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“Suppressed Grief”: Mourning the Death of British Children and the Memory of the 1857 Indian Rebellion

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 December 2012

Lydia Murdoch
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Journal of British Studies , Volume 51 , Issue 2 , April 2012 , pp. 364 - 392
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Copyright © North American Conference of British Studies 2012

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References

1 Robinson, Jane, Angels of Albion: Women of the Indian Mutiny (London, 1996), 161Google Scholar. I have used the term “Indian Rebellion” rather than “Sepoy Mutiny” to underscore that the conflict was not merely sparked by protests within the army against the use of Enfield rifle bullets greased with fat from cows and pigs but rather a more popular anticolonial political movement. See Pati, Biswamoy, ed., The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India: Exploring Transgressions, Contests and Diversities (London, 2010)Google Scholar. For other examples of the extensive literature on the 1857 Rebellion, see Bhadra, Gautam, “Four Rebels of Eighteen-Fifty-Seven,” in Selected Subaltern Studies, ed. Guha, Ranajit and Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (Oxford, 1988), 129–75Google Scholar; Chakravarty, Gautam, The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination (Cambridge, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Embree, Ainslie T., ed., 1857 in India: Mutiny or War of Independence? (Lexington, MA, 1963)Google Scholar; Mukherjee, Rudrangshu, Awadh in Revolt, 1857–8: A Study of Popular Resistance (New Delhi, 1984)Google Scholar; Pati, Biswamoy, ed., The 1857 Rebellion (New Delhi, 2007)Google Scholar; and Stokes, Eric, The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India (Cambridge, 1978)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2 Bartrum, Katherine, A Widow’s Reminiscence of the Siege of Lucknow (London, 1858), 68Google Scholar.

3 On 30 January 1858, Polehampton remarked, “Mrs. Bartrum’s little boy (her only child) is very ill, and I fear will die.” He died on 11 February 1858. Emily Polehampton’s Diary, reprinted in Polehampton, Henry, A Memoir, Letters, and Diary, ed. Polehampton, Edward and Polehampton, Thomas Stedman (London, 1858), 374Google Scholar.

4 Bartrum, A Widow’s Reminiscence (11 February 1858), 70, emphasis in original. Also see Katherine Bartrum, Manuscript Copy of Diary, 11 February 1858, British Library, India Office Select Materials, MSS Eur. A69 1857–58.

5 Emmie and Henry Polehampton’s son was born on 30 December 1857 and died days later in early January. The great importance of postmortem photographs is suggested by Henry Polehampton’s note in his diary that before leaving their home for the Residency, “Emmie then came; having first secured a little box containing daguerreotypes of our darling in Heaven.” After helping Bartrum through the burial of her son, Polehampton remarked, “All this brought back my own losses too vividly to my mind!” See Henry Polehampton, Letter to his mother (7 January 1857), 166–71, Extracts from the Diary of the Rev. H. S. Polehampton (21 May 1857), 259, and Emily Polehampton’s Diary (11 February 1858), 376, all in Polehampton, A Memoir, Letters, and Diary.

6 Emily Polehampton’s Diary (11 February 1858), in Polehampton, A Memoir, Letters, and Diary, 376.

7 Bartrum, A Widow’s Reminiscence (11 February 1858), 70.

8 Bartrum, Manuscript Copy of Diary, 11 February 1858, British Library, India Office Select Materials, MSS Eur. A69 1857–58; Emily Polehampton’s Diary (11 February 1858), in Polehampton, A Memoir, Letters, and Diary, 376–77.

9 Bartrum, Manuscript Copy of Diary, 12 February 1858, British Library, India Office Select Materials, MSS Eur. A69 1857–58; Bartrum, A Widow’s Reminiscence (12 February 1858), 72.

10 Alison Blunt similarly suggests that on the death of her husband, Bartrum suffered from a loss of domestic and imperial identity. See Blunt, Alison, “The Flight from Lucknow: British Women Travelling and Writing Home, 1857–8,” in Writes of Passage: Reading Travel Writing, ed. Duncan, James and Gregory, Derek (London, 1999), 106Google Scholar.

