Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T14:56:39.967Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Earnings Gap Between Agricultural and Manufacturing Laborers, 1925–1941

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2009

Lee J. Alston
Affiliation:
professor of Economics, University of Illiois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.
T. J. Hatton
Affiliation:
Senior Lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, EnglandCO4 3SQ.

Abstract

We estimate the monthly and hourly earnings ratio between agricultural and manufacturing laborers, adjusting for compensation received in-kind and differences in the cost of living. Our results indicate that prior to the Great Depression, agricultural compensation was similar to that in manufacturing within geographic regions, and a substantial earnings gap in favor of manufacturing emerged in the early thirties.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Economic History Association 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ahearn, Daniel J., The Wages of Farm and Factory Laborers 1914–1944 (New York, 1945).Google Scholar
Alston, Lee J., “Farm Foreclosures in the United States During the Interwar Period,” this JOURNAL, (11 12 1983), pp. 885903.Google Scholar
Alston, Lee J., and Ferrie, Joseph P., “Social Control and Labor Relations in the American South Before the Mechanization of the Cotton Harvest in the 1950s,Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 145 (03 1989), pp. 133–57.Google Scholar
Baily, Martin N., “The Labor Market in the 1930s,” in Tobin, James, ed., Macroeconomics, Prices and Quantities (Washington, DC, 1983).Google Scholar
Beney, M. Ada, “Local Variations in the Cost of Living,Conference Board Bulletin, 9 (12 1935), pp. 8990.Google Scholar
Beney, M. Ada, Differentials in Industrial Wages and Hours in the United States (New York, 1938).Google Scholar
Bernanke, Ben S., ” American Economic Review, 76 (03 1986), pp. 82109.Google Scholar
Ducoff, Louis J., “Wages in Agriculture,” in Wladimir S. Woytinsky and Associates, Employment and Wages in the United States (New York, 1953).Google Scholar
Folsom, Josiah C., Perquisites of Hired Farm Laborers, USDA Technical Bulletin, No. 213, U.S. Department of Agriculture (Washington, DC, 1931).Google Scholar
Hatton, T. J., and Williamson, Jeffrey G., “Wage Gaps Between Farm and City: Michigan in the 1890's” (Harvard Institute For Economic Research Discussion Paper No. 1449, 1989).Google Scholar
Hatton, T. J., and Williamson, Jeffrey G., “What Explains Wage Gaps Between Farm and City? Exploring the Todaro Model with American Evidence, 1890–1941,” Economic Development and Cultural Change (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Hinrichs, A. F., and Beal, Arthur F., “Geographical Variation in Hours and Wages During 1933 and 1935,Monthly Labor Review, 47 (07 1938), pp. 117–45.Google Scholar
Hinrichs, A. F., and Beal, Arthur F., “Geographical Differences in Hours and Wages, 1935 and 1937,Monthly Labor Review, 50 (05 1940), pp. 1204–23.Google Scholar
Hopkins, John A., Changing Technology and Employment in Agriculture (Washington, DC,1941).Google Scholar
Houghteling, Leila, The Income and Standard of Living of Unskilled Laborers in Chicago (Chicago, 1927).Google Scholar
Jensen, Richard J., “The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression,Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 19 (Spring 1989), pp. 553–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, Gale, “Functioning of the Labor Market,Journal of Farm Economics, 33 (02 1951), pp. 7589.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koffsky, Nathan, “Farm and Urban Purchasing Power,” Studies in Income and Wealth, vol. 11 (New York, 1946).Google Scholar
National Industrial Conference Board, The Economic Status of the Wage Earner in New Yorkl and Other States (New York, 1928).Google Scholar
O'Brien, Anthony P., “A Behavioral Explanation for Nominal Wage Rigidity During the Great Depression,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 104 (11 1989), pp. 719–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsons, Howard L., The Impact of Fluctuations in National Income on Agricultural Wages and Employment, Harvard Studies in Agriculture, No. l-HL (Cambridge, MA, 1952).Google Scholar
Reagan, Barbara B., Perquisites Furnished Hired Farm Workers: United States and Major Regions, 1945, No. 18, USDA Surveys of Wages and Wage Rates in Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture (Washington, DC, 1946).Google Scholar
Reynolds, Lloyd G., and Taft, Cynthia H., The Evolution of the Wage Structure (New Haven, 1956).Google Scholar
Stecker, Margaret L., Intercity Differences in Costs of Living in March 1935, 59 Cities, Works Progress Administration Research Monograph 12 (Washington, DC, 1937).Google Scholar
Temin, Peter, “Socialism and Wages in the Recovery from the Great Depression in the United States and Germany,” this JOURNAL. 50 (06 1990), pp. 297307.Google Scholar
Temin, Peter, and Wigmore, Barrie A., “The End of One Big Deflation,” Explorations in Economic History, 27 (10 1990), pp. 483502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
U.S. Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Income Parity for Agriculture (Washington, DC, 1939).Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Labor Review, various issues (Washington, DC, 02 1926, 09 1926, 10 1927, 10 1928, 10 1929, 11 1930, 11 1931, 10 1932, 10 1933, 12 1934, 03 1936, 04 1937, 12 1937, 01 1939, 12 1939, 01 1941, 01 1942).Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Handbook of Labor Statistics (Washington, DC, 1947).Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Manufactures: 1933. Man-Hour Statistics for 32 Selected Industries (Washington, DC, 11 1935).Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition (Washington, DC, 1975).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook, No. 118, Major Statistical Series of the USDA (Washington, DC, 1947), vol. 1.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Farm Wage Rates, Farm Employment and Other Related Data (Washington, DC, 1943).Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940, Agriculture, vol. 3 (Washington, DC, 1942).Google Scholar
Weinstein, Michael M., “Some Macroeconomic Impacts of the National Industrial Recovery Act, 1933–1935,” in Brunner, Karl, ed., The Great Depression Revisited (Boston, MA, 1981).Google Scholar
Williamson, Jeffrey G., and Lindert, Peter H., American Inequality: A Macroeconomic History (New York, 1980).Google Scholar
Wright, Gavin, Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy since the Civil War (New York, 1986).Google Scholar