Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T03:30:41.012Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Friends, Parliament and the Toleration Act

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 February 2009

David L. Wykes
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

It is surprising to find that Friends were included within the terms of the Toleration Act. The political situation they faced in 1689 was distinctly unpromising. They not only continued to experience the hostility and prejudice that they had suffered since their earliest days, but they were seriously compromised by the close identification of William Penn with the discredited Catholic policies of James II. An examination of the debates in parliament on the Toleration Bill reveals that Friends were by no means certain of being included in the act. Yet their acceptance of the terms they were offered is also surprising in view of their objection to any compromise with the state over matters of religious conscience, an objection which led to their refusal to seek licences under Charles II's Declaration of Indulgence in 1672. Moreover, a number of recent studies have identified the continued insistence of many provincial Friends, particularly in the rigorous heartland of Quakerism in the north–west, upon the strict maintenance of their testimonies, and indeed a redefining of those testimonies partly in response to the growing compromises with the state made by the Quaker leadership.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Ecclesiastical History , Volume 45 , Issue 1 , January 1994 , pp. 42 - 63
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

HMC = Historical Manuscripts Commission; JFHS = Journal of Friends Historical Society; LSF = Library of the Religious Society of Friends, London; MFS = Minutes of the Meeting for Sufferings; MM = Minutes of the Morning Meeting of Ministers and Elders; VCH = Victoria County History

An earlier version of this paper was delivered at the George Fox Commemorative Conference at the University of Lancaster in March 1991. I am grateful to Malcolm Thomas and his colleagues at the Library of the Society of Friends, London, for their kindness and help during my visits to work on the records and books in their keeping, and to the Library Committee of the London Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends for permission to quote from their records. I should also like to express my thanks to the Revd Dr Jeremy Goring, Dr G. M. Ditchfield and the many archivists who took the trouble to answer my questions concerning the earliest date of Quaker registration, and to the Revd Dr G. F. Nuttall, Dr A. G. Cumberland and Mr R. H. Evans for their advice and comments on this paper. I am most grateful to the former research board of the University of Leicester for a grant in aid of some of the research undertaken for this paper.

1 B., Reay, The Quakers and the English Revolution, London 1985, ch. viGoogle Scholar; Morgan, N. J., ‘The Quakers and the establishment, 1660–1730, with specific reference to the north–west of England’, unpubl. PhD diss. Lancaster 1986Google Scholar; Frost, J. W., ‘The affirmation controversy and religious liberty’, in R. S. Dunn and M. M. Dunn (eds), The world of William Perm, Philadelphia 1986, 303–22Google Scholar; D., Scott, ‘Quakerism in York, 1650–1720’ (Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, Borthwick Paper lxxx, 1991).Google Scholar

2 George, Whitehead, The Christian progress of …George Whitehead, London 1725, 350ff; Original records of early Nonconformity under persecution and indulgence, 3 vols, ed. G. L. Turner, London 1911, i, iiGoogle Scholar; F., Bate, The Declaration of Indulgence, 1672: a study in the rise of organised dissent, London 1908, 89, 99Google Scholar; Braithwaite, W. C., The second period of Quakerism, 2nd edn, Cambridge 1961, 82–3.Google Scholar

3 C., Horle, ‘Changing Quaker attitudes toward legal defence: the George Fox case, 1673–1675, and the establishment of Meeting for Sufferings’, in J. W. Frost and J. M. Moore (eds), Seeking the light: essays in Quaker history in honor of Edwin B. Bronner, Wallingford–Haverford 1986, 35; idem, The Quakers and the English legal system, 1660–1688, Philadelphia 1988, chs iv, v.Google Scholar

4 Malley, T. O', “‘Defying the powers and tempering the spirit”: a review of Quaker control over their publications, 1672–1689’, this JOURNAL xxxiii (1982), 75–6, 84–8.Google Scholar

5 Hunt, N. C., Two early political associations: the Quakers and the dissenting deputies in the age of Sir Robert Walpole, Oxford 1961, 5–8Google Scholar; R., Thomas, ‘Comprehension and indulgence’, in G. F. Nuttall and O. Chadwick (eds), From uniformity to unity, 1662–1962, London 1962, 224–7Google Scholar; Lacey, D. R., Dissent and parliamentary politics in England, 1661–1689: a study in the perpetuation and tempering of parliamentarianism, New Brunswick, NJ 1969, 113–14, 142–44Google Scholar; H., Horwitz, ‘Protestant reconciliation in the exclusion crisis’, this JOURNAL XV (1964), 204–7Google Scholar; Horle, Quakers and the English legal system, 87–8, 173–8.Google Scholar

