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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 March 2011
St. George's Chapel in Windsor Castle has, from its foundation, been closely associated with the Sovereigns of England, and, through the Order of the Garter, with many of their most distinguished servants. Yet the history of the Chapel has seldom received treatment in any detail by church historians; as an exempt peculiar it has doubtless seemed too far removed from the main currents of ecclesiastical life. St. George's Chapel, however, has led, in whatever isolation from its province, a life of its own that has been of particularly marked vigour in the realms of music and theology. The members of the college serving St. George's, moreover, have had a direct influence on the life of the nation, whether as ministers of the crown or prominent civil servants, as royal tutors, or as personal advisers to the Sovereign. St. George's Chapel, in fact, may have played a far greater part in the life of both Church and State than has as yet been generally realised, and within the last twenty years a group of local historians has undertaken studies in the records of the Chapel, the interim conclusions of which already go some distance towards substantiating such a claim.
page 166 note 2 The work of this group received much help and encouragement from the late Professor A. Hamilton Thompson, whose own research into the history of secular colleges has provided valuable material for the interpretation of St. George's history. Cf. especially his ‘Notes on Colleges of Secular Canons’, Archaeological Journal, lxxiv (1901), 139–239Google Scholar, and his ‘English College of Chantry Priests’, Transactions of Ecclesiological Society, New Series, i, pt. 2, (1943), 89–108.
page 166 note 3 Op. cit., 127.
page 167 note 1 Notably R. R. Tighe and Davis, J. E. in Annals of Windsor (1858)Google Scholar.
page 167 note 2 Two vols. and plates (1913).
page 167 note 3 Cf. Deane, A. C., ‘sir Reginald Bray’, Report of the Society of the Friends of St. George's (1943), 16–17Google Scholar, and M. F. Bond, ‘The Crucifix Badges of St. George's Chapel’, ibid. (1954) 8–15.
page 167 note 4 Jones, E. Alfred, The Plate of St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle (1939)Google Scholar. This and all other Windsor Monographs are published by Oxley and Son (Windsor) Ltd., 4 High St., Windsor.
page 167 note 5 Bond, M. F., The Inventories of St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, 1384–1667 (1947)Google Scholar.
page 167 note 6 M. R. James, The Woodwork of the Choir (first published, 1933, re-issued with photographic supplement, 1955).
page 167 note 7 Fellowes, E. H. and Poyser, E. R., The Baptism, Marriage and Burial Registers of St. George's Chapel, Windsor (1957)Google Scholar.
page 167 note 8 Shelagh M. Bond, The Monuments of St. George's Chapel (in the press).
page 167 note 9 Fasti Wyndesorienses: the Deans and Canons of St. George's Chapel (1950).
page 167 note 10 The Military Knights of Windsor, 1352–1944 (1944).
page 167 note 11 The Knights of the Garter, 1348–1939 (1939).
page 167 note 12 The Vicars or Minor Canons of His Majesty's free Chapel of St. George in Windsor Castle (1945).
page 167 note 13 Organists and Masters of the Choristers of St. George's Chapel in Windsor Castle (1939). 167 14(1947) Cited below as Roberts, Admin.
page 168 note 1 Op. cit., 152.
page 168 note 2 Ibid.
page 168 note 3 The patent is printed in Dugdale, Monasticon Anglkamm (1846), vi, pt. iii, 1354–5; cf. Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1348–50, 144.
page 168 note 4 Mon., vi, pt. iii, 1349–50. Cf. A. Hamilton Thompson, Arch.J., lxxxiv (1907), 191.
page 168 note 5 S. L. Ollard, Deans and Canons, 40.
page 168 note 6 See the lists in Ollard, op. cit., 162. The six hundred short biographies in Dr. Ollard's Deans and Canons provide a remarkable picture of members of a college distinguished for service both of Church and of State.
page 169 note 1 Ibid., 50.
page 169 note 2 Ibid., 54.
page 169 note 3 Cf. Statutes of the Order of the Garter, printed in Ashmole, op. cit., Appendix.
page 169 note 4 The Statutes of the College have not been published. The original text is lost, but later copies survive at Windsor. See Windsor Records, xi. D.20 and iv. B.i.
page 169 note 5 Cf. Knowles, M. D. and Hadcock, R. N., Medieval Religious Houses, England and Wales (1953), passim.Google Scholar
page 170 note 1 A. Hamilton Thompson, op. cit., 196, where, however, he points out that chantry colleges deserved well of the Church if only for being, once more, communities of resident priests, as the earlier colleges had very often failed to be.
page 170 note 2 Mon., vi. pt. iii, 1354–5.
