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Radical “Citizens of the World,” 1790–95: The Early Career of Henry Redhead Yorke

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 August 2014

Abstract

This article takes a new look at British radicalism in the 1790s and explores it within broad geographical and cultural frameworks and through the early career of Henry Redhead Yorke, a West Indian Creole who became a radical in England but frequently recanted his politics. It views radicalism within the Atlantic World and provides a broader interpretation of the excluded majority than as an English working class. It examines the radical “citizens of the world” and sheds new light on the apparent conflict within English radicalism between universalist and constitutionalist ideologies. Politicization and identity are the key themes here examined within micro- and macro-histories.

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Articles
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Copyright © The North American Conference on British Studies 2014 

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References

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25 A curator at the National Portrait Gallery has confirmed these conclusions as far as is possible in a black-and-white mezzotint.

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62 See Wheeler, Complexion of Race, 225–33; Wilson, Island Race, chap. 4.

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77 Wilson, Island Race, 17.

78 Yorke, Letters from France, xi.

79 Gales, William Seaton, 53–54.

80 Dubois, Avengers of the New World, 73.

81 This declaration was made on 4 April 1792. Dubois, Avengers of the New World, 129–31.

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99 Yorke, These are the Times that Try Men's Souls!, 12–13.

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101 See Goodrich, Debating England's Aristocracy, chap. 4.

102 Yorke, Thoughts on Civil Government, 241.

103 Ibid., 234–39, 252–53, 257–73.

104 Proceedings of the Public Meeting, held at Sheffield in the Open Air, on 7 April 1794, TNA, T.S. 24/3/88, 7. At his trial Yorke denied having written this speech.

105 Proceedings of the Public Meeting, 11–18.

106 Ibid., 22–25.

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112 Mee, Romanticism, Enthusiasm and Regulation, 294.

113 See Paine, Rights of Man, part II.

114 Yorke, Thoughts on Civil Government, 263.

115 Ibid., 241.

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117 Wharam, Treason Trials, 75.

118 “Gales to Aston March/April 1794,” in Holland and Everett, Life of Montgomery, 1:167.

119 Howells State Trials, 25: cols. 591, 603–04, 1115.

120 Vernon, Politics and the People, 251.

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135 Amnon Yuval has recently written convincingly on Yorke's trial: Yuval, Amnon, “Between Heroism and Acquittal: Henry Redhead Yorke and the Inherent Instability of Political Trials in Britain during the 1790s,” Journal of British Studies 50, no. 3 (July 2011): 612–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Wharam, Treason Trials, 74–77.

136 Nevetheless, it is very much in his style and generally historians accept it as his work. Howells, State Trials, 25: cols 1065–1113.

137 Ibid., 1083–84, 1111–12.

138 Yuval, “Between Heroism and Acquittal,” 412–15.

139 Ibid., 637.

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143 Yorke, Letter to the Reformers, 17.

144 Philp, Mark, “Vulgar Conservatism, 1792–3,” English Historical Review 110, no. 435 (February 1995): 68Google Scholar. See also Philp, “Disconcerting ideas,” 161.

145 For numerous examples, see, e.g., An Account of the Treason and Sedition, committed by the London Corresponding Society, the Society for Constitutional Information, the other Societies of London, Sheffield, Norwich, Manchester, Bristol, Coventry, Nottingham, Derby, Birmingham, Leeds, Newcastle, Hereford, York, Edinburgh, Dublin &c. &c. their correspondence with the Convention and Jacobin Societies in Paris; sending Deputies to France; . . . and The whole of the Two Reports, presented to the Hon House of Commons, by the Secret Committee (1794).

146 Prochaska, “English State Trials.” But see also David Eastwood, “Patriotism and the English State in the 1790s,” in Philp, French Revolution, 118–45; Emsley, “Repression, ‘Terror’ and the Rule of Law.”

147 See Epstein, Radical Expression; Vernon, Politics of the People.

148 Yorke, Introduction, xvii–ii, xxii–iii.

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151 Wilson, Island Race, 3.

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153 See Linebaugh and Rediker, The Many-Headed Hydra, 285.

154 Included for these purposes Ireland and North America as a recently lost colony.

155 Hall, Catherine, Civilizing Subjects: Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination, 1830–1867 (Oxford, 2002), 20Google Scholar.

156 See, e.g., Goodwin, Friends of Liberty, 487–88.

157 The author is at present writing a biography of Henry Redhead Yorke that will explore his full life in more detail.