6 Speck, W. A., Reluctant revolutionaries: Englishmen and the revolution of 1688, Oxford 1988, 182–3Google Scholar; Beddard, R. A., ‘Vincent Alsop and the emancipation of Restoration dissent’, this JOURNAL xxiv (1973), 174–5; Dr Williams's Library, London, Roger Morrice Collection, MS Q, ‘The entr'ing book, being an historical register of occurrences from April, Anno 1677, to April, 1691’, 137, 168Google Scholar; Jones, J. R., ‘James n's Whig Collaborators’, Historical Journal iii (1960), 65–6Google Scholar; Dunn, M. M., William Penn: politics and conscience, Princeton, NJ 1967, 120–31; LSF, Book of cases, 1661–1695, i. 181–3.Google Scholar

7 Thomas, ‘Comprehension and indulgence’, 238–42; idem, ‘The seven bishops and their petition, 18 May 1688’, this JOURNAL xii (1961), 56–70Google Scholar; Bennett, G. V., ‘The seven bishops: a reconsideration’, in D. Baker (ed.), Religious Motivation (Studies in Church History xv, 1978), 267–87.Google Scholar

8 LSF, MFS vi, 25 i 1687 to 15 i 1688/9, 251, 252–3, 253–4 (15, 20, 22 xii 1688/9). According to Quaker dating the first month is March.

9 Journals of the House of Lords, beginning anno primo Jacobi Secundi, 1685, xiv. 134; LSF, MFS vii, 22 i 1688/9 t 0 30 viii 1691, 5. Norman Penney, the editor of George Fox' Itinerary journal, presumed that the meetings Fox attended during the eleven days between 19 and 29 March at the chamber Friends had taken near parliament were concerned with the Toleration Bill. It is clear from the minutes of the Meeting for Sufferings that these were concerned rather with attempts to lobby members over the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, and to seek a general relief from all oaths: The short journal and itinerary journals of George Fox, ed. N. Penney, Cambridge 1925, pp. xv, 190–2, 347 n. 2. For a general account of the passage of the Toleration Bill through parliament see H., Horwitz, Parliament, policy and politics in the reign of William III, Manchester 1977, 22–9. The discussion which follows relies upon Horwitz's account of the progress in parliament of the different bills.Google Scholar

10 LSF, MFS vii. 6 (4 ii 1689).

11 Journals of the House of Lords, xiv. 148; for the House of Lords committee book of dates, see HMC, The manuscripts of the House of Lords, 1689–1690, London 1889, 34.

12 Ibid. 36.

13 Braithwaite, Second Period, 532.

14 Journals of the House of Lords, xiv. 175, 178, 179; Manuscripts of the House of Lords, 1689–1690, 34–6.

15 Journals of the House of Commons from December the 26th, 1688, to October the 26th, /6513, in the fifth year of the reign of King William and Queen Mary, x. 84, 87, 93, 96.

16 Horwitz, Parliament, policy and politics, 29; Journals of the House of Commons, x. 133.

17 Debates of the House of Commons, from 1667 to 1694: collected by the Hon. Anchitell Grey, M.P., London 1763, ix. 252–3.

18 Ibid. ix. 253–4. The parish was probably Stoke Poges in Buckinghamshire, where Clarges had his estate: VCH Buckinghamshire, iii. 309.

19 Ibid. 258. The Oxford antiquarian, Anthony Wood, expressed his anger that Friends were excused the oath of allegiance, since they were ‘Perfidious wretches who joyned in the attempt of enslaving and undoing the nation [and] are not called into question’, while the bishops who refused the new oaths, despite their sufferings for the Protestant cause the previous year, were to ‘be undone’: The life and times of Anthony Wood, antiquary, of Oxford,1632–1695, described by himself: iii, 1682–1695, ed. A. Clark (Oxford Historical Society xxvi, 1894), 308–9.