11 Katherine Bartrum, Letter to her father, 27 December 1857, British Library, India Office Select Materials, MSS Eur. A67/2.

12 Bartrum, Letter to her father, 12 February 1858, British Library, India Office Select Materials, MSS Eur. A67/3. On Bartrum’s mourning for her son and husband, also see Judy Hinshaw, “‘The Mourning After’: Imperial Conflict and Widowhood,” unpublished conference paper delivered at the Midwest Conference on British Studies, Pittsburgh, October 2009.

13 Ariès, Philippe, The Hour of Our Death, trans. Weaver, Helen (New York, 1981)Google Scholar. Also see Ariès, Philippe, Western Attitudes toward Death: From the Middle Ages to the Present, trans. Ranum, Patricia M. (Baltimore, 1974)Google Scholar.

14 Mosse, George L., Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars (Oxford, 1990), 41Google Scholar; see also 38–50.

15 Faust, Drew Gilpin, This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York, 2008), 17Google Scholar. Also see Avery, Gillian and Reynolds, Kimberly, eds., Representations of Childhood Death (London and New York, 2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Brown, Nicola, “Empty Hands and Precious Pictures: Post-mortem Portrait Photographs of Children,” Australasian Journal of Victorian Studies 14, no. 2 (2009): 8–24Google Scholar; Cannadine, David, “War and Death, Grief and Mourning in Modern Britain,” in Mirrors of Mortality: Studies in the Social History of Death, ed. Whaley, Joachim (New York, 1981), 187–242Google Scholar; Curl, James Stevens, The Victorian Celebration of Death (Detroit, 1972)Google Scholar; Jalland, Pat, Death in the Victorian Family (Oxford, 1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Linkman, Audrey, Photography and Death (London, 2011)Google Scholar; Morley, John, Death, Heaven and the Victorians (London, 1971)Google Scholar; and Strange, Julie-Marie, Death, Grief and Poverty in Britain, 1870–1914 (Cambridge, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

16 Butler, Judith, “Violence, Mourning, Politics,” in Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence (London: Verso, 2004), 22Google Scholar.

17 See, e.g., Metcalf, Thomas R., Ideologies of the Raj (Cambridge, 1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

18 The photographs of Felice Beato included public hangings and the corpses of Indian soldiers. On Beato’s work in India, see Chaudhary, Zahid, “Phantasmagoric Aesthetics: Colonial Violence and the Management of Perception,” Cultural Critique 59 (Winter 2005): 63–119CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Fraser, John, “Beato’s Photograph of the Interior of the Sikandarbagh at Lucknow,” Journal of Army Historical Research 64 (1981): 51–55Google Scholar; Harrington, Peter, “Lucknow after the Indian Mutiny: The Photographs of Felice Beato,” Military Heritage 6, no. 4 (February 2005): 68–71, 82Google Scholar; Harris, David, “Topography and Memory: Felice Beato’s Photographs of India, 1858–1859,” 119–147, in India through the Lens: Photography, 1840–1911, ed. Dehejia, Vidya (Munich, 2000)Google Scholar; Hodgson, Pat, Early War Photographs (Reading, 1974)Google Scholar; Lifson, Ben, “Beato in Lucknow,” Artforum International 26, no. 9 (May 1988): 98–103Google Scholar; and Masselos, Jim and Gupta, Narayani, Beato’s Delhi, 1857, 1997 (Delhi, 1997)Google Scholar

19 Robert Bartrum, Letter to his mother, written in General Outram and Queen’s 90th camp between Allahabad and Kanpur (7 September 1857), in Bartrum, A Widow’s Reminiscence, 86.

