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Islam in Britain, 1689–1750

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 December 2012

Nabil Matar
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Journal of British Studies , Volume 47 , Issue 2 , April 2008 , pp. 284 - 300
Copyright
Copyright © North American Conference of British Studies 2008

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References

1 Locke, John, Epistola de Tolerantia: A Letter on Toleration, ed. Klibansky, Raymond, trans. J. W. Gough (Oxford, 1968), 145Google Scholar.

2 Locke, John, Two Tracts on Government, ed. Abrams, Philip (Cambridge, 1967), 146Google Scholar.

3 The historical and literary scholarship on Britain and the Muslim world has been growing in the past decade. See the classic work by Chew, Samuel, The Crescent and the Rose (Oxford, 1937)Google Scholar. See also D'Amico, Jack, The Moor in Elizabethan Drama (Gainesville, FL, 1992)Google Scholar; Matar, Nabil, Islam in Britain, 1558–1685 (Cambridge, 1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, Turks, Moors and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery (New York, 1999), and Britain and Barbary, 1589–1689 (Gainesville, FL, 2005); MacLean, Gerald, The Rise of Oriental Travel: English Visitors to the Ottoman Empire, 1580–1720 (New York, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Gerald MacLean, ed., Re-Orienting the Renaissance: Cultural Exchanges with the East (Basingstoke, 2005); Dimmock, Matthew, New Turkes: Dramatizing Islam and the Ottomans in Early Modern England (Aldershot, 2005)Google Scholar; and Ballaster, Ros, Fabulous Orients: Fictions of the East in England, 1662–1785 (Oxford, 2005)Google Scholar.

4 Knolles, Richard, The general historie of the Turkes (London, 1603)Google Scholar; Sir Rycault, Paul, The Present State of the Ottoman Empire (London, 1667)Google Scholar; Hakluyt, Richard, The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation (London, 1589, 1599)Google Scholar; Purchas, Samuel, Purchas his Pilgrimage (London, 1613)Google Scholar, and Purchas his Pilgrimes (London, 1625).

5 As the Duke of Marlborough envisioned (McKay, Derek and Scott, H. M., The Rise of the Great Powers, 1648–1815 [New York, 1983], 60Google Scholar).

6 Letter from John Locke to J. Tyrrell, 4 August 1690, in The Letters of John Locke, 8 vols. (Oxford, 1979), 4:113.

7 Locke, John, A Third Letter for Toleration (1692)Google Scholar, in The Works of John Locke, 12th ed., 10 vols. (London, 1824), 6:299.

8 For further studies on toleration of Muslims and Jews, see Matar, Nabil, “John Locke and the ‘Turbanned Nations,'” Journal of Islamic Studies 2, no. 1 (1991): 67–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar, “John Locke and the Jews,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 44, no. 1 (1993): 45–62.

9 Locke, A Third Letter for Toleration, 231.

10 Ibid., 229.

11 Statt, Daniel, Foreigners and Englishmen: The Controversy over Immigration and Population, 1660–1760 (Newark, 1995), 36, table 2Google Scholar.

12 Ibid., 33–34.

13 As Statt observes, “Denization was therefore the only alternative for Jewish immigrants” (ibid., 34).

14 Ibid., 100.

15 Locke, A Third Letter for Toleration, 231.

16 Ibid., 232.

17 See Matar, Nabil, “Some Notes on George Fox and Islam,” Journal of the Friends’ Historical Society 55, no. 8 (1989): 271–76Google Scholar.

18 Evelyn, John, 16 June 1687, in The Diary of John Evelyn, 6 vols., ed. E. S. De Beer (Oxford, 1955), 4:553Google Scholar.

19 Letter from Cologne, Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 1655, 8:365. For other examples, see Matar, Nabil, “The Toleration of Muslims in Renaissance England: Practice and Theory,” in Religious Toleration from Cyrus to Defoe: The Variety of Rites, ed. Laursen, John C. (New York, 1999), 127–46Google Scholar.

20 Letter from the Dey of Algiers to James II, September 1687, The National Archives (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), State Papers (SP) 71/3/100.

21 See Matar, Nabil, “The Last Moors: Maghariba in Britain, 1700–1750,” Journal of Islamic Studies 14, no. 1 (2003): 37–58Google Scholar.

