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The Opponents of Bishop Pecok

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 February 2009

R. M. Ball
R. M. Ball
Affiliation:
Massey Road, Lincoln, LN2 4BN
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Extract

Orthodox criticism of Bishop Reynold Pecok began ten years before he recanted and resigned in 1457–8. It came from a group of consciously orthodox theologians whose views were outraged by Pecok's teaching in sermon, disputation and writings. Long before his trial and recantation, Pecok had offended two important movements: a pastoral movement, deeply committed to preaching, which he outraged by belittling the importance of preaching; and a patristic movement which had grown up in the universities from the 1420s and whose members were now undertaking pastoral work. Pecok's gradually revealed hostility to the Fathers was particularly offensive to his younger opponents. If differences in age thus gave rise to differences of emphasis among Pecok's opponents, so too did differences of academic background. Nevertheless, as learned, consciously orthodox theologians with pastoral interests, they shared a common theological culture. The changes in emphasis found their expression in the course of controversy.

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The Journal of Ecclesiastical History , Volume 48 , Issue 2 , April 1997 , pp. 230 - 262
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1997

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References

BRUC = A. B. Emden, A biographical register of the University of Cambridge to 1500, Cambridge 1963; BRUO = A. B. Emden, A biographical register of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500, Oxford 1957; CPR = Calendar of Patent Rolls; EDR = Ely Diocesan Records; EETS = Early English Text Society; GL = Guildhall Library, London; LPL = Lambeth Palace Library; OHS = Oxford Historical Society

I am grateful to Dr R. W. Lovatt for his comments on this article in draft, and to St Deiniol's Library, Hawarden, for the material assistance of a scholarship.

1 Pecok's recantation, made in Latin in the Archbishop's Court and in a different form in English at Paul's Cross, is in Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Ashmole 789, fos 303V–4r (old fos 138v–9r), of which there are seventeenth-century transcripts among H. Warton's MSS, LPL, MS 577, pp. 25–6; MS 594, pp. 22–3. The Latin is printed in Lewis, J., The life of the learned and Right Reverend Reynold Pecock S.T.P., Oxford 1820, 160Google Scholar, and the English from White Kennett's collections, ibid. 166–7. The English alone is in Devon Record Office, Chanter 12, vol. 1 (Reg. Neville), fo. 38r–v, whence it is printed in Wilkins, D., Concilia Magnae Britanniae, London 1737, iii. 576Google Scholar, and thence in Pecock, R., The repressor of over much blaming of the clergy, ed. Babington, C. (Rolls Series, 1860), i, pp. xlvii–xlixGoogle Scholar. It is also in BL, MS loan 94 (Manchester, Chetham's Library, MS 6712), fo. ivv. For the controversy as a whole, see also especially Green, V. H. H., Bishop Reginald Pecock, Cambridge 1945Google Scholar, and Jacob, E. F., ‘Reynold Pecock, bishop of Chichester’, in his Essays in later medieval history, Manchester 1968, 1–34Google Scholar.

2 Pecock, R., Thefolewer to the Donet, ed. Hitchcock, E. V. (EETS os clxiv, 1924)Google Scholar was written (c. 1453–4, pp. xvi, 108) ‘bifore pe fynal vttryng and publischyng of eny of my bookis englisch or latyn’: p. 5. Pecok's insistence at his trial in 1457 that he should only account for books written in the previous three years also suggests he published nothing before 1454: Oxford, Lincoln College, MS Lat. 118, p. 595 (Loci e libro veritatum, ed. Rogers, J. E. T., Oxford 1881, 211)Google Scholar; Pecock, R., The Donet, ed. Hitchcock, E. V. (EETS os clvi, 1921), 6–7, 176Google Scholar. The Represser, written c. 1449, was still not published when the Book of feip was written six years later: Repressor, ii. 516, 517; i, p. xxii; Reginald Pecock's Book of faith, ed. Morison, J. L., Glasgow 1909, 119Google Scholar.

3 Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 118, pp. 507–8 (Loci, 188–9). For careers see BRUC, 417–18 (Myllyngton), 652 (Worthington), 368 (Lichfield), 328 (Irford); BRUO i. 622–3 (Eborall); ii. 745–8 (Gascoigne). 231

4 Carpenter's will, dated 8 Mar. 1441/2, proved 12 May 1442, GL, MS 9171/4 (London Commissary Court Register of Wills, 1438–50), fo. lxxxvr–v; Borrajo, E. M., ‘The Guildhall Library: its history and present position’, Library Association Record x (1908), 382Google Scholar. Hugh Damlett (see below) was a later benefactor of the Guildhall Library: GL, MS 9171/6 (London Commissary Court Register of Wills, 1467–83), fo. clxxxixr.

5 Calendar of Close Rolls 1441–1447, 147–8; CPR 1446–1452, 29; Aungier, G. J., The history and antiquities of Syon monastery, London 1840, 215–20Google Scholar. For Somerseth see BRUC, 540–1; for the foundation see VCH, Middlesex, i. 204; for Lichefeld and Pecok in association in 1444 see Calendar of Close Rolls 1441–1447, 301.

6 See below, pp. 252–3.

7 Lloyd, A. H., The early history of Christ's College, Cambridge, Cambridge 1934, esp. pp. 11–12, 37–40, 356–7Google Scholar.

8 CPR 1441–1446, 86–7, 98, 99, 460; CPR 1446–1452, 103; Lloyd, , Christ's College, 360Google Scholar. For Horley, see BRUO ii. 966Google Scholar; Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, p. 382 (Loci, 35).

9 BRUC, 158; Kingsford, C. L., ‘An historical collection of the fifteenth century’, EHR xxix (1914), 514CrossRefGoogle Scholar; GL, MS 9531/6 (Reg. Gilbert), fo. lxxiiij (96)r.

10 Rotuli Parliamentorum, v. 137; Lloyd, , Christ's College, 11Google Scholar; Hennessy, G., Novum repertorium ecclesiaslicum parochiale Londinense, London 1898, 427, 284Google Scholar.

11 Gascoigne gives the date 1447: Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, pp. 343, 396 (Loci, 26, 39). chronicle, Bale's, Six town chronicles of England, ed. Flenley, R., Oxford 1911, 121Google Scholar, gives Sunday 15 May 1447, perhaps for Sunday 14 May. See also Jacob, , ‘Reynold Pecock’, 13Google Scholar.

12 Folewer, 104–5, 108; Repressor, ii. 615–19. These passages indicate the argument of the sermon, not itself extant.

13 Bodl. Lib., MS Auct. D.4.5, fo. 104r (Loci, 231); Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, pp. 401–2, 387, 404–5 (Loci, 40, 36–7, 41–2); MS Lat. 118, p. 297 (Loci, 174–5); Jacob, , ‘Reynold Pecock’, 12Google Scholar.

14 Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, p. 344 (Loci, 28).

15 Repressor, ii. 516, 517; i, p. xxii; the reference to Whittington College (ibid. i. 112) may, but need not, mean that Pecok was working on the Represser before his consecration as Bishop of St Asaph in 1444.

16 Repressor, i. 1; Folewer, 104.

17 Repressor, i. 105–6.

18 See n. 21 below. The Represser includes many references to London and London customs: Repressor, i. 28–30, 32, 50, 76, 112–13, 157, 194, 215–16; ii. 338, 368, 518–19, 521, 545.