page 170 note 3 Bond, S. M., ‘Northampton and St. George's Chapel, Windsor’, Northamptonshire Past and Present, ii. (1955), 37–9Google Scholar.
page 170 note 4 A general survey of the properties of St. George's Chapel, together with a list of grants, is given by the present writer in the Introduction to Dalton, J. N., The Manuscripts of St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle (1957), xvii–xxviiGoogle Scholar.
page 170 note 5 Roberts, Admin., 14–46, 112, 243. The Chapel offerings had been granted by Richard II to the residentiaries in recompense for the burden of hospitality when the court was at Windsor: ibid., 80.
page 170 note 6 Original grant, dated 3 December 1421, W.R. x. 4. 1; confirmation on 21 July 1422, Cal. Pat. R., 1416-ss, 441–2.
page 170 note 7 Treasurer's Rolls, W.R. xv. 34, 39, 37 and 49.
page 170 note 8 The rather complicated history of the attempted suppression of Eton College is summarised in the Victoria County History, Buckinghamshire, ii. 167–70.
page 171 note 1 The patent appointing Richard Beauchamp as Master and Surveyor of the Works was dated 19 February 1473; printed in Hope, op. cit., i. 238.
page 171 note 2 Cf. Dalton, op. cit., xviii.
page 171 note 3 Ashmole, op. cit., 172.
page 171 note 4 Tighe and Davis, op. cit., i. 553–7.
page 171 note 5 Cal. Pat. R., 1547–8, 149–50.
page 171 note 6 Ashmole, op. cit., 173.
page 171 note 7 Cf. the contemporary estimate by John Stow printed in Hope, op. cit., i. 281.
page 171 note 8 Roberts, Admin., 49; Ashmole, op. cit., Appendix.
page 171 note 9 College Statutes, §§ 1, 9.
page 171 note 10 Ibid., § 9.
page 171 note 11 Ibid., Preamble. At some periods, as in the seventeenth century, the Chancellor was not only the potential Visitor, but also the guide and counsellor of the chapter on many details of college life, notably in cases of discipline.
page 172 note 1 Ibid.
page 172 note 2 These and other privileges are noted in Roberts, Admin., 47–9; cf. especially the ‘Charter of Liberties’ of 6 March 1353, Calendar of Charter Rolls, 1341–1417, 127–30, 131–2.
page 172 note 3 College Statutes, §§ 37, 38.
page 172 note 4 The statistics given in Roberts, Admin., 50, are paralleled in the modern period, when most canons held major office at some time during their canonry.
page 172 note 5 College Statutes, § 24.
page 172 note 6 Ibid., §§ 41, 44.
page 172 note 7 He commissioned the duke of Lauderdale to assure the Chapter that he, the king ‘hath not at all medled nor will he hereafter interpose’ in a dispute concerning the rectory of Great Haseley (W.R. vi. B.3; rev., p. 25).
page 172 note 8 Quoted by Ollard, op. cit., 53n.
page 172 note 9 College Statutes, §§ 7, 2.
page 172 note 1 Foedera, iv. 50.
page 172 note 2 Cal. Pat. R., 1381–5, 498; Cal. Close R., 1381–5, 463, 484.
page 172 note 3 Ollard, op. cit., 29–30.
page 172 note 4 Kempe's Injunction (W.R. xi. D.7), §§ 2, 5.
page 172 note 5 Ollard, op. cit., 44.
page 172 note 6 Ibid., 49.
page 172 note 7 In her English Secular Cathedrals in the Middle Ages (1949), 220–6.
page 172 note 8 College Statutes, § 38.
page 172 note 9 Ibid.
page 172 note 10 Ibid.
page 172 note 11 Roberts, Admin., 207–15.
page 173 note 1 College Statutes, § 45.
page 173 note 2 Roberts, Admin., 143–4.
page 173 note 3 Ibid., 145.
page 173 note 4 Cf. Hill, C., Economic Problems of the Church (1956)Google Scholar, passim.
page 173 note 5 Roberts, Admin., 165–71.
page 173 note 6 College Statutes, § 37.
page 173 note 7 Cf. extracts from Precentors’ Rolls printed in Bond, Inventories, 84–102, 122–47, 158–65, 220–36.
page 173 note 8 Roberts, Admin., 84.
page 173 note 9 For October 1384-May 1386 (W.R. v. B.i) and June 1468-July 1479 (W.R. v. B.2).
page 173 note 10 See the survey of the Precentor's department in Roberts, Admin., 80–98.
page 175 note 1 Thompson, A. Hamilton, The English Clergy (1947), 99Google Scholar.
page 175 note 2 College Statutes, § 20.
page 175 note 3 Roberts, Admin., 109.