20 Debates of the House of Commons, ix. 260.

21 Ibid. ix. 260–1.

22 Ibid. ix. 261–2.

23 Braithwaite, Second Period, 156, 666. For a discussion of Quaker support for James II and individual Jacobite sympathiesGoogle Scholar see Monod, P. K., Jacobitism and the English people,1688–1788, Cambridge 1989, 154–7.Google Scholar

24 LSF, MFS vii. 6 (29 i 1689). The minute is summarised in the margin as ‘To draw up A paper to clear Friends from the Clegyes Forgerys’; MM, 1673–92 (4 iii 1689); A looking–glass for the Quakers: in two columns; wherein they may in part see themselves, and may also be seen by others. The first column is, what they formerly published against the papists; and the other column is, what they Published on their behalf, when Uppermost (licensed, 2nd edn, 14 May 1689) (Bodleian Library, Oxford, Pamph. C. 193 [19]). See Joseph, Smith, Bibliotheca anti–Quakeriana; or, a catalogue of books adverse to the Society of Friends, alphabetically arranged, London 1873. The Short–title catalogue of books printed in England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales and British America, and of English books printed in other countries, 1641–1700, ed. D. G. Wing, New York 1988, includes the work under two authors: Francis Bugg, s.v; Joseph [sic. John?] Pennyman, s.v.Google Scholar

25 Short journal and itinerary journals, 192; LSF, MM, 1673–92 (1, 8 ii 1689); The Christianity of the people commonly called Quakers asserted against the unjust charge of their being no Christians, upon several questions relating to those matters wherein their Christian belief is questioned, 2nd edn, London, 1689 (printed for Thomas Northcott). I am grateful to Dr Nuttall for his help with the different editions of this work. For the later publications connected with this controversy, see Nuttall, G. F., ‘A bibliographical note’, JFHS xlii (1950), 75–9.Google Scholar

26 Penn's views were Sabellian rather than Socinian, but the term Socinian was widely used as a term of abuse by the high Calvinist wing of the Presbyterians and Independents: McLachlan, H. J., Socinianism in seventeenth century England, Oxford 1951, 224–6, 305–8Google Scholar; V., Buranelli, ‘William Penn and the Socinians’, Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography lxxxiii (1959), 370–1, 376–7.Google Scholar

27 Endy, M. B., William Penn and early Quakerism, Princeton, NJ 1973, 269, 263–4, 275–81; Reay, Quakers and the English Revolution, 111–13.Google Scholar

28 Whitehead, Christian progress, 634–6Google Scholar; W., Sewel, The history of the rise, increase, and progress of the Christian people called Quakers, intermixed with several remarkable occurrences, London 1722, 626.Google Scholar

29 Braithwaite, Second Period, 156.

30 See Debates of the House of Commons, ix. 258.

31 LSF, M M, 1673–92, 1 0 0 – 1; Braithwaite, Second Period, 161–8, 173–4; V. Buranelli, The king and the Quaker: a study of William Penn and James II, Philadelphia 1962, 171–3.

32 Whitehead, Christian progress, 633; Thomas, ‘Comprehension and indulgence’, 246.Google Scholar

33 Ibid. 246; Horwitz, Parliament, policy and politics, 24.

34 J., Spurr, ‘The Church of England, comprehension and the Toleration Act’, English Historical Review civ (1989), 942–3Google Scholar; Wykes, D. L., ‘The tercentenary of the Toleration Act of 1689: a cause for celebration?’, in E. J. Furcha (ed.), Papers from the 1989 international symposium on truth and tolerance, McGill University, Montreal 1990, 70, 76.Google Scholar

,35 R., Clark, “‘The gangreen of Quakerism”: an anti–Quaker Anglican offensive in England after the Glorious Revolution’, Journal of Religious History xi (1981), 405.Google Scholar

36 Debates of the House of Commons, ix. 259.

37 Ibid. 261.

38 Clark, ‘Gangreen’, 405; Sewel, History of the rise, 627

39 Anderson, A. B.,‘A study in the sociology of religious persecution: the first Quakers’, Journal of Religious History ix (1977), 260–1Google Scholar; Morgan, N. J., ‘Lancashire Quakers and the tithe, 1660–1730’, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester lxx (1988), 64–8Google Scholar; Evans, E. J., ““Our faithful testimony”: the Society of Friends and tithe payments, 1690–1730’, JFHS lii (1969), 114–15, 121. Evans's conclusion, derived from his work on Staffordshire, that by the eighteenth century ‘easy accommodations were made between tithe owners and Friends to avoid the full rigours of the system’, and indeed, that ‘Quakers were no more disadvantaged by the system than were the rest of the community’, has been shown by Morgan not to be true for the country as a wholeGoogle Scholar: Evans, E. J., The contentious tithe: the tithe problem and English agriculture, 1750–1850, London 1976, 59, 62; Morgan, ‘Quakers and the establishment’, 67.Google Scholar

