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Recent Studies on the Economic History of Venice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 February 2011

Frederic C. Lane
Frederic C. Lane
Affiliation:
Johns Hopkins University
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Extract

The economic development of Venice claims attention for several reasons. As the birthplace of capitalism, Venice has been assigned a leading role in a semi-Marxist scheme of world history. Within a more specifically historical and geographical framework, it presents a classic case of maturity and decay. After being for centuries a leader among world markets it was so placed as to register the effects of the oceanic shift in the world's trade during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Type
Review Article
Information
The Journal of Economic History , Volume 23 , Issue 3 , September 1963 , pp. 312 - 334
Copyright
Copyright © The Economic History Association 1963

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References

1 Luzzatto, Gino, Storia economica di Venezia dall' xi al xvi secolo. (Venice: Centro Internazionale delle Arti e del Costume, 1961)Google Scholar. Cited hereafter as Luzzatto, Storia.

2 Storia di Venezia. (2 vols. Venice: Centro Internationale delle Arti e del Costume, 1957–58). Vol. I, with the subtitle “Dalla prehistoria alla storia,” includes G. G. Zille, “L'ambiente naturale,” and R. Cessi, “Da Roma e Bisanzio.” Vol. II, “Dalle origini del Ducato alla IV crociata,” includes L. Lanfranchi and G. G. Zille, “Il territorio del Ducato veneziano dall' viii al xii secolo,” and R. Cessi, “Politics, economia, religione.”

3 Cessi, Roberto, Politica ed economia di Venezia del Trecento, Saggi (Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1952)Google Scholar.

4 Deliberazioni del Maggior Consiglio di Venezia, Roberto Cessi, ed. Accademia dei Lincei, Rome, Atti delle Assemblee costituzionali italiane dal medio evo al 1831, serie 3, sezione I (Bologna: Zanichelli, Vol. I, 1950; Vol. II, 1931; Vol. III, 1934).

5 Cessi, Roberto, Le Origini del Ducato Veneziano (Naples: A. Morano Editore, 1951)Google Scholar, especially pp. 333–39.

6 von Pölnitz, Götz Freiherr, Venedig (Munich: Verlag Georg D. W. Callwey, 1951)Google Scholar.

7 Le Deliberazioni del Consiglio dei Rogati (Senato), Serie “Mixtorum.” Vol. I—”Testo del registro I e rubriche registri I–XIV” (a 1221–1331), Roberto Cessi and Paolo Sambin, eds.; Vol. II—”Regesti dei registri XV–XVI” (1332–1333), Roberto Cessi and Mario Brunetti, eds. Deputazione di Storia Patria per le Venezie, Monumenti Storici, nuova serie, XV, XVI (Venice, 1961, 1962). On the difficulties, see my review in Speculum, XXXVIII (Jan. 1963), 121–23. Of economic interest in the same series are No. 6, Pasquale Longo, Notaio di Corone. Cartolare per gli anni 1289–1293, A. Lombardo, ed. (1951); No. 7, Nuovi documenti del commercio veneto dei secoli, XI–XIII, A. Lombardo and R. Morozzo della Rocca, eds. (1951); and Nos. 9 and 12, Le Deliberazioni del Consiglio dei XL della Repubblica di Venezia, Vols. I and II, 1957 and 1958.

8 In 1961, nine volumes had appeared and fourteen were definitely planned. The Comitato distributes through the Studio Bibliographico Antenore, Padua. On the early volumes, see The Journal of Economic History, IX, No. I (May 1949), 67Google Scholar. Others are: S. Lorenzo di Ammiana (1125–1199), Luigi Lanfranchi, ed. (1947); S. Giovanni Evangelista di Torcello (1024–1199), Luigi Lanfranchi, ed. (1948); S. Giorgio di Fossone (1074–1199), Bianca Strina, ed. (1957); Ss. Secondo ed Erasmo (1089–1199), Eva Malipiero Ucropina, ed. (1958); S. Lorenzo (853–1199), Franco Gaeta, ed. (1959); Benevenuto de Brixano, notaio in Candia (1301–1302), Raimondo Morozzo della Rocca, ed. (1950); Leonardo Marcello, notaio in Candia (1278–1281), Mario Chiaudano and Antonino Lombardo, eds. (i960); Famiglia Zusto (1083–1199), Luigi Lanfranchi, ed. (1955); Lettere di Mercanti a Pignol Zucchello (1336–1350), Raimondo Morozzo della Rocca, ed. (1957).