19 ‘Differentia inter predicare et docere’: Bodl. Lib., MS Bodl. 117, fos 13r–14v (trans. Lewis, , Pecock, 27–8)Google Scholar; ‘predicacio non est actus perfectissimus qui potest circa christianorum animas per suos curatos impendi, quia docere est actus perfectior quam predicare pro eo quod perfectior est noticia qua noscitur aliquid esse verum per fundamentales euidencias quam est noticia qua idem noscitur absque illis ex sola hominis denunciacione’: ibid. fo. 14r–v; Folewer, 108.

20 Repressor, i. 88–92, esp. pp. 88–9.

21 Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, pp. 131 (‘nuper predicauit et diu Londoni tenuit et asseruit’), 352 (Loci, 31), 391 (Loci, 38); MS Lat. 118, p. 599 (Loci, 217).

22 Gascoigne gives the date 1449 in Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, pp. 317, 394, 401, 404 (Loci, 15, 38, 39, 41); Jacob, , ‘Reynold Pecock’, 13Google Scholar; Folewer, 108–9.

23 Lincolnshire Archives, Bp. Reg. 15 (Repingdon memoranda), fo. cxlj (161) V (The register of Bishop Philip Repingdon 1405–1419, ed. Archer, M. [Lincoln Record Society, 1963–1982] iii. 143)Google Scholar.

24 London chronicle for 1446–52 in Kingsford, C. L., English historical literature in the fifteenth century, Oxford 1913, 296Google Scholar.

25 De quinque sensibus is in BL, MS Royal 8.C.i, fos 122V–43V (passage quoted at fo 122v); The English text of the Ancrene riwle edited from British Museum MS Royal 8. C.I, ed. Baugh, A. C. (EETS os ccxxxii, 1956) (passage quoted, p. 1)Google Scholar; the Compleynt of God is edited from Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College, MS 174/95, pp. 469–80, in Borgstöm, E., ‘The Complaint of God to sinful man and the answer of man by William Lichfield’, Anglia xxxiv (1911), 498–524Google Scholar.

26 Catalogue of the library of Syon monastery Isleworth, ed. Bateson, M., Cambridge 1898, 79Google Scholar (K7), 185 (S 57), 126 (N 35), 138 (O 6).

27 Kingsford, , English historical literature, 296Google Scholar; ‘a notable Clerke and a worthy prechour’: Kingsford, , ‘Historical collection’, 514Google Scholar.

28 Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 118, p. 304 (Loci, 175–6).

29 Oxford, Merton College Records 1781; West Sussex Record Office, Ep. I/1/2, fo. 32 (33)r (Extracts from the episcopal register of Richard Praty, ed. Deedes, C. [Sussex Record Society iv, 1905], 128–9)Google Scholar.

30 Bale, J., Index Britanniae scriptorum, ed. Poole, R. L. and Bateson, M., Oxford 1902, 437Google Scholar; LPL, Reg. Stafford & Kemp, fo. 79r.

31 Ibid. Reg. Bourgchier, fo. 18r (Registrum Thome Bourgchier, ed. Boulay, F. R. H. Du [Canterbury and York Society liv, 1957], 99)Google Scholar; PRO, E 101/4.11/15, fo. 14r (p. 24, old fo. 12r); E 101/412/2, fo. 32r; E 101/409/9, fo. 32V; E 101/409/11, fo. 33V; E 101/409/16, fo. 28r; E 101/410/6, fo. 34V; E 101/410/9, fo. 37V. Note that there are many gaps in this series of Household account books.

32 LPL, MS 541; Oxford, St John's College, MS 137; BL, MS Royal 5 C.iii. For the Ovid commentary see Smalley, B., English friars and antiquity in the early fourteenth century, Oxford 1960, 261–4Google Scholar.

33 Oxford, St John' s Coll., MS 137, fos iv, 4V, 5V, 7V, 8r; for Elyot, see BRUO i. 638Google Scholar.

34 BL, MS Royal 5.C.iii, fos 301v–2r are of Chichester interest; for a note formerly in the MS recording Eyburhale's ownership and provision for the MS to pass from priest to priest see Casley, D., A catalogue of the manuscripts of the King's library, London 1734, 76–7Google Scholar.

35 De modo docendi, BL, MS Royal 5.C.iii, fos 1r–10r; De regimine principum, fos 11r–17r, 22r–37v; propositions from Aristotle, fos 38r–52v; Augustine digested, fos 82V–135V; Compendium theologie, fos 136r–83r; Grosseteste, fos 183V–267V; devotional treatises, fos 279r–301v, 302v–3r, 305r–17r, 321r–373v. The preaching treatise, fos 52V–82V, begins ‘Tant a pollet excellencia predicacionis officium quod saluator noster non confunditur asserere se missum fuisse ad illud salubriter exercendum’: fo. 52V; cf. Mark i. 38, Luke iv. 17–21, 43–4.

36 Wilkins, , Concilia, iii, 315–16Google Scholar.

37 Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, pp. 381, 478 (Loci, 34–5, 61); MS Lat. 118, pp. 425–6, 432 (Loci, 180, 181).

38 For example, Archbishop Chichele's register includes only six preaching licences for 1414–43: The register of Henry Chichele, ed. Jacob, E. F., Oxford 1938–1947, iv. 126–7 192, 201–2, 247–8Google Scholar. Licences may, of course, have been granted but not registered, perhaps because fees were not charged. Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, p. 406 (Loci, 42–3); MS Lat. 118, p. 507 (Loci, 188).

39 Catto, J. I., ‘Wyclif and Wycliffism at Oxford 1356–1430’, Ihe history of the University of Oxford, II: Late medieval Oxford, ed. Catto, J. I. and Evans, R., Oxford 1992, 175, 254–5, 257–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Lichefeld was elected Fellow of Peterhouse on 30 Oct. 1404, adm. 13 Dec: EDR G/I/3 (Reg. Fordham), fo. lxxxviija–b. For his contemporaries see Walker, T. A., A biographical register of Peterhouse men I: 1284–1574, Cambridge 1927, 33, 35–6Google Scholar; BRUC, 593 (Towton), 219 (H. Fairclogh), 342 (Kylborne), 360 (Ledes, BD), 410 (W. Moore, DD), 508–9 (Sawston), 218 (Jo. Eyre, BD). For Peterhouse c. 1400 see Hughes, J., Pastors and visionaries, Woodbridge 1988, 178–9, 185, 187, 199–202Google Scholar; for the growth of theology at the expense of law see Cobban, A. B., ‘Theology and law in the medieval colleges of Oxford and Cambridge’, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester lxv (1982–1983), 67–74. 77Google Scholar.

40 James, M. R., A descriptive catalogue of the manuscripts in the library of Peterhouse, Cambridge 1899, 21–2Google Scholar.

41 Ball, R. M., ‘The education of the English parish clergy in the later Middle Ages with particular reference to the manuals of instruction’, unpubl. PhD diss. Cambridge 1976, 200–20Google Scholar.

42 Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, p. 409 (Loci, 44); Bradshaw, H., ‘Two lists of books in the University Library’, in his Collected papers, Cambridge 1889, p. 50, no. 288Google Scholar.

