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Recovering the Augustinian Convent of San Salvatore in Venetian Candia
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 November 2020
Abstract
This study investigates the place of San Salvatore in the holy topography of Venetian Candia. By focusing on the largest convent in the Augustinian Province of the Holy Land, it contributes to a better understanding of a neglected subject in mendicant scholarship, namely the Augustinian friars’ expansion in the eastern Mediterranean. This article offers a detailed reconstruction of the demolished building and its sacred space, and sheds new light on interaction among the mixed Latin-Greek population in Venetian Crete by examining icons, altars, liturgy and, in particular, the introduction of the cult of Nicholas of Tolentino.
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- Research Article
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- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2020
Footnotes
I would like to thank Ioanna Christoforaki, Donal Cooper, Maria Georgopoulou and Olga Gratziou for their generous help.
References
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30 Namely Corfu, Chanea, Suda-Skopelos, Rethymno, Mylopotamos, Nicosia and Famagusta.
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37 ‘Secundum, locum obtinet Augustinianorum De Salvatori dicatum, peramplum et idquidem atque egregii operis aedificium’: J. Cootwijk, Itinerarium Hierosolymitanum et Syriacum, Antwerp 1619, 67. Another description: ‘Près de cette derniere étoit celle des Augustins, qui étoit consacrée à nôtre Sauveur, et qui étoit ungrand et superbe édifice’: Dapper, O., Description exacte des isles de l'Archipel et de quelques autres adjacentes, Amsterdam 1703, 407Google Scholar.
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40 ‘ecclesia Sancti Salvatoris de burgo Candide’: Stahl, A., The documents of Angelo de Cartura and Donato Fontanella: Venetian notaries in fourteenth-century Crete, Washington, DC 2000, 10Google Scholar.
41 ‘Item dimitto yperpera triginta que predicti mei commissarii debeant ponere in laborerio ecclesie nove Fratrum Heremitarum de burgo Candide pro anima mea’: Herigina, wife of ser Nicolaus Piçamano of Venice, 30 Mar. 1348, ASVe, NC, busta 10, fasc. 2, fo. 10r; Georgopoulou, Venice's Mediterranean colonies, 316 n. 58 (partial quotation). The will is published in Wills from late medieval Venetian Crete: 1312–1420, ed. S. McKee, Washington, DC 1998, 53.
42 ‘Item lago al monasterio de Sen Salvador yperperi X per so lavorerio de la glesia’: Iohannes Dandullo, 17 Sept. 1362, ASVe, NC, busta 143, fasc. 5, fo. 5v; Wills from Crete, 389; ‘Item dimitto conventui Fratrum Heremitarum burgi Candide yperpera quindecim pro dispensatione in hedificio ipsorum ecclesie Salvatoris’: Iohannes Cornario, 2 Mar. 1376, ASVe, NC, busta 295, fasc. 7, fo. 5r; Wills from Crete, 741; ‘Item dimitto pro reparatione ecclesie Sancti Salvatoris site in casale suprascripto, in qua sepulti fuerunt filii mei, yperpera cretensia vigintiquinque’: Marcus Vassalo, 2 May 1376, ASVe, NC, busta 295, fasc. 10, fo. 5r; Wills from Crete, 876; ‘Item dimitto monasterio Sancti Salvatoris Fratrum Heremitarum burgi Candide yperpera viginti pro laborerio ecclesie’: Çaninus Manolesso, 14 Sept. 1376, ASVe, NC, busta 295, fasc. 10, fo. 7r; Wills from Crete, 881; ‘Item in monasterio Sancti Salvatoris yperpera decem pro simili causa (pro fabrica dicta ecclesia)’: Presbyter Georgius Caucho, 2 July 1418, ASVe, NC, busta 295, fasc. 4, fo. 7v; Wills from Crete, 589.
43 ‘Item dimito yperpera decem monasterio Salvatoris Heremitarum burgi Candide pro laborerio ecclesie eiusdem monasterii’: Marchesina Tanto, 12 May 1366, ASVe, NC, busta 295, fasc. 12, fo. 4r; Wills from Crete, 923.
44 ‘capellam ad portam campanile in loco de dicto more polito agregati’: 8 Mar. 1389, ASVe, NC, busta 24, fo. 170r.