20 See Arnold, David, Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth-Century India (Berkeley, 1993)Google Scholar; Cohn, Bernard S., “Representing Authority in Victorian India,” in The Invention of Tradition, ed. Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence (Cambridge, 1983), 165–209Google Scholar; Dirks, Nicholas, Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India (Princeton, NJ, 2001)Google Scholar; Falconer, John, “‘A Pure Labor of Love’: A Publishing History of The People of India,” in Colonialist Photography: Imag(in)ing Race and Place, ed. Hight, Eleanor M. and Sampson, Gary D. (London, 2002), 51–83Google Scholar; Hoffenberg, Peter, An Empire on Display: English, Indian, and Australian Exhibitions from the Crystal Palace to the Great War (Berkeley, 2001)Google Scholar; Pinney, Christopher, Camera Indica: The Social Life of Indian Photographs (London, 1997)Google Scholar.

21 Sharpe, Jenny, Allegories of Empire: The Figure of Woman in the Colonial Text (Minneapolis, 1993), 68Google Scholar. For other discussions of British women representing the values of British imperialism, see Blunt, Alison, “Embodying War: British Women and Domestic Defilement in the Indian ‘Mutiny,’ 1857–8,” Journal of Historical Geography 26, no. 3 (July 2000): 403–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Paxton, Nancy L., Writing under the Raj: Gender, Race, and Rape in the British Colonial Imagination, 1830–1947 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1999)Google Scholar; Tuson, Penelope, “Mutiny Narratives and the Imperial Feminine: European Women’s Accounts of the Rebellion in India in 1857,” Women’s Studies International Forum 21, no. 3 (May–June 1998): 291–303CrossRefGoogle Scholar. In recent decades, there has been significant scholarship on British women and imperialism. For select examples, see Burton, Antoinette, Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, 1865–1915 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1994)Google Scholar; Chaudhuri, Nupur and Strobel, Margaret, eds., Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance (Bloomington, IN, 1992)Google Scholar; Davin, Anna, “Imperialism and Motherhood,” History Workshop Journal 5, no. 1 (Spring 1978): 9–66CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; MacMillan, Margaret, Women of the Raj: The Mothers, Wives, and Daughters of the British Empire in India (New York, 1988)Google Scholar; Midgley, Clare, Feminism and Empire: Women Activists in Imperial Britain, 1790–1865 (London, 2007)Google Scholar; Procida, Mary, Married to the Empire: Gender, Politics, and Imperialism in India, 1883–1947 (Manchester, 2002)Google Scholar; Raza, Rosemary, In Their Own Words: British Women Writers and India, 1740–1857 (Oxford, 2006)Google Scholar; Robinson, Angels of Albion; Sinha, Mrinalini, Specters of Mother India: The Global Restructuring of an Empire (Durham, NC, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sen, Indrani, Woman and Empire: Representations in the Writings of British India (1858–1900) (New Delhi, 2002)Google Scholar; Strobel, Margaret, European Women and the Second British Empire (Bloomington, IN, 1991)Google Scholar; and Twells, Alison, The Civilising Mission and the English Middle Class, 1792–1850: The “Heathen” at Home and Overseas (New York, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Clare Midgley provides a useful overview of this literature, distinguishing the earlier works that often tended to focus on independent women travelers or the memsahibs connected with “Raj nostalgia” from studies emerging in the 1990s exploring the connections between Western feminist movements, racism, and empire. See Feminism and Empire, 2–3.

22 See George, Rosemary Marangoly, “Homes in the Empire, Empires in the Home,” Cultural Critique 26 (Winter 1993–94): 95–127CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

23 Harris, Georgina, A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow, Written for the Perusal of Friends at Home (London, 1858), 173Google Scholar.

24 For an example of this image being used for military recruitment, see “Willing Hands for India,” Punch, 29 August 1857, 88–89, in which Tenniel’s cartoon is reproduced on the flag rallying new recruits.

25 Ball, Charles, The History of the Indian Mutiny: Giving A Detailed Account of the Sepoy Insurrection in India; and a Concise History of the Great Military Events Which Have Tended to Consolidate British Empire in Hindostan, 2 vols. (London, 1858)Google Scholar.

26 Ball’s text acknowledges the much more fluid racial and cultural make-up of Anglo-Indian communities, recognizing that Europeans often lived with “half-castes,” native Christians, and Indian servants. See, for example, his description of the massacre of Jhansi, The History of the Indian Mutiny, 1:271–72.