40 Idem, ‘Lancashire Quakers and the oath, 1660–1722’, JFHS liv (1980), 235–54; Frost, ‘Affirmation controversy’, 303–22.Google Scholar

41 Agreed that ‘two Friends of every perticular meeting do goe to the next Justice of the Peace and acquaint him of theire meeting places as required by the king in his declaration for liberty’: Hampshire Record Office, Hampshire Quarterly Meeting, 24 M 54/34, minutes of Alton Monthly Meeting, 1676–1744, 56 (13 iv 1687). Very few examples survive of meeting places being registered under James II'S indulgence.

42 Minute book of the Buckingham Quarterly Meeting. I owe this reference to Cumberland, A. G., ‘The Toleration Act of 1689 and freedom for Protestant Nonconformists, 1660–1830’, unpubl. PhD diss. London 1957, 136–7; ‘Society of Friends: Kingston men's meeting book, 1667–91’, unpublished typescript in LSF, transcribed by Joan Wilkins (1975), 146.Google Scholar

43 LSF, MFS vii. 34–5 (12 v 1689); Book of cases, 1661–95, i. 206.

44 LSF, MFS vii. 37, 39, 56.

45 Wykes, ‘Tercentenary’, 71–2; Warwick county records: viii, quarter sessions records, Trinity, 1682, to Epiphany, 1690, ed. H. C.Johnson, with a supplement to the introduction, ‘Warwickshire Nonconformist and Quaker meetings and meeting houses, 1660–1750’, by J. H. Hodson, Warwick 1953, pp. cxxi, cxxii–cxxix. The evidence on Quaker registration confutes Steel's suggestion that Friends did not usually registerGoogle Scholar:Steel, D. J., National index of parish registers: volume 2, sources for Nonconformist genealogy and family history, London–Chichester 1973, 581.Google Scholar

48 Derbyshire Record Office, QSM1, Derbyshire quarter sessions order book, Easter 1682 to Epiphany 1702, fos 146v–71r; Lancashire Record Office, QDV/4, record book of dissenting meetings, fos 1–6; ‘Quarter sessions records [1677–1716]’, ed. J. C. Atkinson, North Riding Record Society vii (1889) 102–3, 109 III; PRO, RG31/7, Returns to the registrar general of the number of certified places of religious worship of Protestant Dissenters; The Somersetshire quarterly meeting of the Society of Friends, 1668–1699, ed. S. C. Morland (Somerset Record Society lxxv, 1978), 69–70, app. ix.

47 Leicestershire Record Office, 12 D 39/1, minutes of the Leicestershire Quarterly Meeting of the Society of Friends, 1671–1724, fo. 36r (27 vii 1689).

48 Dorset Record Office, QSM1/3, Dorset quarter sessions order book, 3 Apr. 1686–11 Jul. 1699 (14 Jul. 3 Wm [1691]); NQI/A20/12–13, Society of Friends, certificates of enrolment of meeting houses at quarter sessions, 1691–1728; NQ1/A1, minutes of the Dorset Quarterly Meeting, 1668–1786 (31 x 1690).

49 In addition to ministers and preachers who were required to take the oaths and subscribe, many lay dissenters also made the declarations and subscriptions during the early period in order to free themselves from existing penalties under the penal laws, or the threat of future prosecution (articles 3, 4, 13). The justices also had the power to require anyone attending a Nonconformist meeting to subscribe and take the oaths, to imprison him if he refused, and if he proved obdurate to treat him as a popish recusant convict (article 12). I am very grateful to Dr Cumberland for his advice on the question of lay declarations and subscriptions.

50 The church books of Ford or Cuddington and Amersham in the county of Bucks, ed. W. T. Whitley (Baptist Historical Society Publications iv, 1912), 4, 7–8.