9 Bollettino dell' Istituto di Storia della Società e dello Stato Veneziano, Direttore Gian Piero Bognetti, Segretario Gaetano Cozzi, Vol. I (1959– ). Notable in addition to articles mentioned below is the summary of 1960–62 excavations, including the finding of a pre-Carolingian glass furnace, by Bognetti, Gian Piero, “Una campagna di scavi a Torcello per chiarire problemi inerenti alle origini di Venezia,” in the Bollettino, III (1961), 3–27Google Scholar.

10 Miscellanea in onore di Roberto Cessi, Storia e Letteratura: Raccolta di Testi e Studi, LXXI, LXXII, LXXIII. (Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1958).

11 Studi in onore di Amintore Fanfani (6 vols., Milan: Dott. A. Giuffrè, 1962).

12 Studi in onore di Gino Luzzatto (4 vols., Milan: Dott. A. Giuffrè, 1949–50).

13 Studi in onore di Armando Sapori (2 vols., Milan: Istituto Editoriale Cisalpino, 1957).

14 Luzzatto, Gino, Studi di Storia economica veneziana. Istituto Universitario di Economia e Commercio, Venice (Padua: Cedam, 1954), p. 310Google Scholar. Cited hereafter as Luzzatto, Studi.

15 His Storia summarizes earlier special studies in his Studi, and also Luzzatto, Gino, “Tasso d'interesse e usura a Venezia nei secoli xiii–xv,” Miscellanea in onore ii Roberto Cessi (1958), I, 191–202Google Scholar. Abrate, M. in “Creta, colonia veneziana nei secoli xiii–xv,” Economia e storia, IV (1957), 270Google Scholar, after surveying the earliest Cretan contracts, also concludes that the canonical ban did not prevent loans at interest.

16 Lane, Frederic Chapin, “Venetian Merchant Galleys, 1300–1334, Private and Communal Operation,” Speculum, XXXVIII, No. 2 (April 1963), 179–204CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

17 Tenenti, Alberto and Vivanti, Corrado, “Le film d'un grand système de navigation: Les galères vénitiennes, xiv–xvie siècles,” Annales (économies-sociétés-civilisations), XVI (1961), 83–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Thiriet, Freddy, “Quelques observations sur le trafic des galères vénitiennes d'après les chiffres des incanti (xiv–xv siècles),” Studi … Fanfani, III, 493–522Google Scholar.

18 Il Libro dei Conti di Giacomo Badoer (Constantinopoli, 1436–1440), Umberto Dorini and Tommaso Bertelè, eds. (Il Nuovo Ramusio, Raccolta di viaggi, testi, e documenti relativi ai rapporti fra l'Europa e l'oriente. Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, III. (Rome: La Libreria dello Stato, 1956). See also Bertele, T., “Il libro dei conti di Giacomo Badoer,” Byzantion, XXI (1951), 123–26Google Scholar.

19 Lane, Frederic Chapin, Andrea Barbarigo, Merchant of Venice (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1944)Google Scholar, described a merchant's relations with his commission agents but failed to supply the full text of illustrative letters. To meet this need there is now Sassi, Salvatore, ed., Lettere di Commercio di Andrea Barbarigo, mercante veneziano dall' 400 (Naples: Arti Grafiche “La Novissima,” 1951)Google Scholar. See also Salvatore Sassi, Sulle scritture di due aziende mercantile veneziane del Quattrocento (Naples: Arti Grafiche, La Novissima, s.d.).