27 Thanks to James Merrell for helping me make this connection.

28 Tytler, Harriet, An Englishwoman in India: The Memoirs of Harriet Tytler, 1828–1858 (Oxford, 1988), 172Google Scholar.

29 For a general account of the siege of Lucknow, see Hibbert, Christopher, The Great Mutiny: India, 1857 (New York, 1978), 216–66, 327–66Google Scholar. Jane Robinson estimates there were two thousand people at the beginning of the siege, including 237 European women with 260 of their children. I have found no estimates for Indian women and children. See Robinson, Angels of Albion, 153–54. Citing Innes, M., Lucknow and Oude in the Mutiny: A Narrative and A Study (London, 1895)Google Scholar, Alison Blunt provides the estimate of three thousand people—the extra thousand likely being troops added during the 25 September reinforcement. Innes recorded that 1,392 of these were Indian and 1,608 were British or from other parts of Europe, and that there were 1,720 combatants and 1,280 noncombatants. See Blunt, “Embodying War,” 426–27 n. 76. For other breakdowns of the besieged population, see Money Collection: Album of Views of Lucknow, British Library, India Office Select Materials, Photo 499, 1.

30 Blunt, “Embodying War,” 418.

31 See Anderson, Robert Patrick, A Personal Journal of the Siege of Lucknow (London, 1858)Google Scholar; Bartrum, A Widow’s Reminiscence; Case, Adelaide, Day by Day at Lucknow: A Journal of the Siege of Lucknow (London, 1858)Google Scholar; Gubbins, Martin Richard, An Account of the Mutinies in Oudh, and of the Siege of the Lucknow Residency (London, 1858)Google Scholar; Harris, A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow; Macbean, Major and Hogarth, J., Views in Lucknow from Sketches Made During the Siege (London, 1858)Google Scholar; Mecham, Clifford Henry and Couper, George Ebenezer Wilson, Sketches and Incidents of the Siege of Lucknow: From Drawings Made During the Siege (London, 1858)Google Scholar; Polehampton, A Memoir, Letters, and Diary; Rees, L. E. Ruutz, A Personal Narrative of the Siege of Lucknow from Its Commencement to Its Relief by Sir Colin Campbell (London, 1858)Google Scholar; Wilson, Thomas Fourness, The Defense of Lucknow: A Diary Recording the Daily Events During the Siege of the European Residency, from 31st May to 25th September, 1857 (London, 1858)Google Scholar. Also in 1858, Julia Inglis printed a version of her diary for private circulation that was reviewed along with published memoirs in The Albion: A Journal of News, Politics, and Literature 36, no. 14 (3 April 1858): 160–61Google Scholar. Inglis later published her Lucknow diary as The Siege of Lucknow: A Diary (1892). In addition to those works published in 1858, I draw on two other women’s memoirs published well after the events: Colina Brydon’s Diary of the Doctor’s Lady [1857], compiled by Geoffrey Moore (Huntingdon, 1979) and Germon’s, MariaJournal of the Siege of Lucknow: An Episode of the Indian Mutiny (London, 1958), edited by Edwardes, MichaelGoogle Scholar. Germon’s original manuscript is in the British Library, and a privately printed edited version of Germon’s journal appeared as A Diary Kept by Mrs. R. C. Germon at Lucknow, Between the Months of May and December 1857 (London, 1870)Google Scholar.

32 Harris, A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow, iii, emphasis in original.

33 The Times, 24 March 1892, 4.

34 For reviews of A Widow’s Reminiscence of the Siege of Lucknow, by Katherine Bartrum, see The Athenaeum, 2 April 1859, 449, and Tait’s Edinburgh Magazine, May 1859, 307. For reviews of A Memoir, Letters, and Diary, by Henry Polehampton, that primarily focus on the materials related to Henry Polehampton, see The Athenaeum, 9 October 1858, 451–52; The Examiner, 9 October 1858, 644–45; The Leader, 6 November 1858, 1186; New Quarterly Review, November 1858, 288; and The Saturday Review, 20 November 1858, 507–8.