43 Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, pp. 298–441.

44 The main reply to Pecok is in ibid. pp. 343–56; other important passages are pp. 313–17, 319–21, 393–6, 401–7; some passages at least date from 1449 or later – see pp. 317, 391, 394, 401, 404. There are passages relating to Pecok not in Loci on pp. 120, 131, 143.

45 Ibid. pp. 313–14; see also p. 406. Gascoigne quotes Pecok's conclusions (cf. Repressor, ii. 616–17) and gives his specific reply on pp. 343–56 (partim, Loci, 26–32); the passage quoted is on p. 345 (Loci, 30).

46 Ibid. pp. 347, 351.

47 ‘Item tenetur predicare quia officium precipuum episcopi et speciale est docere et predicare’: ibid. p. 354; ‘tenentur predicare verbum Dei populo iuxta preceptum Dei Marci ultimo [Mark xvi. 15] dicentis apostolis quibus episcopi sunt in onere officij successores Ite predicate…’: p. 315. For bishops as successors apostolorum see also pp. 315, 320, 346–7, 350, 355, 381, 396; Mark xvi. 15, pp. 346, 347, 355; Acts x. 42, p. 320; ‘Deus enim eos [sc. episcopos] ad hunc actum predicandi verba Dei et facta obligauit’: p. 320; equivocations, pp. 314–15; Jerome, p. 319 (cf. ep. cviii, PL xxii. 902).

48 Amos: Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 118, pp. 464–5; Jeremiah: ibid. pp. 405–7, 421, 433; Ezekiel: MS Lat. 117, pp. 321, 348–9, 377, 395; MS Lat. 118, pp. 408–9, 475–7, 483 (obligation to preach), 556, 558–9, 564, 565, 567. See also MS Lat. 118, pp. 626–7 (Hosea ix. 8).

49 Ibid. p. 593 (Loci, 208: the passage omitted in Loci expounds Num. xi. 17); MS Lat. 117, pp. 315, 317 (immediately prior to the anti-Pecok passage quoted Loci, 15), 334 (Loci, 23) 393, 394 (immediately following the anti-Pecok passage quoted Loci, 38); MS Lat. 118, pp. 408, 569.

50 Roberti Grosseteste epistolae, ed. Luard, H. R. (Rolls Series, 1861), ep. cxxvii, pp. 357–431Google Scholar; Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, p. 403. The anti-Pecok passage in Loci, 40, follows soon after this.

51 For figures for Gascoigne's citations see the appendix below.

52 ‘Item episcopi assumuntur ad officium ecclesie excellentissimum sc. euangelium predicandum teste domino Lincolniensi doctore Grostest in prologo exposicionis sue proprie super epistolas sancti Pauli… Officium enim predicandi euangelium tollit maximam miseriam sc. ignoranciam et vicium hec ibi dominus Lincolniensis’: Linc. Coll., MS 117, p. 350.

53 In Bodl Lib., MS Bodl. 312, Gascoigne annotates epp. i, xxv, cxxvii and exxviii (the last perhaps written in his fair hand): fos 126r, 135V, 172V–84V, 117–18r; cf. Grosseteste epistolae, pp. 1, 97, 357–437. Ep. exxviii is cited in Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 118, pp. 190, 551 (Loci, 170, 199), and annotated by Gascoigne in Cambridge University Library, MS Ii. 1. 19, fos 208v–9v.

54 Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, pp. 474–500 (Loci, 53–99); chapters in the Liber de veritatibus are devoted to Promocio, Appropriatio et non residencia, Absolucio, Indulgencie, and Dispensatio: Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 118, pp. 513–21; MS Lat. 117, pp. 55–63, 1–52, 575–611, 260–5; Pantin, W. A., ‘Grosseteste's relations with the papacy and the crown’, in Callus, D. A. (ed.), Robert Grosseteste, scholar and bishop, Oxford 1955, 179–83Google Scholar.

55 Grosseteste epistolae, pp. 46–7. For Gascoigne's resignation of Kirk Deighton and St Peter upon Cornhill on the grounds of inability see Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 118, p. 304 (Loci, 175–6); Bodl. Lib., MS Bodl. 198, fo. 298V (Loci, frontispiece and p. 232); for his refusal of the Chancellorship of York because churches were appropriated to the dignity see Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 118, p. 517 (Loci, 194–5).

56 BL, MS Royal 8.C.i, fos 131v–2r (EETS os ccxxxii, pp. 26–7), cf. sermon Beatipauperes, Bodl. Lib., MS Bodl. 153, fo. 214r.

57 BRUC, 176. For Damlett at Pembroke see Cambridge, Pembroke College Archives, College MS Aα, pp. 74, λ, δ, 22; College MS lα, fos 59V, 62r; College MS Cβ, p. 1.

58 GL, MS 9171/6, fo. clxxxixr–v; Syon catalogue, 227, 158 (P. 56).

59 Cambridge, Pemb. Coll., MS 184, fos 1r, 22r; MS 185, fo. 233r; MS 186, fos 2r, v, 11r, 13r, 14v, 51r.

60 Ibid, MS 186: ‘nota quod predicare est opus pontificis’: fo. 194v; ‘Nota quod principale officium episcopi est docere’: fo. 167r; ‘Nota quod officium episcopi est docere’: fo. 166r; ‘episcopus debet esse electus a domino et quid debet facere notatur/episcopus et predicator debet esse segregatus dupliciter nota bene’: fo. 2r; ‘Nota quod episcopi debent eis associare ali[o]s probos qui cum eis laborarent in predicacione’: fo. 113v, cf. fo. 153r; ‘contra prelatos et curatos malos nolentes predicare’: fo. 14r: ‘nolentes predicare’ is added in the same hand but a different ink: cf. fo. 6v; ‘nota durum verbum pro prelatis’: fo. 6r; reasons why some put off preaching: fo. 6v; ‘Nota quod predicatores non debent a predicacione cessare propter quamcumque tribulacionem sed contrarie faciunt modo’: fo. 122v; ‘nota triplex officum predicatoris et est bonum antethema’: fo. 177v, cf. fos 1r, 168v (?).

61 Pemb. Coll., MS 186, fos 11 1r, 124v, 129, 150V, 165r, v (unsuitable candidates); MS 197, fo. 40r (non-residence); MS 186, fos 124r, 125r (pluralism).

