Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T18:57:32.714Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Rising Share of British Industrial Exports in Industrial Output, 1700–1851

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2009

Javier Cuenca Esteban
Affiliation:
Professor of Economics in the University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.

Extract

Ongoing research on British overseas trade does not support supply-side explanations of British industrialization. Contrary to widely publicized views, the share of British industrial exports in alternative measures of industrial output rose almost continuously throughout the period 1723 to 1851. This finding rests on the official values of British domestic exports, and it is confirmed by new annual estimates of Britain's domestic export, and it is confirmed by new annual estimates of Britain's domestic export values at current an constant prices form 1772 to 1821. Further research on prices, and on Britain's strikingly underutilized trade records, may lead to a more balanced perception of supply and demand forces during the Industrial Revolution.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Economic History Association 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, Donald R. Jr. “American Neutrality and Prosperity, 1793–1808: A Reconsideration.” this JOURNAL 40, no. 4 (1980): 713–37.Google Scholar
Allen, Roy G. D.Index Numbers in Theory and Practice. London: MacMillan, 1975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baines, Edward Jr. History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain…. London: H. Fisher, R. Fisher, and P. Jackson, 1835.Google Scholar
Berg, Maxine, and Hudson, Pat. “Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution.” Economic History Review 45, no. 1(1992): 2450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, Maxine, and Hudson, Pat. “Growth and Change: A Comment on the Crafts-Harley View of the Industrial Revolution.” Economic History Review. 47, no. 1 (1994): 147–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beveridge, William H.Prices and Wages in England from the Twelfth to the Nineteenth Century. London: Longmans, 1939.Google Scholar
Bezanson, , Gray, Anne R. D., and Hussey, M.. Wholesale Prices in Philadelphia, 1784–1861. 2 vols. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brezis, Elise S. “Estimates of British Nominal Imports and Exports During the Eighteenth Century.” Mimeo, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 09 1992.Google Scholar
Brezis, Elise S.Foreign Capital Flows in the Century of Britain's Industrial Revolution: New Estimates, Controlled Conjectures.” Economic History Review 48, no. 1 (1995): 4667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, Roger. “The Transformation of the Non-Ferrous Metals Industries in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.” Economic History Review 48, no. 1 (1995): 2345.Google Scholar
Carne, Joseph. “Statistics of the Tin Mines of Cornwall and of the Consumption of Tin in Great Britain.” Quarterly Journal of the Statistical Society of London. 2 (07 1839): 260–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crafts, N. F. R. “The Eighteenth Century: A Survey.” In The Economic History of Britain Since 1700, edited by Floud, Roderick and McCloskey, Donald N., 116. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Crafts, N. F. R.British Economic Growth During the Industrial Revolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Crafts, N. F. R.Macroinventions, Economic Growth, and ‘Industrial Revolution' in Britain and France.” Economic History Review. 48, no. 3 (1995): 591–98.Google Scholar
Crafts, N. F. R.Exogenous or Endogenous Growth? The Industrial Revolution Reconsidered.” this JOURNAL 55, no. 4 (1995): 745–72.Google Scholar
Crafts, N. F. R. and Knick, Harley C.. “Output Growth and the British Industrial Revolution: A Restatement of the Crafts-Harley View.” Economic History Review 45, no. 4 (1992): 703–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuenca, Esteban Javier. “The United States Balance of Payments with Spanish America and the Philippine Islands: Estimates and Analysis of Principal Components.” In The North American Role in the Spanish Imperial Economy, 1776–1819, edited by Barbier, Jacques A. and Kuethe, Allan, 2870, 198209. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Cuenca, Esteban Javier. “British Textile Prices, 1770–1831: Are British Growth Rates Worth Revising Once Again?Economic History Review 47, no. 1 (1994): 66105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuenca, Esteban Javier. “Further Evidence of Falling Prices of Cotton Cloth, 1768–1816.” Economic History Review 48, no. 1 (1995): 145–50.Google Scholar