35 For reviews of Day by Day at Lucknow, by Adelaide Case, see The Athenaeum, 3 July 1858, 12–13; The Critic, 24 July 1858, 420; The Leader, 26 June 1858, 619–20; London Journal, 31 July 1858, 366; and The Rambler, November 1858, 360.

36 See reviews of A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow, by Georgina Harris, in The Athenaeum, 24 April 1858, 523, and The Examiner, 24 April 1858, 260; and review of Day by Day at Lucknow, by Adelaide Case, in The Critic, 24 July 1858, 411.

37 Review of A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow, by Georgina Harris, The Examiner, 24 April 1858, 260.

38 Review of Day by Day at Lucknow, by Adelaide Case, The Critic, 24 July 1858, 411.

39 Review of The Siege of Lucknow, by Jula Inglis, The Academy, 16 April 1892, 370. For a similar linking of the virtues of a female survivor of Lucknow with English values, see review of Day by Day at Lucknow, by Adelaide Case, The Critic, 24 July 1858, 411.

40 Review of A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow, by Georgina Harris, The Athenaeum, 24 April 1858, 523.

41 Review of Day by Day at Lucknow, by Adelaide Case, The Rambler, November 1858, 360.

42 Ibid.

43 Harris described a dinner conversation where someone, perhaps the commander Sir Henry Lawrence (the name is marked out in her text), “thinks the tribulation we are now in is a just punishment to our nation for the grasping spirit in which we have governed India; the unjust appropriation of Oude being a finishing stroke to a long course of selfish seeking our own benefit and aggrandisement.” A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow (20 June 1857), 60. In May, after the fall of Delhi, Lawrence told Julia Inglis at dinner that “he considered the annexation of Oude the most unrighteous act that was ever committed.” Inglis, The Siege of Lucknow (18 May 1857), 11.

44 See, for example, the class tensions in the conflict between Lucknow survivors Martin Gubbins and L. E. Rees in The Times, 23 July 1858, 9, and 27 July 1858, 11.

45 Germon, Journal of the Siege of Lucknow (25 May 1857), 27.

46 On the organization of women’s night watches during the siege, see Harris, A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow (25 July and 9 August 1857), 90, 97.

47 Germon, Journal of the Siege of Lucknow (26 and 31 May 1857), 28, 29, 34.

48 Case, Day by Day at Lucknow, 22.

49 Rees, A Personal Narrative of the Siege of Lucknow, 93.

50 See, e.g., Bartrum, Manuscript Copy of Diary, 28 June 1857, British Library, India Office Select Materials, MSS Eur. A69; Maria Germon, Journal of Maria Germon, 9, 18 July 1857, 25, 30, British Library, India Office Select Materials, MSS Eur. B134; Harris, A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow, 46–47; Polehampton, A Memoir, Letters, and Diary, 344–45, 408.

51 Bartrum, Letter to her father, 27 December 1857, 6, British Library, India Office Select Materials, MSS Eur. A67/2, emphasis in original. She directly followed this statement with a discussion of servants.

52 Harris, A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow (16 June 1857), 51. This event was also reported in The Athenaeum, 24 April 1858, 523.

53 Bartrum, Manuscript Copy of Diary, 20 August and 18 September 1857, British Library, India Office Select Materials, MSS Eur. A69; Bartrum, A Widow’s Reminiscence of the Siege of Lucknow (19 August 1857), 41; Brydon, Diary of the Doctor’s Lady (5 and 15 September 1857), 39, 41; Case, Day by Day at Lucknow (8 and 29 September 1857), 186, 216; Harris, A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow (5 and 15 September 1857), 108, 112–113; Captain Birch as quoted in Inglis, The Siege of Lucknow, 80; Inglis, The Siege of Lucknow (5 September 1857), 143;

54 Inglis, The Siege of Lucknow (11 August 1857), 116. Also see ibid. (28 July 1857), 100–101, and Case, Day by Day at Lucknow (28 July 1857), 118.