51 Book of cases, 1661–95, i. 206v.

52 LSF, MFS vii. 60 (4 viii 1689); Derbyshire Record Office, QSMi, ‘Derbyshire quarter sessions order book’, Easter 1682 to Epiphany 1702, fo. 154r–5r; Nottinghamshire Record Office, QSM 1/15, rough volume of quarter sessions minutes, July 1689 to 21 April 1699, fo. 10.

53 LSF, MFS vii. 113 (28 xii 1689/90).

54 HMC, The manuscripts ofS. H, Le Fleming, Esq., of Rydal Hall, London 1890, 267.

55 LSF, MFS viii. 64 (25 i 1692); viii. 68; Glamorgan Record Office, D/DSF/302, minutes of the North Wales Quarterly Meeting, 1668–1752, 65 (microfilm copy LSF, MF 320).

56 Glamorgan Record Office, D/DSF/302, North Wales Quarterly Meeting, 65.

57 Ibid. 68.

58 Wykes, ‘Tercentenary’, 70.

59 Wiltshire dissenters' meeting house certificates and registrations, 1689–1852, ed. J. H. Chandler (Wiltshire Record Society xl, 1985), pp. xxv–xxvi, provides a number of examples for congregations in late eighteenth– and early nineteenth–century Wiltshire.

60 Wykes, D. L., ‘Bardon Park meeting house: the registration of Nonconformist places of worship under the Act of Toleration (1689)’, Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society lxiv (1990), 33–4.Google Scholar

61 J., Murch, A history of the Presbyterian and General Baptist churches in the west of England; with memoirs of some of their pastors, London 1835, 87; Oxfordshire County Record Office, QSM/I/i/i, quarter sessions minute book, Easter 1688 to Trinity 1693, 35; Calendar of the sessions books, 1689 to 1709, ed. W. J. Hardy (Middlesex County Records, 1905), 100; Southampton Friends to 1700, Southampton 1980, 12–13.Google Scholar

62 Dr Williams's Library, minutes of the Presbyterian Fund Board, ii, 5 Feb. 1694/5 to 4 June 1722, 136 (5 Mar. 1704/5); Oxfordshire County Record Office, QSR, quarter sessions rolls, Michaelmas 1708, Epiphany 1709, s.v. Jeremiah Lepper, Jr, of Bicester and William Giles of Winslow, Buckinghamshire; R., Owen, ‘Some details about the Independents in Caernarvonshire’, Transactions of Caernarvonshire Historical Society vi (1945), 44.Google Scholar

63 LSF, ‘Great book of sufferings’, vii, pt. i, Bedfordshire–Leicestershire, 1690–5, 282, 293–4, 295, cited by Morgan, ‘Quakers and the establishment’, 102–3, 521; Shaw, R. C., Kirkham in Amounderness: the story of a Lancashire community, 2nd edn, Preston 1950, 152–5, 650–1Google Scholar; B., Nightingale, Early stages of the Quaker movement in Lancashire, London [1921], 193; ‘Notes and queries’, JFHSi (1963), 87Google Scholar; Whitehead, Christian progress, 634–43. There was a similar case involving clerical hostility in Flintshire in 1697: Cheshire Record Office, records of the Cheshire Society of Friends, EFC1/6/1, Cheshire Quarterly Meeting, minutes of the Meeting for Sufferings, Apr. 1684 to Mar. 1724/5 (13 vii, 13 x 1697, 7 i 1697/8).Google Scholar

64 LSF, M F S xvi, 15 iii 1702 to 3 i 1703, 61, 66, 76 (11 Sept. 1702); xix, 26 x 1707 to 13 xi 1709, 35, 38, 44, 46, 48, 59, 72, 78, 91, 108.

65 Ibid, xviii, 21 x 1705 to 19 x 1707, 263–4, 267, 271, 274, 277, 279, 287, 293, 337, 359–60. The justices had no authority to refuse the application. It was not necessary for a preacher to swear in order to obtain registration.