62 Adm. 18 Aug. 1447: GL, MS 9531/6, fo. lxxiiij (96)r; vacated by death 1476: GL, MS 9531/7 (Reg. Th. Kempe), fo. clvv.

63 Kingsford, , English historical literature, 296Google Scholar.

64 For Burbache, see BRUO i, 306Google Scholar; Canterbury Cathedral Archives, Dean and Chapter Reg. S, fo. 187r.

65 Lines. Archives, Bp. Reg. 15, fo. cxlvj (161)v (Reg. Repingdon iii, 143): Bp. Reg. 16 (Flemyng), fo. 88v.

66 Gascoigne was born 1403 (Bodl. Lib., MS Lat.th.e.33, p. 41; 5 Jan. 1403/4 ace. to Bale, , Index, 439)Google Scholar, priest 1427 (Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 118, p. 397; Loci, 179), BD 1433, DD 1434 (Oxford, Magdalen College, MS Lat. 103, fos 24r, 178r; Aberdeen University Library, MS 241, fo. 176V). Assuming this pattern with the priesthood at 24 to be normal, though two years from BD to DD was usual, then Irford, subdeacon 1414 (EDR G/I/3, fo. cclxiiij a) and DD (Paris) 1428/9 (Chartularium Universilatis Parisiensis, ed. Denifle, H. and Chatelain, A., Paris 1889–1897, iv. 479)Google Scholar would have been born c. 1391; Myllyngton, priest 1420/1 (EDR G/I/3, fo. cixa) would have been born c. 1396/7 and DD C. 1428; Burbache, priest 1424 (Reg. Chichele, iv. 367) would have been born c. 1400 and DD C. 1432; Damlett, priest c. 1426 (Pemb. Coll. Archives, College MS la, fo. 59V) would have been born c. 1402 and DD c. 1434; Worthington, priest 1431 (Norfolk Record Office, DL/REG 5 bk 9 [Reg. Alnwick], fo. 132v) would have been born c. 1407 and DD C. 1439. Evidence of Eyburhale's age is lacking, but Gascoigne's way of speaking of him suggests that they were contemporaries; Eyburhale died in 1471 (GL, MS 9531/7, fo. cxxixv).

67 Pecok was priested 8 March 1420/1 (Linc. Archives, Bp. Reg. 16, fo. 175r) and therefore (on the above assumptions) born c. 1396/7.

68 Linc. Coll., MsLat. 118, pp. 593–4 (Loci, 208–9: but read ‘legendo’ after ‘scribendo’ ‘precipui’ for ‘precipue’; and ‘qui Pecok’ for ‘quia Pecok’). For Goddard, see BRUO ii. 776Google Scholar; Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, p. 502 (Loci, 100). Bale, J., Scriptorum illustrium maioris Brytannie catalogus, Basle 1557–1559, i. 595Google Scholar, appendix, claims (in a note full of errors) John Milverton oc as an opponent of Pecok.

69 Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, p. 317 (Loci, 15); MS Lat. 118, p. 598, 599 (Loci, 215, 217).

70 Repressor, ii. 320, 334–5. See also Book of faith, 146, 151.

71 Waldensis, Thomas, Doctrinale antiquitatum fidei Catholicae Ecclesiae, ed. Blanciotti, B., Venice 1757–1759, i. 5–6 339Google Scholar.

72 Ibid. i. 335–7. 360.

73 Ibid. i. 337.

74 Ibid. i. 339, 349–50.

75 Ibid. i. 6, and see also i. 340–1; Jacob, , ‘Reynold Pecock’, 18Google Scholar; Green, , Pecock, 60Google Scholar; Donet, 104; Book of faith, 283–4.

76 Doctrinale, i. 6; ii. 123–4, 125A. For Walden's use of Grosseteste see Southern, R. W., Robert Grosseteste, Oxford 1986, 311–13Google Scholar.

77 References to the Doctrinale are in Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, pp. 23 (Loci, 2), 24, 161, 164, 165 (partim Loci, 11), 168; MS Lat. 118, pp. 92, 372. Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 106 (vol. ii of the Doctrinale, given by Bishop Flemyng, fol. iv) is annotated by Gascoigne on fos 5v, 8r, 246r, 300v, 359v.

78 This full title is given by Gascoigne, Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 118, p. 14 (Loci, 129) and (with ‘collectis’ after ‘scriptura’ instead of after ‘veritatibus’) in his will: Regislrum Cancellarii Oxoniensis 1434–1469, ed. Salter, H. E. (OHS xciii–xciv, 1932), i. 406Google Scholar.

79 ‘ecclesia enim vniversalis testis est sufficiens homini viatori ut credat que non cognoscit et hoc non est propter multitudinem seu pluralitatem numeralem testium set propter certitudinem et testimonium talium testium quales sunt et fuerunt sancti in ecclesia quibus deus specialiter se assistere promisit in euangelio in finem seculi’: Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, p. 513 (repeated p. 516); cf. Doctrinale, i. 334; ‘ecclesia non confert auctoritatem euangelio Christi; set ostendit habitam et preconizat qualem habet a Deo et testimonium perhibet de hoc…hec M. Thomas Gascoigne doctor sacre pagine ac professor Anno gracie 1436’: Oxford, Oriel College, MS 30, fo. 59 [6i]r; cf. Doctrinale, i. 345B, 346A, 349D, 350C.

80 LPL, MS 202, fos 81r (1432), 99v, iiiv (1434). Gascoigne used Jerome on Isaiah in 1433: Aberdeen UL, MS 241, fo. 176v. For Jerome's letters at Greyfriars see Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, p. 473 (The friars' libraries, ed. Humphreys, K. W., London 1990, 228)Google Scholar.

81 Bodl. Lib., MS Bodl. 198, fo. 107r.

82 Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 118, p. 14 (Loci, 129). For the Grosseteste MS at Greyfriars see, for example, ibid. p. 111 (Loci, 142). For figures for Gascoigne's citations see the appendix below.

83 BL, MS Royal 10. A. xv, fos 1 v, 2r (Friars' libraries, 9–10: the last item may be a later addition), 3r; Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 118, p. 309.

84 Oxford, Lincoln Coll. Charters Box 1/4; Ker, N. R., ‘Oxford college libraries before 1500’, Books, collectors and libraries, London 1985, 315–16 n. 73Google Scholar.

85 Harvey, M., ‘The diffusion of the Doctrinale of Thomas Netter in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries’, in Smith, L. and Ward, B. (eds), Intellectual life in the Middle Ages: essays presented to Margaret Gibson, London 1992, 281–3, 288–94Google Scholar.

86 ‘Maior fides danda est sanctis doctoribus et eorum testimonijs et verbis quam dictis aliorum [MS aliquando] viuencium primo quia sancto Dei spiritu inspirati locuti sunt sancti Dei homines. Item quia maiorem experienciam quam alii et inuestigacionem probacionum habuerunt. Item quia lumen naturalis ingenii et eciam reuelacionis diuine habuerunt. Item Dominus eorum sermonem confirmauit sequentibus signis et miraculis.… Item quia spiritus Dei accendit corda audiencium verbum ipsorum in amore virtutis.… Item eorum euidencie et verba et sancta vita et gracia et miracula ipsis orantibus facta cogebant intellectum hec videncium [?: MS videncis] et ad assensum eorum verbis.… Illi enim homines qui dicunt Augustinus fuit homo et ego sum et alij sancti doctores similes michi in ingenio fuerunt et ideo non credimus eis nisi ingenio nostro dicta eorum conueniunt similes sunt Datan et Abiron.… Item Deus auferebat velamen fantasmatum ab intellectu eorum in pluribus et per lucis increate irradiacionem actum intelligendi habuerunt’: Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, p. 272: the whole passage is noteworthy. For the quotation from Grosseteste see below, n. 89. See also MS Lat. 118, p. 111, and for Gascoigne's quotation of Grosseteste ‘contra illos qui non credunt dictis sanctorum eo quod non intelligunt ea’: MS Lat. 117, p. 522. 87 Ibid, MS Lat. 118, p. 426.