20 Luzzatto, Storia, p. 123; Cessi, Politica ed economia, p.23–47.

21 Luzzatto, Studi, p. 75; idem, Storia, pp. 123–24.

22 Delib. del Maggior Consiglio (cited in n. 4), II, 109–12.

23 Cox, Oliver C., The Foundations of Capitalism (New York: Philosophical Library, 1959)Google Scholar presents Venice as the “progenitor” of capitalism because the purpose of its government was to assure profit on capital.

24 Lopez, Roberto Sabatino, “Venezia e le grandi linee dell'espansione commerciale nel secolo viii,” La Civiltà veneziana del secolo di Marco Polo (Venice: Fondazione Giorgio Cini and Sansoni, 1955), pp. 37–82Google Scholar. Cited hereafter as Civiltà … Marco Polo. Lopez prints as an appendix, pp. 63–83, the long document concerning the venture to Delhi of the Loredano, referred to in The Journal of Economic History, III, No. 2 (Nov. 1943), 174–80Google Scholar. Other documents concerning Venetians in Asia have been published by della Rocca, Raimondo Morozzo, “Catay” in Miscellanea in onore di Roberto Cessi, I, 199–203Google Scholar, and idem, “Sulle orme di Polo,” Italia che scrive, 1954. In “Notizie da Caffa” in Studi … Fanfani, III, he has printed the dispatches from the Venetian envoy to the Tartars, 1344–46. Franco Borlandi, “Alle origini del libro di Marco Polo,” Studi in onore di Amintore Fanfani, I, 107–47, argues that Rustichello must have had at hand a real trader's manual compiled in Italian by Marco Polo during his oriental experience. On Marco Polo see also Almagia, Roberto et al. , Nel VII Centenario della nascita di Marco Polo (Venice: Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, 1955Google Scholar); Moule, A. C., Quinsai with other Notes on Marco Polo (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1957)Google Scholar; Olschki, Leonardo, Marco Polo's Asia: An Introduction to his Description of the World called “Il Milione,” trans, by Scott, John A. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960)Google Scholar.

25 Yves Renouard, “Mercati e mercanti veneziani alia fine del Duecento,” Civiltà … Marco Polo, pp. 83–108.

26 Luzzatto, Gino, “L'economia” in La Civiltà veneziana del Trecento (Venice: Fondazione Giorgio Cini and Sansoni, 1956)Google Scholar.

27 Grierson, Philip, “La moneta veneziana nell' economia mediterranea del ‘300 e 400” in La Civillà veneziana del Quattrocento (Venice: Fondazione Giorgio Cini and Sansoni, 1956)Google Scholar.

28 Verlinden, Charles, “La colonie vénitienne de Tana, centre de la traite des esdaves au xive et au début du xve siècle,” in Studi in onore di Gino Luzzatto, II, 1–25Google Scholar; idem, “Aspects de l'esclavage dans les colonies médiéVales italiennes,” Eventail de l'histoire vivant: Hommage à Lucien Febure (2 vols. Paris: Armand Colin, 1954), II, 91–103; idem, “La Crète, débouché et plaque tournante de la traite des esclaves aux xive et xve siècles,” in Studi … Fanfani, III, 593–669Google Scholar.

29 Thiriet, Freddy, La Romanie vénitienne au moyen âge: Le developpement et l'exploitation du domain colonial vénitien (xii–xve siècles), Bibliothèque des Écoles Françaises d'Athênes et de Rome (Paris: Université de Paris, Faculté des Lettres and Boccard, 1959)Google Scholar.

30 Freddy Thiriet, Regestes des Délibérations du Senat de Venise concernant la Romanie, tome I, 1329–1399, tome II, 1400–1430, tome III, 1431–1463. École Pratique des Hautes Études, VIe Section; Documents et recherches sur l'économie des pays byzantins, islamiques et slaves et leurs rélations commerciales au moyen âge, sous le direction de Paul Lemerle. (Paris: Mouton, 1958–61.)