page 175 note 4 Ibid., 9.
page 175 note 5 Frere, , Visitation Articles, iii. (1910), 248–9Google Scholar.
page 175 note 6 Op. cit., 251, where however the ‘great residence’ is defined as 21 days together with ‘four days in every quarter as heretofore hath been used’.
page 175 note 7 The conditions laid down by the Chancellor were that ‘a competent number’ were resident, and that ‘in her Majesties aboad …, and installation of any of the Order there, the more part of you be present’. (Op. cit., 249).
page 175 note 8 W.R. iv. B.I7, p. 74.
page 175 note 9 W.R. v. B.i.
page 175 note 10 Roberts, Admin., 9, n. 2.
page 176 note 1 W.R. v. B.2.
page 176 note 2 W.R. v. B.3.
page 176 note 3 College Statutes, §§ 2, 20.
page 176 note 4 W.R. iv. B.16, rev., 38.
page 176 note 5 Roberts, Admin., 112–13.
page 175 note 6 Note made by Ashmole in one of his notebooks (Bodleian Library, Ashmole MSS., No. 1124, f. 156 v.), quoted, Roberts, Admin., 113.
page 176 note 1 Ollard, op. cit., 14–15; Simkins, C. F., 'st. George's Music in the Fifteenth Century’, Friends of St. George's Report (1950), 11–16Google Scholar.
page 176 note 2 Roberts, Admin., 114.
page 176 note 3 The Bristol Times, December 1847, quoted by Ollard, S. L. in Friends' Report (1945), 10Google Scholar.
page 176 note 4 Quoted in Hope, op. cit., i. 281.
page 176 note 5 By Letters Patent, dated 31 May 1905; see Fellowes, Military Knights, lii.
page 177 note 1 Fellowes, Minor Canons, 14.
page 177 note 2 Ibid., 30, 112n.
page 177 note 3 Ibid., 16–21.
page 177 note 4 Duchess of Exeter's (1482); Edward IV's (1483); Thomas Passhe's (1494); Lord Hastings's (1503); Lord Herbert's [the Beaufort] (1506); Christopher Urswick's (1507); John Oxenbridge's (1522).
page 178 note 5 Cf. Duchess of Exeter's Chantry foundation deed, 20 April 1482: W.R. xv. 58, 7, § 13, printed in Friends' Report (1941), 11.
page 178 note 6 Hope, op. cit., ii. 512.
page 178 note 7 They were expressly excepted from the provisions of the Act 1 Edw. VI, c. 14, by § xv.
page 178 note 8 Fellowes, Military Knights, xxi.
page 178 note 9 Ibid., xxix, xxxii; Statutes printed in Ashmole, op. cit., Appendix.
page 178 note 10 Fellowes, Military Knights, xxxvii–xxxix.
page 178 note 11 Act, 9 &Geo. V, c. 115.
page 179 note 1 The Manuscripts of St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle (1957), published by the Dean and Canons in their series of Historical Monographs. A calendar of the manuscripts had been contributed by R. Lane Poole to the Historical Manuscripts Commission Report, Various Collections, vii (1914), but this was brief and selective.
page 179 note 2 Windsor appears to be the only place in England where this word is in current use. Cf. Deanesly, M., ‘Historical Research at the Windsor Aerary’, Friends' Report (1942), 6, n. 2Google Scholar.
page 179 note 3 A general account both of the Aerary and of the history of the records preserved within it is given by the present writer in the Introduction to J. N. Dalton, op. cit., xxviii–xxxi. Cf. also Bond, M. F., ‘The Windsor Aerary’, Archives, I. iv (1950), 2–6Google Scholar.
page 179 note 4 Cf. Bond, M. F., ‘some Early Windsor Seals’, Friends' Report (1951), 22–8Google Scholar, and Bond, M. F., ‘An unusual method of identifying seals’, Antiquaries' Journal, xxxv (1956), 225–6Google Scholar.
page 180 note 1 Known to many in Dr.Graham, Rose's monograph, ‘The Order of St. Antoine de Viennois and its English Commandery, St. Anthony's, Threadneedle St.’, Arch. J., xxxiv (1927), 341–406Google Scholar.
page 180 note 2 Preliminary enquiries should be addressed to the Hon. Custodian of the Muniments, The Aerary, Dean's Cloister, Windsor Castle.
page 180 note 3 See the list above, 167.
page 181 note 1 Cf. Knowles and Hadcock, op. cit., passim.
page 181 note 2 By Act of 1840 (3 & 4 Viet., c. 86).
page 181 note 3 Thompson, A. Hamilton, Statutes of the Cathedral Church of Durham (1929), xxxixGoogle Scholar.