55 Domo [Miss Moore], Painted Memorial Scroll, Twenty-Six Coloured Views … of Buildings, etc. in Delhi, Cawnpore, Lucknow, Benares, Agra, and Amritsar, Connected with the Indian Mutiny, British Library, Add. MSS 37153. Other accounts note that there were sixty-nine British “ladies” present. See Blunt, “Embodying War,” 417.

56 “List of Officers and Non-Military Men and Their Families Present Before and During the Whole of the Siege of Lucknow,” in Rees, A Personal Narrative of Lucknow, 365–80. Maria Germon recorded a list of “European” and “Native” military personnel killed and wounded during the siege from 30 June to 26 September 1857. According to her record, which does not include civilians or those who died from sickness, seventy-three “Native” and 139 “European” rank and file, sergeants, and officers died during these months. See Germon, A Diary Kept by Mrs. R. C. Germon at Lucknow, 144–45.

57 Inglis, The Siege of Lucknow, 77, 227.

58 Bartrum, Manuscript Copy of Diary, 8 July 1857, British Library, MSS Eur. A69 1857–58. For a slightly different wording of this account, see Bartrum, A Widow’s Reminiscence, 30.

59 On these new meanings associated with childhood, see in particular Ariès, Philippe, Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life, trans. Baldick, Robert (New York, 1962)Google Scholar; Cunningham, Hugh, Children and Childhood in Western Society since 1500 (New York, 1995)Google Scholar; and Steedman, Carolyn, Strange Dislocations: Childhood and the Idea of Human Interiority (London, 1995)Google Scholar. Cunningham’s, Hugh “Review Essay: Histories of Childhood,” American Historical Review 103, no. 4 (October 1998): 1195–1208CrossRefGoogle Scholar, is a particularly helpful introduction to the debates sparked by Ariès’s classic work on the invention of modern childhood.

60 The Home and Foreign Missionary Record for the Free Church of Scotland, 1845–6, 2:356, as quoted in Midgley, Feminism and Empire, 115; see also 111–16.

61 See Blunt, Alison, Domicile and Diaspora: Anglo-Indian Women and the Spatial Politics of Home (Oxford, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and “Imperial Geographies of Home: British Domesticity in India, 1886–1925,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 24, no. 4 (1999): 421–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Buettner, Elizabeth, Empire Families: Britons and Late Imperial India (Oxford, 2004)Google Scholar; Chaudhuri, Nupur, “Memsahibs and Motherhood in Nineteenth Century Colonial India,” Victorian Studies 31, no. 4 (Summer 1988): 517–35Google Scholar; Collingham, E. M., Imperial Bodies (Malden, MA, 2001)Google Scholar; Ghosh, Durba, Sex and the Family in Colonial India: The Making of Empire (Cambridge, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sen, Indrani, “Colonial Domesticities, Contentious Interactions: Ayahs, Wet-nurses and Memsahibs in Colonial India,” Indian Journal of Gender Studies 16, no. 3 (September–December 2009): 299–328CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For other works exploring childhood and imperial identity, see Arnold, David, “European Orphans and Vagrants in India in the Nineteenth Century,” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 7, no. 2 (January 1979): 104–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sen, Satadru, Colonial Childhoods: The Juvenile Periphery of India, 1850–1945 (London, 2005)Google Scholar; Stoler, Ann Laura, Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule (Berkeley, 2002)Google Scholar, and Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault’s History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham, NC, 1995)Google Scholar.

62 Inglis, The Siege of Lucknow (20 October 1857), 185.

63 Brydon, Diary of the Doctor’s Lady (8 July 1857), 21.

64 Harris, A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow (27 June 1857), 73.

65 Brydon, Diary of the Doctor’s Lady (12 September 1857), 40. Colina Brydon’s husband, William Brydon, was the sole survivor of the British retreat from Kabul in the First Afghan War of 1842.

