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A Different Trajectory: Market-Consciousness in Chinese Political Economy, 800–1800

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 November 2019

Helen Dunstan Open the ORCID record for Helen Dunstan [Opens in a new window]
Helen Dunstan*
Affiliation:
The University of Sydney
*
*Corresponding author. Email: helen.dunstan@sydney.edu.au.
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Abstract

This article engages critically with William Rowe's notion of an “alternative economic discourse” linking the market-consciousness shown in some aspects of Dong Wei's approach to famine relief in the Song dynasty to that which informed many subsistence-policy discussions and some aspects of bureaucratic practice during the high Qing. The longevity of the discursive tradition is shown to be understated if we start with Dong Wei, but it is also taken as an interpretative challenge. Comparison with the case of ancien régime France is used to suggest an alternative conceptualization that enables us to differentiate between (1) a mainstream tradition of conventionally accepted market-conscious prescriptions that were not perceived as challenging Confucian moralism, and (2) avant-garde departures. A review of the arguments used down the centuries to justify distributing famine relief in monetary form is used to pinpoint one such departure and to reflect on its significance in a multi-century perspective.

Keywords

Song to Qingmarket-consciousnessfamine relief
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Chinese History 中國歷史學刊 , Volume 4 , Issue 1 , January 2020 , pp. 55 - 83
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

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34 Hymes, “Moral Duty,” 298–300.

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57 Dunstan, State or Merchant?, 140–43.

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60 Tu Long, Huangzheng kao 荒政考, and Zhou Kongjiao, Huangzheng yi 荒政議, both reproduced in Huangzheng congshu, comp. Yu Sen 俞森 (in Siku quanshu zhenben Series 10, vol. 106), 3.17a–b, 4.15b–16a (both passages quoted in Zhou, Mingdai huangzheng, 211–12).

61 Fang, “Qing chu guan ji mishang yinzhao zhazi,” 554; Dunstan, Conflicting Counsels, 325 (translation).

62 Hymes, “Moral Duty,” 302; Will, “Discussions about the Market-Place,” 353. Cf. Mervart, “Forgotten Landscape,” 101–3 ff.

63 Dunstan, Conflicting Counsels, 306–7.

64 Anning, memorial dated QL 9/2/10 in First Historical Archives (Beijing; hereafter FHA), Zhupi zouzhe 硃批奏摺, Caizheng 財政, Cangchu 倉儲 (hereafter CC); Dunstan, State or Merchant?, 164–65, 171–76, 186–87, 215, 268–69.

65 CC, Kaerjishan, QL 13/6/26 (fragment); Dunstan, State or Merchant?, 97–98, 115–38, 184–86, and, on the targets set in 1738–39 and 1744, 197–206, 245–51; Dunstan, Conflicting Counsels, 85–88, 276–78 (translations).

66 Dunstan, State or Merchant?, 182–83, 344–45, 352–55, 397–98.

67 Dunstan, State or Merchant?, 340–44, 350–52, 406–11; cf. Will, Pierre-Étienne, “Management,” in Nourish the People: The State Civilian Granary System in China, 1650–1850, edited by Will, Pierre-Étienne and Wong, R. Bin (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan, Center for Chinese Studies, 1991), 143–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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69 QSL/QL, 55.12a.

70 CC, Li Qingzhi, QL 8/5/3 (emphasis added); translation adapted in part from that in Dunstan, State or Merchant?, 239. For the quotations, cf. Guanzi, sect. 75, “Shan quan shu,” and Zhouli, chap. 2, “Diguan Situ,” “Sishi.”

71 CC, Sun Hao, QL 8 (catalogue number 1125-032).

72 Rowe, Saving the World, 183–84.

73 CC, Wu Wei, QL 8/7/2.

74 Zeng, Nanfeng xiansheng Yuanfeng leigao, 9.15a–16a, 18a.

75 Huarui, Li, Songdai jiuhuang shi gao 宋代救荒史稿 (Tianjin: Tianjin guji chubanshe, 2014)Google Scholar, vol. 1, 337–38, vol. 2, 476–98 (chronology of Song relief operations), esp. 481–82, and Dong, Jiuhuang huomin shu, 1.26b.

