Suboptimal Breastfeeding Practices on Child Mortality: A Model in Profiles for Country-Level Advocacy. FHI 360, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
PAHO (2011) Early Initiation of Breastfeeding: The Key to Survival and Beyond. Pan American Health Organization.Google Scholar
Patel, A, Banerjee, A and Kaletwad, A (2013) Factors associated with prelacteal feeding and timely initiation of breastfeeding in hospital-delivered infants in India. Journal of Human Lactation 29(4), 572–578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radmacher, PG and Adamkin, DH (2017) Fortification of human milk for preterm infants. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 22(1), 30–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sehhatie, FS, Mirghafourvand, M and Havizari, S (2020) Effect of prenatal counseling on exclusive breastfeeding frequency and infant weight gain in mothers with previous unsuccessful breastfeeding: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 33(21), 3571–3578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sen, G, George, A and Stalin, P (eds) (2002) Engendering International Health: The Challenge of Equity. Cambridge MA:MIT Press.Google Scholar
Sen, KK, Mallick, TS and Bari, W (2020) Gender inequality in early initiation of breastfeeding in Bangladesh: a trend analysis. International Breastfeeding Journal 15(1), 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Senarath, U, Dibley, MJ and Agho, KE (2010) Factors associated with nonexclusive breastfeeding in five East and Southeast Asian countries: a multilevel analysis. Journal of Human Lactation 26(3), 248–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Senarath, U, Fernando, DN and Rodrigo, I (2007) Newborn care practices at home: effect of a hospital-based intervention in Sri Lanka. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 53(2), 113–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, K, Khan, SM, Carvajal-Aguirre, L, Brodish, P, Amouzou, A and Moran, A (2017) The importance of skin-to-skin contact for early initiation of breastfeeding in Nigeria and Bangladesh. Journal of Global Health 7(2), doi: 10.7189/jogh.07.020505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, L, Mei, C, Gowri, R, Priscilla, C, Maqula, N, Deirdre, D and Joseph, L (2007) Breastfeeding and Maternal and Infant Health Outcomes in Developed Countries. AHRQ Publication No. 07-E007, Rockville.Google Scholar
StataCorp (2013) Stata Statistical Software: Release 13. StataCorp LP, College Station, TX.Google Scholar
Tan, KL (2011) Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding among infants under six months of age in peninsular Malaysia. International Breastfeed Journal 6(1), 210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tiwari, R, Mahajan, PC and Lahariya, C (2009) The determinants of exclusive breast feeding in urban slums: a community-based study. Journal of Tropical Pediatric 55(1), 49–54 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
UNICEF (2014) State of the World’s Children 2014: Every Child Counts. United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF), New York.Google Scholar
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2015) Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. United Nations, New York.Google Scholar
Usmani, G and Ahmad, N (2017) Health status of children in India. Journal of Preoperative and Critical Intensive Care Nursing 3(1), doi: 10.4172/2471-9870.1000138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, EA, Chantry, CJ, Dewey, KG and Nommsen-Rivers, LA (2013) Breastfeeding concerns at 3 and 7 days postpartum and feeding status at 2 months. Pediatrics 132(4), e865–e875.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woldeamanuel, BT (2020) Trends and factors associated to early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding and duration of breastfeeding in Ethiopia: evidence from the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016. International Breastfeeding Journal 15(1), 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO (2003) Infant and Young Child Feeding: A Tool for Assessing National Practices, Policies and Programmes. World Health Organization, Geneva. URL: https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/infantfeeding/9241562544/en/ (accessed 17th November 2020).Google Scholar
WHO (2013) Strategic Directions for Improving the Health and Development of Children and Adolescents, Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development, World Health Organization, Geneva.Google Scholar
Xu, F, Binns, C, Zheng, S, Wang, Y, Zhao, Y and Lee, A (2007) Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding duration in Xinjiang, PR China. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 16(2), 316–321.Google ScholarPubMed
Yadav, J, Menon, GR, Mitra, M, Allarakha, S and John, D (2020) Burden and cost of communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutrition deficiency diseases in India. Journal of Public Health, https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa173 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yoo, W, Mayberry, R, Bae, S, Singh, K, He, QP and Lillard, JJW (2014) A study of effects of multicollinearity in the multivariable analysis. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology 4(5), 9.Google ScholarPubMed