66 Case, Day by Day at Lucknow (17 September 1857), 196.

67 Inglis, The Siege of Lucknow (23 July 1857), 87.

68 Captain Birch as quoted in Inglis, The Siege of Lucknow, 79–80.

69 Bartrum, Manuscript Copy of Diary, 11 August 1857, British Library, India Office Select Materials, MSS Eur. A69.

70 Case, Day by Day at Lucknow (14 August 1857), 151–53, quotations at 151, 152.

71 Inglis, The Siege of Lucknow (14 August 1857), 117.

72 Case, Day by Day at Lucknow (14 August 1857), 152–53.

73 See Brydon, Diary of the Doctor’s Lady (26 August 1857), 37.

74 Hibbert, The Great Mutiny, 250.

75 Bartrum, Manuscript Copy of Diary, 31 July and 1 August 1857, British Library, India Office Select Materials, MSS Eur. A69.

76 Harris, A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow (2 August 1857), 93–94.

77 Ibid. For other accounts of arrowroot and sugar mixtures being given to children, see Bartrum, Manuscript Copy of Diary, 20 July and 17 August 1857, British Library, India Office Select Materials, MSS Eur. A69.

78 Harris, A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow (15 and 19 August 1857), 100–102.

79 Brydon, Diary of the Doctor’s Lady (15 August 1857), 33.

80 Hadow Papers, Worcester College, Oxford, as quoted in Hibbert, The Great Mutiny, 249.

81 Harris, A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow (9 August 1857), 97.

82 Brydon, Diary of the Doctor’s Lady (25 June 1857), 17.

83 Inglis, The Siege of Lucknow (12 and 13 August 1857), 117.

84 Brydon, Diary of the Doctor’s Lady (30 June 1857), 18.

85 Germon, Journal of the Siege of Lucknow (16 July 1857), 64.

86 Ibid. (13 September 1857), 92.

87 Brydon, Diary of the Doctor’s Lady (19 August 1857), 35.

88 Bartrum, Manuscript Copy of Diary, 8 August 1857, British Library, India Office Select Materials, MSS Eur. A69.

89 Harris, A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow (13 September 1857), 110–11.

90 Germon, Journal of the Siege of Lucknow (19 August 1857), 82; Inglis, The Siege of Lucknow (1 October 1857), 173.

91 Bartrum, A Widow’s Reminiscence (8 August 1857), 36; Case, Day by Day at Lucknow (20 August 1857), 162; Inglis, The Siege of Lucknow (20 August 1857), 130.

92 Germon, Journal of the Siege of Lucknow (19 August 1857), 82; Harris, A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow (20 July 1857), 87; Inglis, The Siege of Lucknow (1 October 1857), 173.

93 Inglis, The Siege of Lucknow (1 October 1857), 173.

94 Rees, A Personal Narrative of the Siege of Lucknow, 103.

95 Germon, Journal of Maria Germon, 4 July 1857, 25, British Library, India Office Select Materials, MSS Eur. B134; Harris, A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow (20 July 1857), 86–87; Extract from the Diary of the Rev. H. S. Polehampton, 1 July 1857, in Polehampton, A Memoir, Letters, and Diary, 321.

96 Harris, A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow (2 August 1857), 94.

97 Ibid. (14 August 1857), 99.

98 Case, Day by Day at Lucknow (13 July 1857), 91.

99 Ibid. (2 September 1857), 179. Also see Inglis, The Siege of Lucknow (2 September 1857), 140.

100 See Buettner, Elizabeth, “Cemeteries, Public Memory and Raj Nostalgia in Postcolonial Britain and India,” History and Memory 18, no. 1 (Spring–Summer 2006): 5–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Robert Travers, “Death and the Nabob: Imperialism and Commemoration in Eighteenth-Century India,” Past and Present, no. 196 (August 2007): 83–124; Turoff, Melissa S., “‘Told by the Tombs’: British Death and Cemeteries in Colonial India” (history thesis, Vassar College, 2007)Google Scholar.

101 Emily Polehampton, Letter to Mrs. Wood (Henry Polehampton’s mother), Letter to Rev. Edward Polehampton, and Diary (18 November 1857), in Polehampton, A Memoir, Letters, and Diary, 333, 347, 350; Harris, A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow (8 November 1857), 152.