31 Luzzatto, Storia, p. 121, mentions the Florentine development, pointing out that the Venetians did not have the same motives for depreciating the piccole monete used within Venice.

32 Lane, Frederic C., “Le Vecchie monete di conto veneziane ed il ritorno all'oro,” in Atti dell' Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, CXV1I (1958–59)Google Scholar. Cl. di scienze morali e lettere, pp. 49–78, especially pp. 72, 76.

33 Far less integrated, however, is the sketch of Crete's commercial position given by Abrate, M. in Economia e politico, IV (1957)Google Scholar, as cited above. Among Freddy Thiriet's many articles, of special economic interest is “Les lettres commerciales des Bembo et le commerce vénitien dans l'empire ottoman à la fin du xve siècle,” in Studi in onore Sapori, II, 911–33Google Scholar.

34 Thiriet, La Romanie vénitienne, p. 429. Cf. ibid., pp. 394, 436–38.

35 Romano, Ruggiero, “Aspetti economici degli armamenti navali veneziani nel secolo xvi,” Rivista storica italiana, LXVI (1954), 39–67Google Scholar. He reconsiders also some problems concerning the industrial organization of the Arsenal which I discussed in my Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders of the Renaissance (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1934)Google Scholar.

36 A useful description of the Venetian glass industry, medieval and modern, by a technical expert is Gasparetto's, Astone Il vetro di Murano dalle origini ad oggi (Venice: Neri Pozza, 1958)Google Scholar.

37 Sardella, Pierre, Nouvelles et spéculations à Venise au début du xvi6 siècle. Cahiers des Annales, I, (Paris: Colin, n.d.)Google Scholar. On market reports and predictions see also Tucci, Ugo, “Alle origini dcllo spirito capltalistico a Venezia: La previsione economica,” Studi … Fanfani, III, 547–57Google Scholar.

38 Luzzatto, Gino, “La Decadenza di Venezia dopo le scoperte geographiche nella tradizione e nella realta,” Archivio veneto, Ser. v, LIV–LV (1954), 174Google Scholar. Two interesting special studies supplement this general appraisal. V. Magalhaes-Godinho, “Le repli vénitien et égyptien et la route du Cap, 1496–1533,” Eventail d'histoire vivante: Hommage à Laden Febvre. (Paris: Armand Colin, 1953), II, 283–300, traces in some detail the Venetian reaction in the first decades of the century and rightly emphasizes the immediate effect of spice supplies on the supply of precious metals in Venice. Ugo Tucci, Lettres d'un marchand vénitien, Andrea Berengo (1553–1556), avant-propos de Gino Luzzato (Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, VIe Section; Affairs et Gens d'Affairs, X [Paris: S.E.V.P.E.N., 1957]) is composed mainly of transcriptions of 282 letters written January-May 1556 from Aleppo, but Tucci's introduction includes much year-by-year detail gathered from consular reports from Syria. Tucci stresses that Syria did not share equally with Alexandria in the return of spices to the Mediterranean in mid-century, and he gives a vivid sense of the hazards of a business in which at least three routes—through the Red Sea, around the Cape, and through Bagdad or Persia—were in active competition. Arrivals on any one of the three were highly uncertain, so that markets were at the mercy of rumors. The extensive glossary and thorough indexing add much to the high value which such a volume of transcriptions has for other scholars wishing to use similar material.

39 “Venezia ha visto aumentare il suo peso specifico nel Cinquecento; ma non il suo peso relativo: e questa distinzione pone il problèma della sua decadenza.” Braudel, Fernand, “La Vita economica di Venezia nel secolo xvi,” La Civiltà veneziana del Rinascimento (Venice: Fondazione Giorgio Cini and Sansoni, 1958), pp. 83–102Google Scholar. An Italian translation of Braudel's basic work has been published by Einaudi: Braudel, Fernand, Civiltà e imperi del Mediterraneo nell' età di Filippo II, trans, by Pischedda, Carlo (Turin: Einaudi, 1953)Google Scholar.