Darity, William A. Jr. “British Industry and the West Indies Plantations.” Social Science History 14, no. 1 (1990): 117–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Ralph. “English Foreign Trade, 1700–1774.” Economic History Review 15, no. 2 (1962): 285303.Google Scholar
Davis, Ralph. The Industrial Revolution and British Overseas Trade. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1979.Google Scholar
Deane, Phyllis, and Cole, William A.. British Economic Growth, 1688–1959. 2d ed.London: Cambridge University Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Eccleston, Bernard. “A Survey of Wage Rates in Five Midland Counties, 1750–1834.” Ph. D. diss., University of Leicester, 1976.Google Scholar
Engerman, Stanley L. “Mercantilism and Overseas Trade, 1700–1800.” In The Economic History of Britain Since 1700, 2d ed., Vol. 1. 1700–1860, edited by Floud, Roderick and McCloskey, Donald N., 182204. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Engerman, Stanley L.The Atlantic Economy of the Eighteenth Century: Some Speculations on Economic Development in Britain, America, Africa and Elsewhere.“ Journal of European Economic History 24, no. 1 (1995): 145–75.Google Scholar
Findlay, Ronald. “Trade and Growth in the Industrial Revolution.” In Economics in the Long View. Essays in Honour of W. W. Rostow, vol. 1, edited by Charles, P. Kindleberger and Tella, Guido di, 178–88. New York: New York University Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Findlay, Ronald. “The ‘Triangular Trade' and the Atlantic Economy of the Eighteenth Century: a Simple General-Equilibrium Model.” Princeton: Princeton University, Department of Economics, International Finance Section, Essays in International Finance, no. 177, 03 1990.Google Scholar
Gayer, Arthur D., Rostow, Walter W., and Schwartz, Anna J.. The Growth and Fluctuation of the British Economy, 1790–1850. 2 vols. and supplement. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Henry. The English Brass and Copper Industries to 1800. 2d ed.London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., 1967.Google Scholar
Harley, C. Knick. “British Industrialization Before 1841: Evidence of Slower Growth During the Industrial Revolution” this JOURNAL 47 (1982): 267–89.Google Scholar
Harley, C. Knick, and Crafts, N. F. R.. “Cotton Textiles and Industrial Output Growth During the Industrial Revolution.” Economic History Review. 48, no. 1 (1994): 134–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatcher, John, and Barker, Theodore C.. A History of British Pewter. London: Longman Group Ltd., 1974.Google Scholar
Hatton, Timothy J., Lyons, J. S., and Satchell, S. E.. “Eighteenth-Century British Trade: Homespun or Empire Made?Explorations in Economic History 20, no. 2 (1983): 163–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoppit, Julian. “Counting the Industrial Revolution.” Economic History Review. 43, no. 2 (05 1990): 173–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horrell, Sara. “Home Demand and British Industrialization.” this JOURNAL 56, no. 3 (1996): 561604.Google Scholar
Hyde, Charles K.Technological Change in the British Wrought Iron Industry, 1750–1815: A Reinterpretation.” Economic History Review. 28, no. 2 (1974): 190206.Google Scholar
Imlah, Albert H.Real Values in British Foreign Trade, 1798–1853.” this JOURNAL 8, no. 2 (1948): 133–52.Google Scholar
Imlah, Albert H.Economic Elements in the Pax Britannica. Studies in British Foreign Trade in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Russell & Russell, 1958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inikori, Joseph E. “Slavery and the Revolution in Cotton Textile Production in England.” In The Atlantic Slave Trade. Effects on Economies, Societies, and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe, edited by Joseph, E. InikoriStanley, L. Engerman, 145–81. Durham: Duke University Press, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, R. V.Rates of Industrial Growth During the Industrial Revolution.” Economic History Review 45, no. 1 (1992): 123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landes, David S.What Room for Accident in History?: Explaining Big Changes by Small Events.” Economic History Review 47, no. 4 (1994): 637–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landes, David S.Some Further Thoughts on Accident in History: A Reply to Professor Crafts.” Economic History Review 48, no. 3 (1995): 599601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemon, Charles. “The Statistics of the Copper Mines of Cornwall.” Journal of the Statistical Society of London 1, no. 2 (06 1838): 6584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, Roy Albert. “Two Partnerships of the Knights: A Study of the Midland Iron Industry in the 18th Century.” M.A. thesis, Birmingham University, 1949.Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter H., and Williamson, Jeffrey G.. “English Workers' Living Standards During the Industrial Revolution: A New Look.” The University of California-Davis and the University of Wisconsin, Discussion Paper Series, 09 1980.Google Scholar
Mann, James A.The Cotton Trade of Great Britain…. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 1860.Google Scholar
Marshall, John. A Digest of all the Accounts…. 2 Pts. London: J. Haddon, 1833.Google Scholar
McCloskey, Donald N. “The Industrial Revolution 1780–1860: A Survey.” In The Economic History of Britain Since 1700, Vol. 1., edited by Floud, Roderick and McCloskey, Donald N., 103–27. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
McCloskey, Donald N. “1780–1860: A Survey.” In The Economic History of Britain Since 1700, 2d ed., Vol. 1, edited by Floud, Roderick and McCloskey, Donald N., 242–70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
McCulloch, John Ramsay. A Dictionary of Commerce and Commercial Navigation, 1839. Edited by Vethake, Henry. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Thomas Wardle, 1840.Google Scholar
McCusker, John J.. “The Current Value of English Exports, 1697 to 1800.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 28, no. 4(1971): 607–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Brian R.British Historical Statistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Brian R., and Deane, Phyllis. Abstract of British Historical Statistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962.Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel. “Demand vs. Supply in the Industrial Revolution.” this JOURNAL 37, no. 4 (1977): 9811008.Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel. “Has the Industrial Revolution been Crowded Out? Some Reflections on Crafts and Williamson.” Explorations in Economic History 24, no. 3 (1987): 293319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mokyr, Joel. “The New Economic History and the Industrial Revolution.” In The British Industrial Revolution. An Economic Perspective, edited by Mokyr, Joel, 1131. Boulder, CO: Westview Press Inc., 1993.Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel. “Technological Change, 1700–1830.” In The Economic History of Britain Since 1700, 2d ed., vol. 1, edited by Roderick, Floud and Donald, N. McCloskey, 1243. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994,Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel, and Savin, N. E.. “Stagflation in Historical Perspective: the Napoleonic Wars Revisited.” Research in Economic History 1 (1976): 198259.Google Scholar
Mowery, David C., and Rosenberg, Nathan. “The Influence of Market Demand Upon Innovation: A Critical Review of Some Recent Empirical Studies.” In Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics, edited by Rosenberg, Nathan, 193241. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Nash, Robert C.The Balance of Payments and Foreign Capital Flows in Eighteenth-Century England: A Comment.” Economic History Review 50, no. 1 (1997): 110128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
New York Price Current, 17961817. New York: The American Antiquarian Society, Readex Microprint Corporation, 1978.Google Scholar
O'Brien, Patrick K.Agriculture and the Home Market for English Industry, 1660–1820.” English Historical Review 100, no. 397 (10. 1985): 773800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Brien, Patrick K., and Engerman, Stanley L.. “Exports and the Growth of the British Economy from the Glorious Revolution to the Peace of Amiens.” In Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System, edited by Solow, Barbara L., 177209. Cambridge, MA, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, George R.The Progress of the Nation, 1836–1843. Edited by Hirst, F. W.. London: Methuen, 1912.Google Scholar