102 Boileau Papers, Cambridge, September 13, 1857, as quoted in Hibbert, The Great Mutiny, 250.

103 Emily Polehampton’s Diary (11, 13, and 14 January 1858), in Polehampton, A Memoir, Letters, and Diary, 370. The cemetery and bazaar function as two forms of what Michel Foucault termed heterotopias. See Foucault, Michel, “Of Other Spaces,” trans. Miskowiec, Jay, Diacritics 16, no. 1 (1986): 22–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

104 Sherwood, Mary Martha, The Life of Mrs. Sherwood (Chiefly Autobiographical) with Extracts from Mr. Sherwood’s Journal during his Imprisonment in France and Residence in India, ed. by her daughter, Kelly, Sophia (London, 1854)Google Scholar, as quoted in Sen, “Colonial Domesticities, Contentious Interactions,” 310.

105 For a parallel discussion of nationalistic limitations on mourning and grief in the post-9/11 context, see Butler, Precarious Life.

106 Harris, A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow (11 December 1857), 192. Some women sewed or donated mourning dresses for others during the siege, but the majority of women deeply felt the loss of mourning attire. See Bartrum, A Widow’s Reminiscence, 50; Harris, A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow (29 July 1857), 92–93; Inglis, The Siege of Lucknow, 227.

107 The Athenaeum, 24 April 1858, 524.

108 Ibid., 523. This passage is also quoted in The Examiner, 24 April 1858, 260. Reviewers included other details from Harris’s diary demonstrating the best possible fulfillment of conventional mourning practices in Herbert’s case: “We closed his pretty blue eyes, and crossed his little hands over his breast, and there he lay by his mother’s side till daylight; then she washed the body herself, and put him on a white nightgown, and I tied a lace handkerchief round his face, as she had no caps. Charlie D. came over to see her, and we left her quite with him and the dead baby till eleven, when I was obliged to go in and ask her to part with it. She let me take it away, and I sewed the little sweet one up myself in a clean white cloth, and James carried it over to the hospital to wait there for the evening burials.” See Harris, A Lady’s Diary of the Siege of Lucknow (19 August 1857), 101–2.

109 Allen, Brian, “The Indian Mutiny and British Painting,” Apollo 132 (1990): 156Google Scholar; Blunt, “Embodying War,” 416–7; Thomas, Julia, “A Tale of Two Stories: Joseph Noel Paton’s In Memoriam,” in Pictorial Victorians: The Inscription of Values in Word and Image (Athens, OH, 2004), 125–43Google Scholar.

110 The Times, 1 and 22 May 1858, as quoted in Blunt, “Embodying War,” 416.

111 Illustrated London News, 15 May 1858, as quoted in Blunt, “Embodying War,” 416.

112 Ward, Andrew, Our Bones Are Scattered: The Cawnpore Massacres and the Indian Mutiny of 1857 (London: John Murray, 1996), 550Google Scholar.

113 William Butler, The Land of the Veda, 310, as quoted in Ward, Our Bones Are Scattered, 551.

114 Heathorn, Stephen, “Angel of Empire: The Cawnpore Memorial Well as a British Site of Imperial Remembrance,” Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 8, no. 3 (Winter 2007): 18, 33CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

115 Review of Inglis, The Siege of Lucknow, in The Academy, 16 April 1892, 370.

116 See Goswami, Manu, “‘Englishness’ on the Imperial Circuit: Mutiny Tours in Colonial South Asia,” Journal of Historical Sociology 9, no. 1 (March 1996): 54–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

117 Gordon, Sophie, “‘A Silent Eloquence’: Photography in 19th-Century Lucknow,” in Lucknow Then and Now, ed. Llewellyn-Jones, Rosie (Mumbai, 2003), 142Google Scholar; Llewellyn-Jones, Rosie, “The Residency and the River,” in Lucknow: City of Illusion, ed. Llewellyn-Jones, Rosie (Munich, 2006), 197–99Google Scholar.

118 Editors’ note in reference to Polehampton’s nursing work on board the ship from Calcutta to Plymouth, A Memoir, Letters, and Diary, 378.