Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T18:22:47.113Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Caloric Consumption in Industrializing Belgium

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2009

Geert Bekaert
Affiliation:
Economics at Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208

Abstract

This article provides estimates of Belgian food consumption in 1812 and 1846 using a national food balance sheet approach. These estimates are then converted into caloric intakes for adult male equivalents. Despite many accounts of an absolute pauperization of the Belgian population during this period, caloric consumption per equivalent adult male is shown to have merely stagnated between 1812 and 1846. There is indirect evidence that inequality in caloric consumption increased at the same time. Energy cost-accounting exercises reveal that the residual caloric quantity available for physical exertion was minimal for large sections of the population.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Economic History Association 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aitchison, John, and Brown, J. A. C., The Lognormal Distribution (Cambridge, MA, 1966).Google Scholar
Danny, Bauters, “Voedingspatroon van een internaatspopulatie in het Jozefieten college te Melle (1837–1914),” Tijdschrft voor Sociale Geschiedenis, 9 (1983), pp. 258–71.Google Scholar
Blanc, Janine, Malnutrition et sous-développement (Grenoble, 1975).Google Scholar
Bourgeois-Pichat, Jean, “The General Development of the Population of France Since the Eighteenth Century,” in Glass, David V. and Everley, D. E. C., eds., Population in History (London, 1965), pp. 474506.Google Scholar
Brown, John C., “The Condition of England and the Standard of Living,” this JOURNAL, 50 (09. 1990), pp. 591614.Google Scholar
Craeybeckx, Jan, “The Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in Belgium,” in Cameron, Rondo, ed., Essays in French Economic History (Homewood, IL, 1970).Google Scholar
Dasgupta, Partha, and Ray, Debraj, “Inequality As a Determinant of Malnutrition and Unemployment: Theory,” Economic Journal, 96 (12. 1986), pp. 1011–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Vos, Geert, “De voedingstoestanden te Brugge (1800–1860): Een bijdrage tot de studie van de levensstandaard” (Unpublished undergraduate thesis, Ghent, 1984).Google Scholar
Duchêne, J., and Lesthaeghe, Ron, “Essai de reconstitution de la population belge sous le régime francais,” Population et Famille, 36 (1975), pp. 147.Google Scholar
Ducpétiaux, Edouard, “Budgets économiques des classes ouvriéres en Belgique. Subsistences, salaires, population” (Brussels, 1855).Google Scholar
Fao (Food and Agricultural Organization), “The Fourth World Food Survey,” FAO Food and Nutrition Series, 10 (Rome, 1977).Google Scholar
FAO/WHO (Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization), “Energy and Protein Requirements ” Report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNO expert consultation, Technical Report Series WHO, 724 (Geneva, 1985).Google Scholar
Floud, Roderick, “New Dimensions of the Industrial Revolution” (Unpublished manuscript, 10. 1986).Google Scholar
Fogel, Robert, “Biomedical Approaches to the Estimation and Interpretation of Secular Trends in Equity, Morbidity, Mortality and Labor Productivity in Europe, 1750–1980” (Mimeo, University of Chicago, 1987).Google Scholar
Goossens, Martine, “De economische ontwikkeling van de Belgische iandbouw in regionaal perspectief 1812–1846” (Ph.D. diss., Catholic University of Leuven, 1990), and personal correspondence.Google Scholar
Heuschling, Xavier, “Résumé du recensement général de la population, de l'agriculture et de l'industrie de la Belgique,” Bulletin de la Commission Centrale de Statistique (1851), pp. 120–269.Google Scholar
Jaspers, L., and Stevens, C., Arbeid en tewerkstelling in Oost-Vlaanderen op het einde van het Ancien Régime (Ghent, 1985).Google Scholar
Komlos, John, Nutrition and Economic Development in the Eighteenth-Century Habsburg Monarchy: An Anthropometric History (Princeton, 1989).Google Scholar
Landes, David S., The Unbound Prometheus (Cambridge, 1987).Google Scholar
Leibenstein, Harvey, “The Theory of Underemployment in Densely Populated Backward Areas,” in Akerlof, George A. and Yellen, Janet L., eds., Efficiency Wage Models of the Labor Market (New York, 1987).Google Scholar
Lemnitzer, Karl-Heinz, Ernädhrungssituation und wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung (Saarbrucken, 1977).Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter H., and Williamson, Jeffrey G., “English Workers' Living Standards During the Industrial Revolution: A New Look,” in Mokyr, Joel, ed., The Economics of the Industrial Revolution (Totowa, 1985).Google Scholar