A survey of developments in the second half of the century with emphasis on agriculture and finances is Stella's, Aldo “La crisi economica veneziana nella seconda meta del secolo xvi,” Archivio veneto, ser. v, LIX (1955–56), 17–69Google Scholar.

40 Cipolla, Carlo, “The Decline of Italy, the Case of a Fully Matured Economy,” Economic History Review, ser. 2, V (1952–53), 178–87Google Scholar.

41 Aspetti e cause della decadenza economica veneziana nel secolo xvii, Atti del convegno 27 giugno—2 luglio 1957, Civiltà veneziana, studi 9, Fondazione Giorgio Cini, Centro di Cultura e Civiltà, Scuola di S. Giorgio per lo Studio della Civiltà Veneziana, Istituto di Storia della Società e dello Stato (Venice and Rome: Istituto per la Collaborazione Culturale, 1961). Cited hereafter as Decadenza.

42 Carlo Livi, Domenico Sella, and Ugo Tucci, “Un problême d'histoire: la décadence économique de Venise,” Decadenza, pp. 287–317.

43 As stated by Gian Piero Bognetti, the Director of the Istituto per la Storia della Società e dello Stato in his “Avvertenza” opening the volume (p. ix) those present were: for France, Fernand Braudel with Jean Meuvret, Paul Jeannin, and Ruggiero Romano; for Germany, Ludwig Beutin with Hermann Kellenbenz; for England, Ralph Davis with Lawrence Stone; for Jugoslavia, Jorjo Tadic; for Turkey, Omer L. Barkan with Lufti Gücer; for Italy, Gino Luzzatto with Carlo Cipolla, and Carlo Livi, Domenico Sella, and Ugo Tucci with whom were Daniele Beltrami and Giuseppe Aleati.

44 Ludwig Beutin, “La décadence économique de Venise considerée du point de vue nordeuropéen,” Decadenza, pp. 85–106.

45 Fernand Braudel, Pierre Jeannin, Jean Meuvret, Ruggiero Romano, “Le déclin de Venise au XVIIème siècle,” Decadenza, pp. 23–84. After viewing Europe as a whole, the paper has a section on developments within Venice itself and comes only in its final portion to the economic relations of France and Venice, dealing lightly with the crucial competition at the beginning of the century and in more detail with the situation in the Levant later, when Venice was no longer of primary importance except at Constantinople. In the conclusion it is stated that Venice's decline was due to Venice's own weaknesses: its conservatism and lack of imagination.

46 Decadenza, p. 3.

47 Beutin, Ludwig, “Der wirtschaftliche Niedergang Venedigs im 16 und 17 Jahrhundert,” Hansische Geshichtsblätter, Jg. 76 (1958), 42–72Google Scholar.

48 Domenico Sella, Commerci e industrie a Venezia net secolo xvii, Fondazione Giorgio Cini, Civiltà veneziana, Studi 11 (Venice-Rome: Istituto per la Collaborazione Culturale, 1961).

49 Ibid., Appendix E, and idem, “Les mouvements longs de l'industrie lainière à Venise aux xvie et xviie siècles,” Annales (économies, société, civilisations), XII (1957), 29–45.

50 Sella, Commerci e Industrie, ch. i and Appendix B.

51 Lane, Frederic Chapin, “Venetian Shipping during the Commercial Revolution,” American Historical Review, XXXVIII No. 2 (Jan. 1933), 219–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, Venetian Ships and Ship-builders of the Renaissance (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1934), pp. 108–11, 217–33.