Price, Jacob. “New Time Series for Scotland's and Britain's Trade with the Thirteen Colonies and States, 1740 to 1791.” William and Mary Quarterly 3d ser., 2 (04 1975): 307–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Public Record Office (PRO). London. Board of Customs and Excise Records: “Class” collections cited in Notes as PRO, Customs 3, 9, 14, 17. Board of Trade (BT) 6/185, pp. 168–97.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Nathan. Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, Elizabeth B.. English Overseas Trade Statistics, 1697–1808. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Shepherd, James F., and Walton, Gary M.. Shipping, Maritime Trade, and the Economic Development of Colonial North America. London: Cambridge University Press, 1972.Google Scholar
Smith, Simon D. “American Colonisation and the Terms of Trade, 1700–1775.” In The Economic History Society Annual Conference. Session Seven. (Leicester, 1992): 123.Google Scholar
Smith, Simon D.. “Prices and the Value of English Exports in the Eighteenth Century: Evidence from the North American Colonial Trade.” Economic History Review 48, no. 3 (1995): 575–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Solow, L., Barbara, ed. Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Tchakerian, Viken. “Productivity, Extent of Markets, and Manufacturing in the Late Antebellum South and Midwest.” this JOURNAL 54, no. 3 (1994): 497525.Google Scholar
Temin, Peter. “Two Views of the Industrial Revolution.” this JOURNAL 57, no. 1 (1997): 6382.Google Scholar
Thomas, Robert P., and McCloskey, Donald N.. “Overseas Trade and Empire 1700–1860.” In The Economic History of Britain Since 1700, Vol. 1, edited by Floud, Roderick and McCloskey, Donald N., 87102. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Tooke, Thomas. Thoughts and Details on the High and Low prices of the Last Thirty Years, from 1793 to 1822. 4 pts. 2d ed.London: John Murray, 1824.Google Scholar
United Kingdom. House of Commons. “Commercial Accounts of Great Britain.” In House of Commons Sessional Papers of the Eighteenth Century, edited by Lambert, Sheila, vol. 130, 17991800. Reports and Papers. Pt. 2 and 1800, no. I, volume pp. 2223.Google Scholar
United Kingdom. House of Commons. “Official and Real or Current Value of the Imports and Exports of Great Britain to and from Ireland.” Sessional Papers, 1803–1804, vol. 8, pp. 118 or MSS. pp. 9891007.Google Scholar
United Kingdom. House of Commons. “An Account of the Quantity and Value (Real and Official) of all British Iron and Iron Wares.” Sessional Papers, 1806 vol. 12 MSS. pp. 399403, 439–43.Google Scholar
United Kingdom. House of Commons. Appendix Accounts signed by William Irving. House of Commons Journals 64, (1809): 645–48.Google Scholar
United Kingdom. House of Commons. Accounts signed by William Irving, Inspector General of the Imports and Exports of Great Britain. House of Commons Journals 67 (1812), pp. 705–69.Google Scholar
United Kingdom. House of Commons. “Exports and Imports” (Accounts). Sessional Papers, 1831–1832, vol. 34, pp. 15 or MSS. pp. 151–55.Google Scholar
von, TunzelmannNicholas, G.. “Technological and Organizational Change in Industry During the Early Industrial Revolution”. In The Industrial Revolution and British Society, edited by O'Brien, Patrick K. and Quinault, Roland, 254–82. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
von, TunzelmannNicholas, G.. “Technology in the Early Nineteenth Century.” In The Economic History of Britain Since 1700, 2d ed., vol. 1, 1700–1860, edited by Floud, Roderick and McCloskey, Donald N., 271–99. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
von Tunzelmann, G. Nicholas. Review of The British Industrial Revolution, edited by Mokyr, Joel. this JOURNAL 54, no. 2 (1994): 457–59.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, Immanuel. “European Economic Development: A Comment on O'Brien.” Economic History Review 36, no. 4 (1983): 580–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, John R.. “The Profitability of Sugar Planting in the British West Indies, 1650–1834”. Economic History Review 31, no. 2 (1978): 197213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wissett, Robert. A Compendium of East Indian Affairs…. 2 vols. London: E. Cox and Son, 1802.Google Scholar
Zevin, Robert Brooke. “The Growth of Cotton Textile Production After 1815”. In The Reinterpretation of American Economic History, edited by Robert, W. Fogel and Stanley, L. Engerman, 122–47. New York: Harper & Row, 1971.Google Scholar