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CONTRACEPTIVE USE AND TIME TO FIRST BIRTH

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 May 2017

Gauthier Tshiswaka-Kashalala  and
Steven F. Koch
Gauthier Tshiswaka-Kashalala
Affiliation:
University of Pretoria
Steven F. Koch*
Affiliation:
University of Pretoria
*
Address correspondence to: Steven F. Koch, Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa; e-mail: steve.koch@up.ac.za.
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Abstract

Although contraception allows women to delay childbirth, stop unwanted childbearing, and postpone childbirth, not all contraception is equally effective, equally easy to access, or equally easy to use. Due to heterogeneity in women’s contraception opportunities and choices, in the effectiveness of the contraception used and even in luck, women differ in both their birth intervals and their age at first childbirth. We explore this heterogeneity, theoretically, incorporating contraception effectiveness and uncertainty (along with potential earnings, contraception costs, and net child benefits) into a potential mother’s childbearing decisions. Empirically, these factors are incorporated into a first hit time duration model, focusing on time to first birth, estimated with data from the Democratic Republic of Congo. The results provide nuanced insights into the income-fertility puzzle. Our evidence suggests that educated women start childbearing later, and are better able to use contraception, even less effective contraception. Thus, there are education-related heterogeneities in contraceptive effectiveness. Further, we find that women using more effective contraception start childbearing at a later age, as do women with better access to contraception. Both improved female education and improved access to modern contraception have the potential to hasten the fertility transition in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Keywords

First Hit TimeChildbirth HazardContraception EffectivenessC41J13
Type
Research Papers
Information
Journal of Demographic Economics , Volume 83 , Issue 2 , June 2017 , pp. 149 - 175
Copyright
Copyright © Université catholique de Louvain 2017 

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Footnotes

The authors would like to thank the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, Economic Research Southern Africa, the University of Pretoria Vice Chancellor Academic Development Grant Program and the Population Reference Bureau Policy Communication Fellowship Program for their financial support. We would like to Jaap Abbring, Richard Blundell, Rulof Burger, Salvador Navarro, Alexander Zimper, the editor, and two anonymous referees for their comments on earlier drafts of this research. Their comments have greatly improved the research, and its presentation. The usual caveat applies.

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