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47 ASV, SCPVC, v, fos 349r–350r. Nikolaos M. Panagiotakes gives a very useful summary of the church visitation of 1625, with a few quotations transcribed from it: El Greco: the Cretan years, London 2009, 124. In the following, I will provide further passages with my own transcription.
48 ASV, SCPVC, v, fos 349r–50r. While the precise date of foundation of these altars or which ones were medieval is not known, occasionally the dedications offer a terminus post quem, i.e. St Charles can most likely be identified with Charles of Borromeo, who was canonised in 1610. The main altar is sometimes mentioned as dedicated to St Augustine, which would be its traditional dedication in the case of Augustinian churches, with some rare exceptions including Candia: Georgopoulou, Venice's Mediterranean colonies, 145.
49 ‘l'Altare di S. Sebastiano … con l'obligo d'una messa ogni p.o del mese di Santi Cosma, et Damiano’: ASV, SCPVC, v, fo. 349v.
50 ‘Stalla vel sedilia chori sunt ingenioso artificio de lignis cypressinis facta, ita quod supra quolibet sedile est sculpta imago aliqua Domini Jesu, Beate Virginis, apostolorum omnium, beato Augustini et imagines patronorum ecclesiae’: Faber, Evagatorium, 282.
51 ‘Perillustris dominus Mapheus Malvezzo hanc aperuit januam postquam ere proprio chorum e medio ecclesiae abstulit et illum post altare situavit maius, tempore provincialatus fratris Vigilii Querini, anno Domini 1616’: Georgopoulou, Venice's Mediterranean colonies, 316, n. 56. The inscription is now in the collection of the Historical Museum in Crete: S. Alexiou, Οδηγός ιστορικού μουσείου Κρήτη [Guide to the historical museum of Crete], Heraklion 1953, 20–1.
52 ‘Dalla destra banda si visitó l'Altare di S. Carlo con diversi miracoli intorno dipinti’: ASV, SCPVC, v, fo. 349v.
53 ‘È mantenuto in tutto dalla Confraternità, la quale paga al Monastero ogni anno Perpese 57 per elemosina, con obligo ogni quarta Domenica del mese di far la Processioni’: ibid.
54 ‘pro pictura ecclesie eiusdem monasterii’: 12 Feb. 1350: ASVe, NC, busta 100, fo. 36r; Georgopoulou, Venice's Mediterranean colonies, 144, 316 n. 59.
55 ‘altri santi nell'istessa pala sono dipinti’: ASV, SCPVC, v, fo. 349v.
56 Georgopoulou, Venice's Mediterranean colonies, 145. For the original source see ‘Georgi Calomati, comandator, refferito de ordine de ser Hieronymo Donato, gastaldo, haver interdito et sequestrato nele man de maistro Zuan Gripioti uno quadro della Passion del nostro Salvator, qual si trova nelle man sue per lui lavorato al reverendo provincial de san Salvator, per la valuta del qual esso reverendo provincial ha promesso pagar a ser Bernardo de Marco, contador della camera phiscal, ducati 5 et yperperi 3 incirca aconto di quello die haver esso ser Bernardo del predetto maistro Zuan per vigor de uno instrumento sottoscritto per il clarissimo executor notato per man de ser Hieronymo Maruliano, notaio greco, sotto di 8 lujo 1545 come in quello et questo ad instantia di esso ser Bernardo creditor’: 18 Aug. 1546, ASVe, NC, busta 34 bis – 35, 18 (1546), fo. 63r; M. Constantoudaki, ‘Ἀνέκδοτα ἔγγραφα γιὰ τὸ ζωγράφο τοῦ 16ου αἰ Ἰωάννη Γριπιώτη’ [Unpublished documents about the 16th-century painter Ioannis Gripiotis], Thesaurismata xiii (1976), 284–95 at p. 292.
57 ‘Dalla detta banda si visitò l'Altare della Madonna Sanctissima portata da Rodi, che era nella chiesa di detti Padri, et è antica imagine, et di devotioni. Ha diversi miracoli intorno’: ASV, SCPVC, v, fo. 349v.
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66 Gerola, ‘Gli oggetti sacri di Candia’, 241.
67 ‘Si visitò l'Altare, che la pittura è greca et antica di Christo, della Madonna et di S. Zorzi’: ASV, SCPVC, v, fo. 349v.