88 Ibid. MS Lat. 117, p. 426 (Loci, pp. 49–50): this passage immediately follows a quotation from Grosseteste.

89 ‘est hec reuelacio vel fantasmatum ablacio et per lucis increate [MS increato] irradiacionem intelligencie nostre in actum intelligendi eductio hec ibi [sc. on 2 Cor. xii] dominus Lincolniensis et istud fuit in sancta Birgitta vidua gloriosa’: ibid. p. 423.

90 Reg. Cane. Oxon., i. 406.

91 ‘beatissima Maria domina nostra semper virgo dicit in reuelacionibus sancte Brigitte [sic] quod inter omnes doctores sanctus Jeronimus inuenit sapienciam celestem in terris et ideo merito vocari potest sanctus Jeronimus celestis doctor’: Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, p. 470; cf. Reuelationes celestes preelecte sponse Christie beate Birgitte vidue de regno Suecie, Nuremburg 1517, iv. xxi, fo. lxiirGoogle Scholar; ‘celestis doctor’ is used passim in the Liber de veritatibus.

92 The Dean's register of Oriel 1446–1661, ed. Richards, G. C. and Salter, H. E. (OHS lxxxiv, 1926), pp. 369–70Google Scholar. Gascoigne is styled ‘commensalis’ in Oriel Coll., MS 30, fos ii [1]v, 1[4]r.

93 ‘A catalogue of the library of Oriel College in the year 1375 A.D.’, ed. Shadwell, C. L., Collectanea i (OHS v, 1885), 59–70Google Scholar; but Gascoigne noted volumes of Augustine and Jerome not in the 1375 catalogue: Aberdeen UL, MS 241, fo. 177r; Oxford, Balliol College, MS 45, fo. 1 18v.

94 Oriel Coll., MSS I, 13, 51; BRUO iii. 1635–6. For Hugh of Vienne in Oxford in the 1450s and 1460s see Parkes, M. B., ‘The provision of books’, History of the University of Oxford, ii. 415, 416Google Scholar.

95 Oriel Coll., MSS 41, 20; Thomson, S. H., The writings of Robert Grosseteste, Cambridge 1940, 214ff., 252–3, 256–7Google Scholar; fifteenth-century notes of pastoral reference are in MS 20, fos 44r, 66v, 244r. For Grafton, see BRUO ii. 799Google Scholar.

96 Oriel Coll., MS 42, fo. ivv; ‘contra dicentes episcopos non teneri predicare’: fo. 173r; ‘Contra asserentes episcopos non teneri predicare’: fo. 181 r; the passages annotated are in PL liv. 349–50, 332; other notes, fos 174r 179r, 183r–4r. For Maukyswell, see BRUO ii. 1215Google Scholar; Oriel College Records, ed. Shadwell, C. L. and Salter, H. E. (OHS lxxxv, 1926), 436Google Scholar; Ker, N. R., ‘Wyclif manuscripts in Oxford in the fifteenth century’, Bodleian Library Record iv (1953), 293Google Scholar. MS 42 was pledged as a caution by John Hicham in 1444 (see fo. iiir): if the notes are not Maukyswell's, they are probably Hicham's.

97 BL, MS Royal 5. C. iii: Prosper of Aquitaine [PL li. 427–96], fos 82V–95V, index fos 96r–7r; abstracts of Augustine, fos 97v–135v; Grosseteste, Dicta, fos 183v–259v, excerpts from letters, fos 259v–63v (cf. Thomson, , Writings, 214–32, 170, 173, 193)Google Scholar, De cessacione legalium abbreviated, fos 264r–267v (extracts from parts 1, 11, iv: cf. Grosseteste, R., De cessacione legalium, ed. Dales, R. C. and King, E. B., London 1986, pp. xxiiiGoogle Scholar, 7–75, 102–4, 107, 156–99 sparsim).

98 Oxford, Merton College, MSS 208, 182 (Glosses), 176 (Bede etc. pledged as a caution 1433, fo. 351v), 120 (Historiascholastica, pledged as a caution 1431, fo. 174v: notes referring to De civitate Dei xviii, fos 20v, 22r, 108r, v; Ps. Haymo, fo. 22r; Jerome, fo. 29r; Boethius, fo. 102v; Historia Romanorum, fo. 116r). The other MSS given by Burbache are Merton Coll., MSS 222, 253; Bodl. Lib., MS Digby 155.

99 The lowest figures in the four corners of the Divinity School, Oxford are: north-east a cardinal [Jerome]; south-east a bishop [Augustine]; north-west an archbishop [Ambrose]; south-west a pope [Gregory], each holding a book. A reset late fourteenth-century doorway in the Old Schools, Cambridge, formerly the entrance to the Divinity School, depicts St George and the dragon, and St Michael with a shield with the arms of the Trinity which is assailed by a many-headed dragon (cf. Rev. xii. 3, 7; Eph. vi. 16): see Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, City of Cambridge, London 1959, i. 16Google ScholarPubMed, plate 54. For Cambridge orthodoxy see Leader, D. R., A history of the University of Cambridge, I: The university to 1546, Cambridge 1988, 223Google Scholar.

100 Allen, H. E., ‘The Speculum vitae: addendum’, Publications of the Modern Language Association of America xxxii (1917), 147–53Google Scholar; Pantin, W. A., The English Church in the fourteenth century, Cambridge 1955, 229–30Google Scholar.

101 de Burgo, J., Pupilla oculi, Paris 1510Google Scholar, iv. iv. M, fo. xvr. For de Burgh, see BRUC, 107Google Scholar.

102 Cambridge University Archives, Collect. Admin. 7, quire A, fo. 6r–v.

103 Reg. Chichele iii. 247–8.

104 Ibid. ii. 587. He was a pensioner of Pembroke in 1438: Pemb. Coll. Archives, College MS Aα, p.δ. For Queen's see below pp. 252–3.

105 For Pembroke see Cobban, A. B., ‘Pembroke College, its educational significance in late medieval Cambridge’, Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society x (1991), 1–16Google Scholar; for Pembroke and Syon see Knowles, D., The religious orders in England, Cambridge 1961, iii. 213Google Scholar.

106 ‘nota heretici sunt cremandi’: Pemb. Coll., MS 197, fo. 47r; ‘nota contra libros hereticorum quod delendi sunt’: ibid. fo. 48r; other notes 'contra hereticos’: ibid., fos 46v, 66v. This MS was written for Damlett while he was rector of St Peter upon Cornhill, therefore not before 1447 and probably after he resigned the mastership of Pembroke in 1450: see fo. 206v.

107 ‘nota contra eos qui leges vel alie sciencie preferunt theologie/Nota bene contra literatos et theologos qui se terrenis negociis se [sic] implicant’: Pemb. Coll., MS 186, fo. 140r; see also fos 118v, 146v; MS 185, fo. 15r; cf. Cobban, ‘Theology and law’, 69–74Google Scholar; ‘nota quomodo potest theologus vti sciencijs paganorum’ [sc. as ancille theologie]: Pemb. Coll., MS 186, fo. 103v; ‘articuli fidei sunt principia in theologia’: ibid. fo. 47v; ‘nota contra nimium dantes se subtilitatibus in philosophia vel theologia’: ibid. fo. 145v: see also fos 172v, 178v. For other references to the qualities of theologians see ibid. fos 14r, 51r, 121r, 125r.