76 Ma Duanlin, Wenxian tongkao vol. 2, 301.2378 (1183, 1204, 1206); Song huiyao jigao, “Shihuo” 68, “Zhendai” 2, 108 (1215), quoted in Li, Songdai jiuhuang, vol. 2, 497.

77 Song huiyao jigao, “Shihuo” 68, “Zhendai” 2, 84, quoted in Li, Songdai jiuhuang, vol. 2, 493.

78 Dong, Jiuhuang huomin shu, 2.9a–b.

79 Dong, Jiuhuang huomin shu, 1.31a–b; cf. Li Tao, Xu “Zizhi tongjian” changbian, vol. 19, 261.6357.

80 On the subsistence crises of 1073–75, see McDermott and Shiba, “Economic Change in China, 960–1279,” 338–40.

81 See Li Huarui's chronology of Song relief operations (cited in n75 above).

82 Dong Wei, Jiuhuang huomin shu, 2.9b, “Shiyi” supplement, 11a–b, 12b–13a as amended in light of textual variants in Wang Chongqing 王崇慶, Jiuhuang buyi 救荒補遺 (1529; 1869 ed., repr. under the title Jiuhuang huomin shu in Zhongguo huangzheng quanshu, vol. 1), 84, 93, and the “Shiyi” supplement to the Mohai jinhu 墨海金壺 edition of Dong's manual, comp. Zhang Ruoyun 張若雲 (1812. Reprint, Shanghai: Bogu Zhai, 1921, vols. 89–90, online ed., Chinese Text Project), 7b.

83 Pace Rowe, Saving the World, 183–84.

84 Dong, Jiuhuang huomin shu, 2.2b, 31a–b, 3.2a, “Shiyi” supplement, 11b–12a, 13a.

85 Dong, Jiuhuang huomin shu, 2.31b.

86 Dong, Jiuhuang huomin shu, 2.30a, 3.2a.

87 Dong, Jiuhuang huomin shu, 3.45b–46a.

88 Zhou Zhiyuan, Mingdai huangzheng, 173–76; Lin, Huangzheng congyan, 9b–10a.

89 Lin, Huangzheng congyan, 9b–10a.

90 Zhong Huamin 鍾化民, “Jiuhuang tushuo” 救荒圖說 and Anon., “Zhenhuang shishi” 賑荒事實, both in Zhong Zhonghui gong zhen Yu jilüe 鍾忠惠公賑豫紀略 (reproduced as juan 5 of Huangzheng congshu 荒政叢書, comp. Yu Sen 俞森, 1690. Reprinted, Siku quanshu zhenben Series 10, vol. 106), 3b–4a, 5a–b, 15b–16a. On Zhong's actions in Henan see Shui-yuen, Yim, “Famine Relief Statistics as a Guide to the Population of Sixteenth-Century China: A Case-Study of Honan Province,” in Ch'ing-shih wen-t'i 3, no. 9 (1978), 5–11Google Scholar, and Des Forges, Roger V., Cultural Centrality and Political Change in Chinese History: Northeast Henan in the Fall of the Ming (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 44–54Google Scholar.

91 Zhou Kongjiao, Huangzheng yi, 9a.

92 Li Jin, memorial of QL 3/6/15 (date of rescript) as quoted in FHA, Zhupi zouzhe, Caizheng, Juanshu 捐輸, Grand Secretaries and Board of Revenue, QL 3/6/27; Dunstan, State or Merchant?, 236.

93 Cf. Sen, Amartya, Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), 3–4, 7–8Google Scholar. A definition of “exchange entitlements” is provided on p. 3.