22 Morgan, Joseph, A Compleat History of the Present Seat of War in Africa (London, 1732), 135Google Scholar.

23 Bulut, Mehmet, Ottoman-Dutch Economic Relations in the Early Modern Period, 1571–1699 (Hilversum, 2001), 131Google Scholar.

24 For a more detailed discussion of the role of North Africa in the wars, see Matar, Nabil and MacLean, Gerald, Britain and the Muslim World, 1558–1727 (Oxford, 2009), forthcomingGoogle Scholar.

25 Letter from Alcaid Ali to Admiral Rooke, 1702, TNA: PRO, SP 71/15/9.

26 Letter from Tertius Spencer to the Earl of Nottingham, 4 October 1702, TNA: PRO, SP 71/15/19.

27 Letter from Alcaid Ali to Queen Anne, 1702, TNA: PRO, SP 71/15/26.

28 Mulay Ismail, 15 November 1703, memorandum to the Earl of Nottingham, TNA: PRO, SP 71/15/67r.

29 Articles of Peace, ca. 1703, TNA: PRO, SP 71/15/43r.

30 Letter from Jezreel Jones to the Earl of Nottingham, 13 March 1704, TNA: PRO, SP 71/15/88ff.

31 Jones, D. W., “Sequel to Revolution: The Economics of England's Emergence as a Great Power, 1688–1712,” in The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and Its World Impact, ed. Israel, Jonathan (Cambridge, 1991), 392Google Scholar.

32 Letter from Jezreel Jones to Sir Charles Hedges, 27 June–8 July 1705, TNA: PRO, SP 89/88/22v.

33 Letter from John Methuen to Sir Charles Hedges, 1704, TNA: PRO, SP 89/18/146r.

34 Letter from Consul Methuen (?) to Alcaid Ali, 25 May 1705, TNA: PRO, SP 71/15/115.

35 Letter from Consul Methuen to Sir Charles Hedges, 19 February 1706, TNA: PRO, SP 89/19/15r. See also an earlier letter about the provisioning of Gibraltar from Morocco: Jezreel Jones to Sir Charles Hedges, June/July 1705, TNA: PRO, SP 71/15/132.

36 Letter from Garven Nash to John Milner, September 1706, TNA: PRO, SP 71/15/197.

37 Jezreel Jones to Sir Charles Hedges, TNA: PRO, SP 71/15/132.

38 de Boulainvilliers, Henri, The Life of Mahomet (London, 1731), 4–5Google Scholar.

39 Ockley, Simon, “Preface,” in Sentences of Ali Son-in-Law of Mahomet (London, 1717)Google Scholar.

40 Ibid.

41 Morgan, Joseph, “Preface,” in A Complete History of Algiers. To which is prefixed, An Epitome of the General History of Barbary, from the Earliest Times: Interspersed with many curious Remarks and Passages, not touched on by any Writer whatever (London, 1728), xiiGoogle Scholar.

42 Letter from James Chetwood to James Vernon, 3 February 1696, TNA: PRO, SP 71/27/89. When Cole died on 13 November 1712, the Algerian dey was deeply saddened and protected the consul's possessions until his successor arrived.

43 Morgan, Joseph, A Compleat History of the Piratical States of Barbary (London, 1750), 266Google Scholar. As he wrote on the inside cover of the manuscript on 27 September 1710, he was stunned to hear some Tunisians “of both Sexes, sing, in Concert, whole chapters out of this Work, to the Sound of Lutes and Guitars” (Morgan, “The Author's Preface,” in Mahometism Explained [British Library, Harleian MS 7501], n).

44 See the reference to Morgan in the account by Ambassador Russell on 16 June 1729: Morsy, Magali, “Le Journal de l’Ambassadeur Russell,” Cahiers de Tunisie 24, no. 2 (1976): 19Google Scholar. For the original, see TNA: PRO, Colonial Office 91/9.

45 Morgan, Mahometism Explained, 341.

46 For Orlando Furioso, see p. 52 in The Diary of Henry Teonge, ed. G. E. Manwaring (London, 1927), and, for the writing of Sir Philip Sidney, see p. 79, where Sidney commended Morea for its “fruitfulness and pleasant merriness of the inhabitants.”

47 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, 17 June 1717, in Letters from the Levant during the Embassy to Constantinople, 1716–1718, ed. J. A. St. John (1838; repr., London, 1971), 189. As Percy G. Adams stated, the period between 1660 and 1800 was the age of lying (Travelers and Travel Liars, 1660–1800 [Berkeley, 1962], 10).