108 For the articles see above n. 1; Green, , Pecock, 60–1Google Scholar. For Gascoigne's criticism of Pecok's position on Christ's descent into hell and the Creed in general see Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, p. 120 (not in Loci); MS Lat. 118, pp. 594, 596, 597, 599 (Loci, 209, 210, 213, 214, 218): all these passages date from 1457; Aberdeen UL, MS 241, fo. 62 (66)r.

110 Bodl. Lib., MS Ashmole 789, fos 322r–3v (old fos 142r–3v); Catto, J., ‘The king's government and the fall of Pecock, 1457–58’, in Archer, R. E. and Walker, S. (eds), Rulers and ruled in late medieval England: essays presented to Gerald Harriss, London 1995, 215–19Google Scholar (the other doctors are not named); Repressor, i, pp. lv–lvi; Jacob, , ‘Reynold Pecock’, 20–1Google Scholar; Calendar of papal letters, xi. 76–8, 377. Pecok's Latin recantation confesses heresy ‘per viginti annos proxime preteritos et amplius’, therefore predating his translation to Chichester: Bodl. Lib., MS Ashmole 789, fo. 303v (old fo. 138v); Lewis, , Pecock, 160Google Scholar. For Pynchebek, see BRUC, 466Google Scholar; GL, MS 9531/7, fos lr, lxixr.

110 ‘Nota quod heretici sunt excommunicati nee absolui possunt per papam’: Pemb. Coll., MS 186, fo. 11 1r.

111 Boulay, F. R. H. Du, ‘The quarrel between the Carmelite friars and the secular clergy of London, 1464–1468’, this JOURNAL vi (1955), 156–74Google Scholar; BRUO ii. 1008–9 (Ive); iii. 1475 (Peytuyn); ii. 1340 (Necton); BRUC, 560–1 (Story), 398 (Meynerd). Ive's lectures at London and Oxford are in Bodl. Lib., MS Lat. th. e. 25, fos 1r–26v: ‘antiquum errorem de mendicitate Christi’ (fo. 3V).

112 Boulay, Du, ‘Carmelite friars’, 173–4Google Scholar.

113 ‘Cum vicijs nemo pacem habeat aduersus ea solummodo bellum fiat. Contra hereticos et blasphemos ac ceteros Christi aduersarios preliari liceat’: Bodl. Lib., MS Lat. th. e. 25, fo. 3r.

114 Gregory's, chronicle, in The historical collections of a citizen of London, ed. Gairdner, J. (Camden Society ns xvii, 1876), 233–5Google Scholar; there is also an account of the Carmelite controversy on pp. 228–32. For Wryxham, see BRUO iii. 2095Google Scholar.

115 ‘prelatus cum lenitate debet corripere peccantes ex infirmitate/peccantes ex malicia debent corripi non leniter’: Pemb Coll., MS 186, fo. 127v.

116 CPR 1446–1452, 584.

117 John Rylands University Library of Manchester, MS Eng. 77 (NT in English) ‘was overseyne and redd(?) by doctor Thomas Ebborall and doctor Yve or pat my modir bought hit’: fo. 267V; Deanesly, M., The Lollard Bible, Cambridge 1920Google Scholar, repr. 1966, 336. Nicholas Sabrisford, priest, bequeathed two books of the Gospels and Epistles in Latin and English to Eyburhale in 1464/5: PRO, PROB 11/5, fos 55v–6r.

118 Searle, W. G., The history of the Queens' College of St Margaret and St Bernard in the University of Cambridge 1446–1560, Cambridge 1867, 4, 8Google Scholar.

119 Green, V., The commonwealth of Lincoln College 1427–1977, Oxford 1979, 6Google Scholar. For Gascoigne's gifts in 1432 and later see n. 84 above; Linc. Coll., Registrum Vetus, fos 3r, 15r–17r; Weiss, R., ‘The earliest catalogues of the library of Lincoln College’, Bodleian Quarterly Record viii (1935–1938), 347–53Google Scholar.

120 Searle, , Queens' College, 4–5, 7, 9–11, 21–2, 28, 32Google Scholar; BRUC, 540–1 (Somerset), 351–2 (Langton), 545 (Sperhawk); M[inns], E. H., ‘John Sperhawke D.D.’, Pembroke College Cambridge Society Annual Gazette xxiii (1949), 10–15Google Scholar.

121 ‘nota quod prelati non debent esse nimis precipitantes ad constitutiones faciendum’: Pemb. Coll., MS 186, fo. 20v; abjuration: Cambridge, Queens' College Archives, QC Book 79, fo. 5r (statutes dated 10 Mar. 15 Edw. iv [1474/5]: see fo, 12v).

122 Damlett and Irford benefactors, ibid. fo. 74v; Irford acting re the new hall 1448/9, QC 29/59. 3 (but probably not implying he was a Fellow, pace Searle, , Queens' College, 31)Google Scholar.

123 GL, MS 9171/6, fo. clxxxixr; the Josephus may be Cambridge, Queens' College, C. 11. 20 (printed book).

124 Searle, W. G., ‘Catalogue of the library of Queens' College in 1472’, Cambridge Antiquarian Communications ii (1864), 165–93Google Scholar.

125 ‘post eum reputo Hugonum de Vienna meliorem expositorem scripture et sensum historicum et moralem quern habet beatus Jeronimus in stilo antiquo et originali habet Hugo de Vienna in stilo planiori et faciliori’: Linc. Coll., MS 117, p. 457. For the frequency of Gascoigne's citation see the appendix below.

126 Bradshaw, , Collected papers, 16–54Google Scholar. For Crome, see BRUC, 168Google Scholar.

127 Leader, , History of the University of Cambridge, i. 186Google Scholar.

128 PRO, PROB 11/3, fo. 2761–v; BRUC, 218.

129 Cambridge, Clare College Archives, AD 1/01 (Master's Old Book), p. 39. BRUC, 418, is in error in saying that Myllyngton gave these books as his brother's executor.

130 Gonville and Caius Coll., MSS 250/495 (see fo. 194v), 297/691, fos 1–219 (see fo. 219v), 470/653 (see fo. 222v; ‘quod Bumstede magister’: fo. 211r), 472/655 (see fo. 303v), 481/477 (see fo. 254v) were all owned by Bumpstede. A Bumpstede ex libris may have been lost from any of MSS 5/5, 471/654, 4/4, 3/3, 474/657, 244/490; but MS 297/691, fos 220–304, and MS 473/656 were not apparently owned by Bumpstede. For Bumpstede, see BRUC, 106, 672Google Scholar.

131 Will (including also a bequest to Bumpstede), GL, MS 9171/6, fo. clxxxixr; Pemb. Coll. Archives, College MS Cβ, p. 16; of these volumes the postills on the Psalms are probably represented by binding fragments in Pemb. Coll., MS 185; those on the Sapiential Books, Isaiah and the Pauline Epistles are now Pemb. Coll., MSS 185, 184, 186 respectively.

132 Ibid. MS 184: Jerome on Jeremiah, fos 200r–32v, with notes by Damlett, fo. 201r, v; a note on fo. 1 v also mentions Jerome.