68 Hemmerdinger-Iliadou, D., ‘La Crété sous la domination vénetienne et turque (1322–1684): renseignements nouveaux ou peu connus d'après les pélérins et les voyageurs’, Studi veneziani ix (1967), 535–623 at p. 597Google Scholar.
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74 ‘Primo quidem eligo meam sepulturam apud ecclesiam Sancti Salvatoris Fratrum Hermeitarum burgi Candide’: ASVe, ND, busta 295, fasc. 10, fo. 1r; Wills from Crete, 862. ‘Item eligo meam sepulturam apud ecclesiam Sancti Salvatoris Fratrum Heremitarum burgi Candide. Item dimitto conventui Fratrum Heremitarum /Burgi Candide/ yperpera cretensia viginti pro missis celebrandis pro anima mea’: ASVe, ND, busta 295, fasc. 10, fo. 1r; Wills from Crete, 868.
75 ‘Item volo quod de tella et lino dimuto que habeo fiat unum par paramentorum et detur in ecclesia Sancti Salvatoris de burgo Candide’: ASVe, NC, busta 295, fasc. 6, fo. 1r; Wills from Crete, 675.
76 ‘Sed imagines illae passae sunt injuriam, quae etiam usque in contumeliam imaginatorum pertingit; quidam enim graecus haereticus, occulte ingressus ecclesiam, abscidit nasos omnium imaginum et opus egregium et devotum confudit’: Faber, Evagatorium, 282.
77 McKee, Uncommon dominion, esp. pp. 168–79.
78 ‘Item dimitto ecclesie Sancti Salvatoris burgi Candide yperpera quinque’: Antonius Greco, 9 June 1362, ASVe, ND, busta 295, fasc. 7, fo. 8r; Wills from Crete, 806.
79 Hemmerdinger-Iliadou, La Crété, 597.
80 Georgopoulou, Venice's Mediterranean colonies, 188.
81 Ibid.
82 Ibid.
83 ‘Eodem die. Plenam et irrevocabilem securitatem facio ego frater Georgius Faletro, prior conventus fratrum Heremitarum Candide, cum meis successoribus, tibi yconomo Synaitorum, habitatori Candide, et tuis successoribus, de libro uno nominato Vulgari et uno alio libro psaltereo scriptis in lingua grecorum, que mihi dedisti et restituisti. Qui libri fuerunt tibi pignorati pro grossis decemnovem quod quidam tibi dederit dictos libros ad vendendum et dictos grossos xviiii tibi dedi et persolvi. Nunc autem quia dictos libros mihi dedisti et deliberasti amodo in antea te securum reddo pariter et quietum et promitto cum meis successoribus te extrahere ab omni dampno expenssis et interesse que possent tibi occurere dictorum librorum occasione. Quia etc. Testes presbyter Marchus Durcios et Franciscus Coppe. Complere et dare?’: 11 May 1370, ASVe, ND, busta 13, fo. 23v; McKee, Uncommon dominion, 121, 229–30 n. 101.
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90 ‘Tagliapetra’ is listed in the Concessio insulae cretensis from 1211: Urkunden zur älteren Handels- und Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig, i, ed. G. L. Tafel and G. M. Thomas, repr. Amsterdam 1964, 135. Men named Nicolò from the Tagliapietra family occur in sources, for example in 1381 and 1490: Hazlitt, W. Carew, The Venetian Republic: its rise, its growth, and its fall, 421–1797, Venice 1900, 715Google Scholar; O'Connell, M., Men of empire: power and negotiation in Venice's maritime state, Baltimore, Md 2009, 92Google Scholar.
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97 Las primitivas constituciones de los Agustinos: Ratisbonenses del año 1290, ed. I. Arámburu Cendoya, Valladolid 1968, 84–99.
98 Registrum Bartholomei Veneti, 411.
99 Hoffmann, ‘La biblioteca scientifica’, 321, 357.
100 On Marian icons in Candia see Georgopoulou, Venice's Mediterranean colonies, 217–23, and Bacci, M., Campobasso, G., Dermitzaki, A. and others, ‘Marian cult-sites along the Venetian sea-routes to the Holy Land in the late Middle Ages’, in Mariani, M. S. Calò and Trono, A. (eds), The ways of mercy: arts, culture and Marian routes between east and west, Lecce 2017, 81–106 at p. 96Google Scholar.