48 Morgan, Joseph, A Complete History of Algiers. To which is prefixed, An Epitome of the General History of Barbary, from the Earliest Times: Interspersed With many curious Passages and Remarks, not touched on by any Writer whatever (London, 1731)Google Scholar. And in the same volume: Morgan, A Complete History of Algiers, and its Territory; from the Time of its being possessed by the Turks (London, 1728), 680.

49 Morgan, A Compleat History of the Present Seat of War in Africa, 121.

50 The series started appearing in 1687 and was widely read in French and in its English translation. Two decades later, A Letter from an Arabian Physician to a Famous Professor in the University of Hall in Saxony [London? 1706?] purported to explain, from an Islamic perspective, the multiplicity of wives and the descriptions of paradise in the Qur’an—perennial themes in Christian polemic.

51 Morgan, “Some Remarks,” in Mahometism Explained, xvi. Also see ibid., xvii–xviii: “It is a general Notion in your Parts of the World, That a Mussulman's Wife is no better than his Domestick, or Slave. She is neither reckon’d in the Number of the one, nor of the other; yet, she is not his Equal, nor does she ever aim at being so: Yet, I will tell you what she will do, All Slave, Domestick, Inferior, Ignorant, as you term her, and which is enough to make a Number of your so much politer European Wives blush. Can you pretend, that you do not know, That our Submissive, No-spirited, Senseless, Illiterate HandMaids, as they are called among you, will see the very best of us hanged, before they will offer to stir from their Place, where they are sitting, when we come into the House from Abroad, or so much as look toward us, though we have been absent several Days, Weeks, or even Months, except we first advance towards them; and this Prerogative of the Sex, with a beautiful Haughtiness, they positively maintain; nor will any of them be persuaded, by Threat of Argument, to recede from it one Hair's Breadth, till after having had several Children, or having cohabited with the Man for many Years.”

52 Morgan, “Preface,” in A Complete History of Algiers. To which is prefixed, An Epitome of the General History of Barbary, from the Earliest Times: Interspersed with many curious Remarks and Passages, not touched on by any Writer whatever, x.

53 Morgan, “Some Remarks,” lxvi.

54 Ibid., lxxi, lxxv.

55 Morgan, A Complete History of Algiers, and its Territory (1731/1728), 531, 549.

56 Morgan, “Preface,” in A Complete History of Algiers. To which is prefixed, An Epitome of the General History of Barbary, from the Earliest Times: Interspersed with many curious Remarks and Passages, not touched on by any Writer whatever, vi.

57 Ibid., viii.

58 Morgan, A Compleat History of the Piratical States, 265.

59 The literature on European captivity is extensive. See Colley, Linda, “Going Native, Telling Tales: Captivity, Collaborations and Empire,” Past and Present, no. 168 (August 2000): 170–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Captives: Britain, Empire and the World, 1600–1850 (New York, 2002); Nabil Matar, introd. to Piracy, Slavery and Redemption: Barbary Captivity Narratives from Early Modern England, ed. Daniel Vitkus (New York, 2001), and Matar, Britain and Barbary, 1589–1689, chap. 4; Gillian Lee Weiss, “Back from Barbary: Captivity, Redemption and French Identity in the Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Mediterranean” (PhD diss., Stanford University, 2002); Davis, Robert C., Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800 (New York, 2003)Google Scholar; Milton, Giles, White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and Islam's One Million White Slaves (London, 2004)Google Scholar; and MacLean, The Rise of Oriental Travel, pt. 4.

60 As the treaty between Great Britain and Algiers of 29 October 1716 stated, all cargo and travelers on “board the Ships or Vessels of Great Britain upon Freight, shall be first register’d in the Office of Cancellaria before the British Consul residing in the Port” so that they would be returned, should they be seized by pirates (Extracts from the several Treaties Subsisting between Great-Britain and other Kingdoms and States [London, 1751], 236).

61 Morgan, A Compleat History of the Piratical States, 269.

62 Ibid., 264.

63 Ibid., 267.

64 Locke, A Letter on Toleration, 145.

65 Windus, John, “Preface,” in A Journey to Mequinez (London, 1725).Google Scholar

66 Defoe, Daniel, A Plan of the English Commerce Being a Compleat Prospect of the Trade of this Nation, as well the Home Trade as the Foreign (Oxford, 1928), 243Google Scholar.