133 Damlett's will, GL, MS 9171/6, fo. clxxxixr–v; cf. the bequest under Sperhawk's will, proved 4 Feb. 1474/5, PRO, PROB 11/6, fo. 141v (Somerset medieval wills, ed. Weaver, F. W. [Somerset Record Society xvi, 1901], 224)Google Scholar.

134 Syon catalogue, pp. xxvi, 43, 57 (E 7, F 31, F 34, Hug h of Vienne), 173 (R 20, Bernard), 126 (N 36, Pharetra). For the Pharetra see Smalley, , English friars, 46Google Scholar.

135 Syon catalogue, 137 (O 2), 49–50 (E 50).

136 Balliol Coll., MS 133 (see fos 275v, 277v).

137 Pemb. Coll., MS 186, fo. 170r; cf. Glorieux, P., La littérature quodlibétique de 1260 á 1320, Kain 1925, 155Google Scholar, quodlibet iv. 19; Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, p. 385; GL, MS 9171/6, fo. clxxxix.r.

138 The Gladius Salomonis is in Bodl. Lib., MS Bodl. 108; extracts ed. Babington, , Repressor, ii. 567–613Google Scholar. It was commissioned by, and is dedicated to, Archbishop Bourgchier: MS Bodl. 108, fo. 1r; Repressor ii. 571. Bale, , Script, illustr. Bryt. i. 595Google Scholar, on Leland's authority, and Tanner, T., Bibliotheca Britannico-Hibernica, London 1748, 431Google Scholar, call Bury a Cambridge graduate, and one of his books passed to the Cambridge Austin Friars: Medieval libraries of Great Britain, ed. N. R. Ker, Supplement to the second edition, ed. Watson, A. G., London 1987, 79Google Scholar. The evidence for Oxford (Roth, F., The English Austin Friars 1249–1538, New York 1961–1966, i, p. 117Google Scholar; ii, p. 289*) is insufficient to show that he actually studied there; it is also possible that the references in Roth (see also vol. ii, pp. 304*, 342*, 347*, 348*, 350*, 353*, 358*–359*, 362*, 373*, 374*) refer to more than one friar. See also BRUO i. 323.

139 It was written after Bury became Provincial of the Austin Friars (elected 1459, confirmed 1459/60), and before Bishop John Lowe's death in 1467: Bodl. Lib., MS Bodl. 108, fo. 1r, v (Repressor, ii. 571, 572).

140 Bodl. Lib., MS Bodl. 108, fo. 1r, v (Repressor, ii. 571–2).

141 Repressor, i. 83. See also Pecock, R., The reule of Crysten religioun, ed. Greet, W. C. (EETS os clxxi, 1927), 23, 132, 200Google Scholar; Folewer, 72–3; Book of faith, 174–5; Represser i. 41–5, 52.

142 Bodl. Lib., MS Bodl. 108, fos 31v–2r (De civitate Dei xxii. 22, CCL xlviii. 842–3; PL xli. 784–5).

143 Ibid, fos 43v–5r (Summa contra Gentiles 1. iv–v).

144 Ibid. fo. 37r–v. Bury speaks of natural reason as the serpent in Eden on fo. 28v.

145 Ibid., fos 40v–2r; cf. la He q. xci art. 2–4. For infused and acquired virtues, see fos 29r–v (= Qg. de virlutibus art. x), 31V, 58v–9r (Repressor ii. 608–9; cf. Qq. de virtutibus art. ix, x).

146 Bodl. Lib., MS Bodl. 108, fo. 16v; Medieval libraries supplement, 9, 79.

147 BL, MS Royal 10. A. xv, fos I v, 2r: see above p. 245.

148 ‘Qualis autem et quanta sit perfectio luminis reuelacionis ex verbis Dionisii colligitur in libro de diuinis nominibus Deus inquit qui est essentialiter bonus nominatur intelligibile lumen…ab omnibus eciam animabus quibus innascitur expellit omnem ignoranciam et errorem’; ‘Hec tria [sc. the results of the spiritual darkness of ignorance] remouet intelligibile lumen reuelacionis. Nam de primo dicit Dyonisius quod intelligibile lumen mundat intellectuales oculos ipsarum animarum a fede… Nam si lumen reuelacionis tanto apud Dionisium preconio dignum sit quia tenebras ignorancie fugat, merito lumen racionis eo imperfectum dicitur quia nebulis respargitur ignorancie. De hac vtique loquens Augustinus 22° de ciuitate c. 23° ait quod tenebroso quodam sinu omnes filios suscepit.’: Bodl. Lib., MS Bodl. 108, fos 59v–60v; cf. De divinis nominibus iv. 5, 6 (Dionysiaca, ed. Chevallier, P., Bruges 1937, i. 172–3); De civilate Dei xxii. 22 (CCL xlviii. 842; PL xli. 784)Google Scholar

149 Reule, 462, 313; Book of faith, 185, 188, 189, 193, 257; Repressor, i. 61–2, 170, 225–6; ii. 418, 425, 446, 459–60, 532; Jacob, , ‘Reynold Pecock’, 26Google Scholar.

150 Compare, for example, the passages cited in n. 141 above with De divinis nominibus i (Dionysiaca i. 5–56) or De mystica theologia iii (used by Damlett, n. 165 below).

151 ‘iuxta illud Dionisii primo libro de diuinis nominibus Vniuersaliter non est audendum dicere neque intellegere aliquid de essentiali et occulta diuinitate preter diuinitus nobis ex sacris scripturis expressa’: Bodl. Lib., MS Bodl. 108, fo. 32V; De divinis nominibus i. 1 (Dionysiaca i. 7).

152 Cf. Jacob, , ‘Reynold Pecock’, 32–4Google Scholar.

153 ‘Proprium et speciale officium sacre scripture est, mores viatorum [MS viatores] reddere deiformes’: Bodl. Lib., MS Bodl. 108, fo. 31v, supported by general references to the two Hierarchies; ‘per radium reuelacionis in scriptura sancta mores traduntur deiformes’: fo. 32v, with quotations from De divinis nominibus i. 2, 1 (Dionysiaca i. 16, 7); ‘libri philosophorum catholicorum ad hoc ordinantur vt vita hominum quibus diuina reuelacio non nisi per homines innotescit facilius per eorum exempla et veteranorum per eos renouatas tradiciones deiformitatem quandam in moribus amplectetur’: fo. 36r–v; cf. Repressor, i. 35–6, 39.

154 Bodl. Lib., MS Bodl. 797: Bury's erased ex libris and Sheen ex dono: front pastedown; the miscellany is on fos iir–viir; Hilton, fos iir–v, ivr–v (cf. Scale i. 46–8, 33, 27–8); Rolle, fos iiv–iiir (cf. Some minor works of Richard Rolle, ed. Hodgson, G. E., London 1923, 49–54Google Scholar; Allen, H. E., Writings ascribed to Richard Rolle, New York, London 1927, 74–5)Google Scholar; Medieval libraries of Great Britain, ed. Ker, N. R., 2nd edn, London 1964, 178Google Scholar.

155 Bodl. Lib., MS Bodl. 117, fos 11r–14v; the conclusions, fos 11r–13r, are printed in Repressor, ii. 615–19, and part of the additional material translated in Lewis, , Pecock, 183, 27–8Google Scholar. For Mede see fos 131 v, 14v–18v, and for his other books, Medieval libraries, 305, 178.