Lipton, Michael, “Poverty, Undernutrition and Hunger,” World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 597 (1983).Google Scholar
Lis, Catherina, and Soly, Hugo, “Food Consumption in Antwerp Between 1807–1859: A Contribution to the Standard of Living Debate,” Economic History Review, 30 (08. 1977), pp. 460–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lis, Catherina, and Soly, Hugo, Poverty and Capitalism in Pre-industrial Europe (Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1979).Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel, Why Ireland Starved: A Quantitative and Analytical History of the Irish Economy, 1800–1850 (London, 1985).Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel, “Is There Still Life in the Pessimist Case?: Consumption During the Industrial Revolution, 1790–1850,” this JOURNAL, 48 (05. 1988), pp. 6992.Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel, “Economics, History, and Human Biology,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 36 (04. 1988), pp. 559–64.Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel, “Dear Labor, Cheap Labor and the Industrial Revolution,” in Rosovsky, Henry and Higonnet, Patrice, eds., Economic Growth: Constraints and Response (Cambridge, MA, forthcoming).Google Scholar
Mood, Alexander M., Graybill, Franklin A., and Boes, Duane C., Introduction to the Theory of Statistics (New York, 1974).Google Scholar
Nevo, , Nederlands voedingsstoffenbestand 1986–1987 (The Hague, 1986).Google Scholar
Ó Gráda, Cormac, Ireland 1780–1939: A New Economic History (Oxford, forthcoming).Google Scholar
Passmore, Reginald, and Eastwood, Martin A., Davidson and Passmore Human Nutrition and Dietetics (Edinburgh, 1986).Google Scholar
Payne, P., “Malnutrition and Human Capital: Problems of Theory and Practice,” in Clay, Eduard and Shaw, John, eds., Poverty, Development and Food (Hong Kong, 1987).Google Scholar
Peeters, M., “Les prix et les rendements de l'agriculture belge de 1791 á 1935,” Bulletin de I'Institut des Recherches Économiques et Sociales de Louvain, 7 (1936), pp. 343–68.Google Scholar
Polak, Ben, and Williamson, Jeffrey G., “Poverty, Policy and Industrialization in the Past” (Mimeo, Harvard University, 10. 1989).Google Scholar
Quetelet, Adoiphe, “Recherches sur la loi de la croissance de l'homme,” Nouveaux mémoires dé l'Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres, 7 (Brussels, 1832), pp. 925.Google Scholar
Quetelet, Adoiphe, “De la statistique (considérée sous le rapport du physique, du moral et de i'intelligence de l'homme),” Bulletin de la Commission Centrale de Statistique de Belgique, 7 (Brussels, 1860), pp. 443–67.Google Scholar
Reutlinger, Shlomo, and Selowsky, Marcelo, “Malnutrition and Poverty: Magnitude and Policy Options”, World Bank Staff Occasional Papers, 23 (1976).Google Scholar
Roosemont, F., “Sociaal-anthropometrische studie over Oost-Vlaanderen aan de hand van militie registers” (Unpublished undergraduate thesis, Ghent, 1981).Google Scholar
Schmit, Bernard A., Protein, Calories and Development: Nutritional Variables in the Economics of Developing Countries (Boulder, CO, 1979).Google Scholar
Scholliers, Peter, and Van Den Eeckhout, Patricia, “De hoofdelijke voedselconsumptie in België, 1831–1939,” Tijdschrft voor Sociale Geschiedenis, 9 (1983), pp. 273301.Google Scholar
Shammas, Carole, “The Eighteenth-Century English Diet and Economic Change,” Explorations in Economic History, 21 (07 1984), pp. 254–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shammas, Carole, The Pre-Industrial Consumer in England and America (New York, 1990).Google Scholar
Toutain, Jean-Claude, “La consommation alimentaire en France de 1789 á 1964,” Economies et Sociéts, 5 (11. 1971), pp. 19092049.Google Scholar
Vandenbroeke, Chris, “Voedingstoestanden te Gent tijdens de eerste helft van de 19de eeuw,” Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Nieuwste Geschiedenis, 1 –2 (1973), pp. 2758.Google Scholar
Vandenbroeke, Chris, “Agriculture et alimentation,” Belgisch Centrum voor Landelijke Geschiedenis, 49 (Ghent-Leuven, 1975).Google Scholar
Vandenbroeke, Chris, “L'alimentation á Gand pendant la premiére moitlé du XIXe siécle,” Annales, Économies-Sociérés-Civilisations, 30 (1975), pp. 584–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandenbroeke, Chris, “Kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve aspecten van het vleesverbruik in Vlaanderen,” Tijdschrift voor Sociale Geschiedenis, 9 (1983), pp. 231–57.Google Scholar
Vandenbroeke, Chris, “Werkinstrumenten bij een histonsche en sociaal-economische synthese—–20ste eeuw,” in Arbeid in veelvoud, een huldeboek voor Jan Craeybeckx en Etienne Scholliers, Brussels.Google Scholar
Verheydt, M.-L., “De voedingstoestanden te Brussel op basis van octrooien en accijnzen (1740–1860)” (Unpublished undergraduate thesis, Brussels, 1976).Google Scholar