94 CC, Sun Hao, QL 8 (catalogue number 1125-032); translation adapted from that in Dunstan, State or Merchant?, 237. For my 1986 translation of the full list, see Marks, Robert B., Tigers, Rice, Silk, and Silt: Environment and Economy in Late Imperial South China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 235CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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96 CC, Sun Hao, QL 8 (catalogue number 1125-032); Dunstan, State or Merchant?, 237–38.

97 CC, Wu Wei, QL 8/7/2 (emphasis added); cf. the partial translation in Dunstan, State or Merchant?, 239.

98 Dunstan, State or Merchant?, 343–44, 406–14; Will, “Management,” 143–45, 147.

99 Dunstan, State or Merchant?, 241–42, and “Heirs of Yu the Great: Flood Relief in 1740s China,” T'oung Pao (International Journal of Chinese Studies) 96 (2010), 519–27; Deng Hailun, “Ganyu,” 105–9.

100 Will, Bureaucracy and Famine, 276–77, 295–97; Wong, R. Bin, “Decline and its Opposition, 1781–1850,” in Nourish the People: The State Civilian Granary System in China, 1650–1850, edited by Will, Pierre-Étienne and Wong, R. Bin (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan, Center for Chinese Studies, 1991), 75–86Google Scholar; Li, Lillian M., Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s–1990s (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007), 226–27Google Scholar; Perdue, Peter C., China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), 548–51Google Scholar.

101 Cf. Sen, Poverty and Famines, 96.

102 CC, Sun Hao, QL 8 (catalogue number 1125-032), Dunstan, State or Merchant?, 240, and for Dunstan's 1986 translation, Marks, Tigers, Rice, Silk, and Silt, 235.

103 Zhong Huamin, “Jiuhuang tushuo,” Anon., “Zhenhuang shishi,” and Yu Sen, untitled editorial introduction, all in Zhong Zhonghui gong zhen Yu jilüe, 1b–2a, 3a, 12b–13a, 16a, 22a–23b; Yim Shui-yuen, “Famine Relief Statistics,” 12–13, 19–22 (tables 1–4); Brook, Timothy, “Telling Famine Stories: The Wanli Emperor and the ‘Henan Famine’ of 1594,” Études Chinoises 34, no. 2 (2015), 180–86Google Scholar.

104 Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past.

105 FHA, Huke hongben 戶科紅本, Cangchu 倉儲, Bundle 94, Bd. Rev., QL 8/6/13; Academia Sinica, Institute of History and Philology, Neige Daku dang'an 內閣大庫檔案, Bd. Rev., QL 8/6/15 (archive copy, doc. no. 098714). References from Dunstan, State or Merchant?, 242.

106 Dong Wei, Jiuhuang huomin shu, 2.16a–b; cf. translation in Hymes, “Moral Duty,” 296.

107 Cf. Rowe, Saving the World, 185, 201.

108 For the classic statement of this view, see Quan Hansheng 全漢昇, “Meizhou baiyin yu shiba shiji Zhongguo wujia geming de guanxi” 美洲白銀與十八世紀中國物價革命的關係 (1956); reprinted in Hansheng, Quan, Zhongguo jingji shi luncong (Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Asia Institute, 1972), 475–508Google Scholar; cf., for a more balanced discussion, Yeh-chien, Wang, “Secular Trends of Rice Prices in the Yangzi Delta, 1638–1935,” in Chinese History in Economic Perspective, edited by Rawski, Thomas G. and Li, Lillian M. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 54–68Google Scholar.

109 Kishimoto Mio, Shindai Chūgoku no bukka, 315–17; cf. Dunstan, State or Merchant?, 92–93.

110 Sen, Poverty and Famines, 45.

111 Kaplan, Bread, Politics and Political Economy, 101–4.

112 Deng Hailun, “Ganyu,” 82–83.

113 Sen, Poverty and Famines, 8.