156 Wyclif and the Lollards, Bodl. Lib., MS Bodl. 117, fos 30r–2v, 41r; Barton, fos 32v–3v. For Barton, see Reg. Chichele, iii. 15Google Scholar, 16, 25; iv. 168–9; his articles are also in Bodl. Lib., MS Bodl. 549, fos 96r–7r, another Carthusian MS.

157 Ibid. MS Bodl. 117, fo. 11r.

158 BL, MS Royal 8.C. i, fos 127v–8r (EETS os ccxxxii, pp. 15–16), cf. PL clxxxiii. 962; these passages are additions to Lichefeld's source, the Ancrene Riwle: cf. The English text of the Ancrene Riwle edited from Cotton MS Nero A. xiv, ed. Day, M. (EETS os ccxxv, 1952), 43–4Google Scholar. For Gascoigne's use of Bernard on the Song of Songs see Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, p. 549; MS Lat. 118, pp. 155, 676; for Eyburhale's see n. 168 below; for Bury's, Bodl. Lib., MS Bodl. 108, fos 50r, 52r–v.

159 BL, MS Royal 10. A. xv, fos iv, 2r: see above p. 245; Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, p. 166.

160 Bodl. Lib., MS Lat. th. e. 33, pp. 1–4; T. Smith, Catalogue of the MSS in the Cottonian Library 1696, repr. Cambridge 1984, 68. (Otho A xiv); Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 117, pp. 597, 605–6, (Loci, 122–4); BL, MS Harl. 612, annotated by Gascoigne on fos 125V, 132V, 133r, 167r, 209V, 210v; Balliol Coll., MS 225, fo. 175v; Bodl. Lib., MS Digby 172, fos 27r, 38V, 43v–4r, 52v–3r. For Gascoigne's gifts to Syon, see Reg. Cane. Oxon. i. 406Google Scholar; Syon catalogue, 43 (E 3), 56 (F 30), 99 (M 13), 130 (N 58–9). For his translation of St Bridget's life see Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 118, p. 86 (Loci, 140).

161 Oxford, New College archive 9654 (Liber Albus), fo. iii (3)r; ‘Wykeham's books at New College’, ed. Leach, A. F., Collectanea iii (OHS xxxii, 1896), 231Google Scholar. For Gascoigne's epitaph in New College chapel see Wood, A., History and antiquities of the colleges and halls in the University of Oxford, Oxford 1786, 207Google Scholar.

162 Oriel Coll., MS 70, fos 168v, 81r: cf. Reuelationes celestes 1. ix, fo. xiiv; Dean's reg. Oriel, 396; for Gascoigne's spelling see esp. Balliol Coll., MS 225, fos 2v, 173r, where he corrects ‘Brigide’ to ‘Birgitte’; for devotion to St Bridget in Oxford in 1450 and 1452 see Linc. Coll., MS Lat. 118, p. 86 (Loci, 139–40); for other indications of Gascoigne's influence see Johnson, F. R., ‘The English cult of St Bridget of Sweden’, Analecta Bollandiana ciii (1985), 80–1Google Scholar. Andreas is Stegmiiller, F., Repertorium commentariorum in Sententias Petri Lombardi, Wurzburg 1947, no. 71Google Scholar.

163 Harrod, H., ‘Extract s from early wills in the Norwich registers’, Norfolk Archaeology iv (1855). 335–6Google Scholar.

164 GL, MS 9171/6, fo. clxxxixr. For the Speculum spiritualium see Lovatt, R., ‘Henry Suso and the medieval mystical tradition in England’, in Glasscoe, M. (ed.) The medieval mystical tradition in England, Exeter 1982, 53–4Google Scholar; Syon catalogue, 107 (M 60–3), 114 (M 108), 202.

165 ‘ista figura nichil probat pro parte ista quia secundum Dionisium symbolica theologia non est argumentatiua’: Pemb., Coll., MS 186, fo. 170r; cf. De mystica theologia iii (Dionysiaca i. 587–8).

166 GL, MS 9176/6, fo. clxxxixr. For Denys and Bridget, see Syon catalogue, pp. xxxGoogle Scholar, 221, 107–8 (M 64–9); Thompson, E. M., The Carthusian order in England, London 1930, 321, 326, 329Google Scholar; Medieval libraries, 179 (Sheen reclusory).

167 Paston letters, ed. Gairdner, J., London 1904, iii. 196Google Scholar; Calendar of papal letters, xi. 638–9; Syon catalogue, 126–7 (N 37). For Westhaugh, see BRUC, 630–1Google Scholar.

168 Incendium amoris, BL, MS Royal 5. C. iii, fos 305r–16v, 329r–40v, 317r (cf. The Incendium amoris of Richard Rolle of Hampole, ed. Deanesly, M., Manchester 1915, 3–4)Google Scholar; Bernard, , Sermones in cantica i–xxxiiGoogle Scholar, fos 321r–8v, 341r–73v (PL clxxxiii. 785–951); ‘Extracta a quodam libro Augustini vocato speculum peccatorum’, fos 279r–81r (unidentified); extracts from Meditations (i.e. Soliloquium), Stimulus amoris, and Meditations on the Passion, ascribed to Bonaventure, fos 281r–7r, 288r–96v (cf. S. Bonaventurae opera omnia, ed. Peltier, A. C., Paris 1868, xii. 85–108, 113–18, 662–89, 596–613)Google Scholar.

169 BL, MS Royal 5. C. iii, fos 297r–301r; Lovatt, R., ‘The library of John Blacman and contemporary Carthusian spirituality’, this JOURNAL xliii (1992), 211–12Google Scholar, and ‘Henry Suso’, 58–9.

170 LPL, MS 541, Pore caitiff, fos 1r–146v: ‘loue of Jhesu’, fos 111r–15r, is from Encomium nominis Jhesu (cf. Allen, , Writings, 74–5Google Scholar; Minor works of Rolle, 49–53; see above p. 258); part of ‘desier of Jhesu’, fos 116r–20r, is paraphrased from Form of living viii, x (cf. English writings of Richard Rolk, ed. Allen, H. E., Oxford 1931, 104–7, 108–10)Google Scholar; Eight chapters, chs v (defective at beginning), viii, fos 147r–50v (cf. Walter Hilton's Eight chapters on perfection, ed. Kuriyagawa, F., Tokyo 1967, 17–21Google Scholar (lines 270–317), 28–32: for this MS see also pp. xi–xii and plate viii).

171 Knowles, , Religious orders, iii. 213Google Scholar; Catto, J. I., ‘Theology after Wycliffism’, History of the University of Oxford, ii. 274–5Google Scholar; Syon catalogue, pp. xxiii–vii: for the benefactors named here see BRUC, 72, 106, 176, 206–7, 226–7, 357, 466, 507, 552–3, 630–1, 635–6, for Bond, Bumpstede, Damlett, Edyman, Fewterer, Lawsby, Pynchebek, Saunder, Steke, Westhaugh, Whitford; other identifications (for example Rawlyn, , Rygot, , BRUC, 473, 499)Google Scholar are possible.

172 Catto, , ‘Theology after Wycliffism’, 280Google Scholar.