66 Ibid, xix, 26 x 1707 to 13 xi 1709, 316, 317.

67 Ibid, xvii, 10 i 1703 to 14 x 1705, 243, 248, 251, 256, 268, 270; xviii, 21 x 1705 to 19 x 1707, 62, 87; Book of cases, ii, 1695–1738, 137–9; Warwickshire Monthly Meeting, Bull St Birmingham, Warwickshire Quarterly Meeting minute book, i, 1695–1743, I05, 106, 107 (18 iv, 24 vii, 17 x 1707) (Birmingham Central Library, Archives division, microfilm 3552).

68 Hine, R. L., History of Hitchin, Hitchin 1929, ii. 150. Although there is no record of the meeting house which was built in 1694 being registered, their earlier building had been certified at quarter sessions by the Quarterly Meeting in 1691, along with the other meeting places belonging to Friends within the business meeting. Other Friends in Hertfordshire were registering their meeting places during the 1690s: Hertfordshire Record Office, Q83, minutes of Hertford Monthly Meeting (includes minutes of Quarterly Meeting, 1683–1702), 79; QS misc 1471, ‘A register of certificates of meeting houses, delivered into general quarter sessions, 1689–1706’, fos 3r, 4V, 5V, 6r. I am grateful to Dr K. M. Thompson, the county archivist, for her help with the records in her keeping.Google Scholar

69 LSF, minutes of the Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends, 1672–1693, i. 277; Epistles from the yearly meeting of the people called Quakers, held in London, to the quarterly and monthly meetings in Great Britain, Ireland and elsewhere; from the year 1675, to 1759, inclusive, London 1760, 53–4, epistle xiv; LSF, MM iii, 28 viii 1700 to 29 viii 1711, 205 (2, 9 v 1705); Hampshire Record Office, 24 M 54/2, minutes of Hampshire Quarterly Meeting, 30 iv 1697 to 17 iv 1734, fos 49V, 50V (26 i, 5 iv 1706); Oxfordshire Record Office, Berkshire and Oxfordshire Quarterly Meeting, BOQM I / i / 1, minutes of Vale of White Horse Monthly Meeting, 1673–1722, fo. 150r (30 iii 1706).

70 Lloyd, A., Quaker social history, 1669–1738, London 1950, 8 2; A collection of acts of parliament, and clauses of acts of parliament, relative to those Protestant dissenters who are usually called by the name of Quakers, from the year 1688, London 1757. For example, Friends who had subscribed to the Declaration of Fidelity set out in the Toleration Act avoided the double taxation levied on those who had not taken the oaths of allegiance and supremacy in a series of poll taxes between 1689 and 1694. The penalty was of course directed against Catholics and non–jurors. For the protection from disturbance given under the act to registered meeting places see LSF, Book of cases, i, 1661–95, 184–5; MFS xiv, 8 vii 1699 to 17 xi 1700, 71 (10 ix 1699). Registered meeting places were also exempt from certain taxes: MFS xv, 24 xi 1700 to 8 iii 1701/2, 171, 179 (24 viii 1701).Google Scholar

71 Morgan, ‘Quakers and the establishment’, 122, 447–55; Berkshire Record Office, D/F 2 B 3/2, minutes of Reading Monthly Meeting, 1675–1730 (24 vii 1728); ‘To the archbishop of Canterbury. We, the people called Quakers, desire it may be registered in the Ecclesiastical Court in Canterbury’ a house in Faversham (1 Jul. 1696)Google Scholar: A., Hussey, ‘Quakers in Kent’, Notes and Queries, 9th ser. x (1902), 246. Other houses were registered in the court by Friends in 1700 and 1708.Google Scholar

72 M., Mullett, ‘The social integration of Lancashire Quakers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries’, in E. Royle (ed.), Regional studies in the history of religion in Britain since the later Middle Ages, York 1984, 111Google Scholar; H., Forde, ‘Friends and authority: a consideration of attitudes and expedients with particular reference to Derbyshire’, JFHS liv (1978), 115–17, 121–3.Google Scholar See also the comments concerning Friends' attitudes to legal proceedings in A. W. Braithwaite, “‘Errors in the indictment” and pardons: the case of Theophilus Green’, ibid, xlix (1959), 24, 26.

73 The autobiography of William Stout of Lancaster; 1665–1752, ed. J.D.Marshall (Chetham Society, 3rd ser. xiv, 1967), 171, cf. 188. For the metropolitan view of the act see the addresses by the Yearly Meeting to the crown, 1702, 1710, 1714: Sewel, History of the rise, 686, 707, 710–11.