52 Romano, Ruggiero, “La Marine marchande vénitenne au xvie siècle,” Les Sources de l'histoire maritime en Europe, du moyen âge au xviiie siècle, Actes du Quatrième Colloque International d'Histoire Maritime, Paris, 1959, Mollat, Michel, ed. (Paris, S.E.V.P.E.N., 1962), pp. 33–68Google Scholar.

53 Ralph Davis, “Influences de l'Angleterre sur le déclin de Venise au xviie siècle,” Decadenza, pp. 183–234; see also idem, “England and the Mediterranean, 1570–1670,” in Essays in the Economic and Social History of Tudor and Stuart England in honour of R. H. Tawney, Fisher, F. J., ed. (Cambridge: The University Press, 1961)Google Scholar.

54 Tucci, Ugo, “Sur la pratique vénitienne de la navigation au xvie siècle,” Annales (économies, sociétés, civilisations), XIII (1958), 72–86Google Scholar.

55 On the dates of the downward turn see Decadenza, p. 119; and Sella, Commerci e industria, pp. 26–29, 111, 118. It is noteworthy that Sella's “seventeenth century” is practically 1580–1680, whereas Braudel's is 1620 to 1720, Sella's period being defined by a problem of Venetian history, Braudel's by a broader problem of European history. For Venice, the conditions causing the decline from the prosperity of the late sixteenth century had really revealed their full consequences by the end of the Cretan war of 1645–1669. By that time, interest shifts to the new factors making for revival or at least arresting decline, for example, the role of Venetian shipping as a neutral carrier during Anglo-Dutch or Anglo-French wars.

56 Contrast Davis in Decadenza, pp. 199–201 and Sella, Commerci e industria, pp. 33–35. Perhaps Sella's view applies to the first years of the century and Davis's to later decades.

57 Sella, Commerci e industria, p. 31 and note; Ömer Lûfti Barkan, “Le déclin de Venise dans ses rapports avec le décadence économique de l'Empire Ottoman,” Decadenza, pp. 275–78; Lufti Gücer, “La situation du negociant vénitien devant le régime douanier de l'Empire Ottoman,” Decadenza, pp. 279–85.

58 Sella, Commerci e industrie, p. 34 et seq. See also his brief summary of his interpretation, idem, “Il declino dell'emporio realtino,” in La Civiltà veneziana nell'età barocca (Venice: Fondazione Giorgio Cini and Sansoni, 1959).

59 9 The political situation is vividly presented in a truly notable political biography by Cozzi, Gaetano, Il Doge Nicolò Contarini (Venice-Rome: Editore Istituto per la Collaborazione Culturale, 1958)Google Scholar.

60 Tenenti, Alberto, Naufrages, corsaires et assurances à Venise, 1592–1609. École Pratique des Hautes Études, VIe Section: Ports, Routes et Trafics. VIII. (Paris: S.E.V.P.E.N., 1959)Google Scholar.

61 Lane, Frederic C., “La marine marchande et le trafic maritime de Venise à travers les siècles,” in Les Sources de l'histoire maritime en Europe, du moyen âge au xviii siècle, Actes du quatrieme Colloque International d'Histoire Maritime, Mollat, Michel, ed. (Paris: S.E.V.P.E.N., 1962)Google Scholar.

62 Tenenti, Alberto, Venezia e i corsari, 1580–1615, Biblioteca di cultura moderna (Bari: Laterza, 1961, p. 564Google Scholar).

63 Tenenti, Alberto, “Schiavi e corsari nel Mediterraneo orientale intorno al 1585,” Miscellanea in onore Roberto Cessi, II, 175Google Scholar; idem, Cristoforo Da Canal: La Marine vénitienne avant Lépante (Paris, S.E.V.P.E.N., 1962); idem, “Gli schiavi di Venezia alla fine del Cinquencento,” Rivista storica italiana, vol. LXVII (1955); idem, “Aspetti della vita mediterranea intorno al seicento,” Bollettino dell'Istituto di Storia della Società e dello Stato (Venice: Fondazione Giorgio Cini), II (i960), 1–16.

64 Stefani, Giuseppe, Insurance in Venice from the Origins to the End of the Serenissima (2 vols. Venice and Trieste: Assicurazione generali di Trieste e Venezia, 1956)Google Scholar. The Italian title is: Assicurazione a Venezia dalle origine alla fine della Serenissima. Documenti publ. in occasione del 125 annuale della Compagnia a cura di Giuseppe Stefani (Trieste, 1956)Google Scholar.

65 Jorjo Tadic, “Le commerce en Dalmatie et à Raguse et la décadence économique de Venise au XVIIeme siècle, “Decadenza, pp. 235–74. Also relevant are Tadic, Jorjo, “La part de Raguse au commerce méditerranéen au xvie siècle,” in Atti del X Congresso Internazionale di Scienze Storiche, (Rome, 1955)Google Scholar; idem, “Le port de Raguse et sa flotte au xvie siècle,” in Le Navire et l'économie maritime du moyen âge au xviiie siècle principalement en Méditerranèe, Travaux du Deuxième Colloque International d'Histoire Maritime, 1957, Michel Mollat, ed. (Paris: S.E.V.P.E.N., 1958).

66 Hermann Kellenbenz, “Le déclin de Venise et les relations économiques de Venise avec les marchés au nord des Alpes,” Decadenza, pp. 107–82.

67 Mandich, G., Le pacts de ricorsa et le marché italien des changes au xviie siècle. École Pratique des Hautes Études, VIe Section, Affairs et Gens d'Affaires, 7. (Paris, S.E.V.P.E.N., 1953)Google Scholar. Although dealing with a general problem, Mandich pays particular attention to Venice. On specie movements through Venice, see Spooner, Frank C., “Venice and the Levant: An Aspect of Monetary History (1610–1614),” Studi … Fanfani, V, 645–67Google Scholar.

68 Sella barely mentions the raisins from the Ionian isles. More about the silver they attracted will be found in Davis's contribution in Decadenza, pp. 196–97, 209–10.

69 Daniele Beltrami, “La composizione economica e professionale della popolazione di Venezia nei secoli xvii e xviii,” Giornale degli economisti e annali di economia (Jan.–Feb. 1951); idem, Storia della popolazione di Venezia dalla fine dal secolo xvi alla caduta della Repubblica (Padua, 1954). It contains some typographical or other errors, such as those in the table on p. 157.

70 Idem, Saggio di storia dell'agricultura nella Repubblica di Venezia durante l'eta moderna. Fondazione Giorgio Cini, Saggio, 1 (Venice-Rome: Istituto per la collaborazione Culturale, 1955)Google Scholar.

71 Idem, La penetrazione economica dei Veneziani in Terraferma: Forze di lavoro e proprietà fondaria nelle compagne venete dei secoli xvii e xviii. Fondazione Giorgio Cini, Civiltà veneziana, Studi 12. (Venice-Rome: Istituto per la Collaborazione Culturale, 1961).

72 Tucci, Ugo, “La Marina mercantile veneziana nel Settecento,” Bollettino dell'Istituto di Storia della Società e dello Stato, II (1960), 155–200Google Scholar.

73 The position of Venice is described in the second part of Romano, Ruggiero, Le commerce du royaume de Naples avec la France et les pays de l'Adriatique au xviiie siècle, École Pratique des Hautes Études, VIe Section, Ports, Routes et Trafics, III. (Paris: Colin, 1951)Google Scholar.

74 Fanfani, Amintore, “Il Mancato rinnovamento economico,” in La Civiltà veneziana del Settecento (Venice: Fondazione Giorgio Cini and Sansoni, 1960)Google Scholar, especially p. 54. Fanfani gives references to relevant recent studies. Also relevant, but concerned only with Venice, not with Italy, is Davis, James Cushman, The Decline of the Venetian Nobility as a Ruling Class (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1962)Google Scholar.