Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T07:13:50.092Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Gold Standard as a “Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval”

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2009

Michael D. Bordo
Affiliation:
Professors of Economics at the Center for Monetary and Financial History at Rutgers University, P.O. Box 5055, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-5055
Hugh Rockoff
Affiliation:
Professors of Economics at the Center for Monetary and Financial History at Rutgers University, P.O. Box 5055, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-5055

Abstract

In this article we argue that during the period from 1870 to 1914 adherence to the gold standard was a signal of financial rectitude, a “good housekeeping seal of approval”, that facilitated access by peripheral countries to capital from the core countries of western Europe. Examination of data from nine widely different capital-importing countries, using a model inspired by the Capital Asset Pricing Model, reveals that countries with poor records of adherence were charged considerably more than those with good records, enough to explain the determined effort to stay on gold made by a number of capital-importing countries.

Type
Papers Presented at the Fifty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Economic History Association
Copyright
Copyright © The Economic History Association 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abramovitz, Moses. “The Monetary Side of Long Swings in U.S. Economic Growth.” Stanford University Center for Research on Economic Growth. Memorandum No. 146, Mimeo 1973.Google Scholar
Acena, , Pablo, Martin. “Spain During the Classical Gold Standard Years, 1880–1914.” In Monetary Regimes in Transition, edited by Michael, D. Bordo and Forrest, Capie, 135–72. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Annual Abstract of Statistics. Central Statistics Office, London.Google Scholar
Barro, Robert J. and David, B. Gordon. “Rules, Discretion, and Reputation in a Model of Monetary Policy.” Journal of Monetary Economics 12 (1983): 101–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bordo, Michael D. “The Bretton Woods International Monetary System: An Historical Overview.” In A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System: Lessons for Monetary Reform, edited by Michael, D. Bordo and Barry, Eichengreen, 398. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bordo, Michael D. and Jonung, Lars. The Long-Run Behavior of the Velocity of Circulation: The International Evidence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Bordo, Michael D. and Lars, Jonung. “Monetary Regimes, Inflation, and Monetary Reform: An Essay in Honor of Axel Leijonhufvud.” In Inflation, Institutions, and Information: Essays in Honor of Axel Leijonhufvud, edited by Vaz, D. F. and Vellapillai, K.. London: MacMillan Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Bordo, Michael D. and Anna, J. Schwartz. “The Operation of the Specie Standard: Evidence for Core and Peripheral Countries, 1880–1990”. In Historical Perspectives on the Gold Standard: Portugal and the World, edited by Barry, Eichengreen and Jorge, Braga de Macedo. London: Routledge, 1996.Google Scholar
Bordo, Michael D. and Santos, Fernando. “Portugal and the Bretton Woods International System.” In The History of International Monetary Arrangements, edited by Jaime, Reis, 181208. London: Macmillan, 1995.Google Scholar
Bordo, Michael D. and Eugene, N. White. “British and French Finances During the Napoleonic Wars.” In Monetary Regimes in Transition, edited by Michael, D. Bordo and Forrest, Capie, 241–73. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloomfield, Arthur. Patterns of Fluctuations in International Investment before 1914. Princeton Studies in International Finance, No. 21. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968.Google Scholar
Brennan, M. J. “Capital Asset Pricing Model.” In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Money & Finance, edited by Peter, Newman, Murray, Milgate, and John, Eatwell, s.v., 287–91. London: The Macmillan Press, Ltd., 1992.Google Scholar
Butlin, Noel G.Australian Domestic Product, Investment and Foreign Borrowing, 1860–1938/39. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962.Google Scholar
Butlin, Noel G. “Our 200 Years: Australian Wealth and Progress Since 1788, A Statistical Picture”. In Commemorative Bicentenary Diary. Brisbane, Australia: Sunshine Diaries, 1987.Google Scholar
Calomiris, Charles W. “Historical Perspectives on The Tax-Based Theory of Money”. Ph.D. diss., Stanford University, 1985.Google Scholar
Calomiris, Charles W.Price and Exchange Rate Determination During the Greenback Suspension.” Oxford Economic Papers 40, no. 4 (1988): 719–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calomiris, Charles W.The Motives of U.S. Debt-Management Policy, 1790–1880: Efficient Discrimination and Time Consistency.” Research in Economic History 13 (1991): 67105.Google Scholar
Canzoneri, Matthew. “Monetary Policy Games and the Role of Private Information.” American Economic Review 75 (1985): 1056–70.Google Scholar
Canzoneri, Matthew B. and Dale, W. Henderson. Monetary Policy in Interdependent Economies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Capie, Forrest and Webber, A.. A Monetary History of The UK 1870–1982. London: George Allan & Unwin, 1985.Google Scholar
Cardoso, Eliana A. and Dornbusch, Rudiger. “Brazilian Debt Crises: Past and Present”. In The International Debt Crisis in Historical Perspective, edited by Barry, Eichengreen and Peter, H. Lindert, 106–39. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989. Commercial and Financial Chronicle, various dates.Google Scholar
Cortés, Condé, Roberto, . Dinero, deuda y crisis: Evolución fiscaly monetaria en la Argentina. Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana, Instituto Torcuato Di Tella, 1989.Google Scholar
Davis, Lance and Robert, Cull. International Capital Markets and American Economic Growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
DeKock, Gabriel and Vittorio, Grilli. “Endogenous Exchange Rate Regime Switches”. NBER Working Paper No. 3066, Cambridge, MA, 1989.Google Scholar
Della, Paolera, Gerardo, . “How the Argentine Economy Performed during the International Gold Standard: A Reexamination”. Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1988.Google Scholar
De, Mattia, Renato, . Storia del capitale della Banc d'Italia e degli istitute predecessori. Rome: Banca d'Italia, 1977.Google Scholar
Dick, , Trevor, J. O. and John, E. Floyd. Canada and the Gold Standard. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Edelstein, Michael. Overseas Investment in the Age of High Imperialism: The United Kingdom, 1850–1914. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Eichengreen, Barry, . Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919–1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Eichengreen, Barry and Peter, H. Lindert, eds. The International Debt Crisis in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Eichengreen, Barry, . “Editor's Introduction”. In The Gold Standard in Theory and History, edited by Barry, Eichengreen, 135. London: Methuen, 1985.Google Scholar
Estatisticas historicas do Brasil. Series economicas, demograficas e sociais de 1550 a 1988. Rio de Janeiro: Brasilia. 1990.Google Scholar
Estadisticas historicas de Espana, Siglos xix-xx Madrid: Fundacion Banco Exterior 1989.Google Scholar
Feis, Herbert. Europe: The World's Banker, 1870–1914: An Account of European Foreign Investment and the Connection of World Finance with Diplomacy before the War. New York: Council on Foreign Relations. Reprinted by Augustus, M. Kelley, 1974.Google Scholar
Fetter, F.Development of British Monetary Orthodoxy, 1797–1875. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Fisher, , Irving., The Theory of Interest: As Determined by Impatience to Spend Income and Opportunity to Invest It. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1930.Google Scholar
Flood, Robert P. and Peter, Isard. “Simple Rules, Discretion and Monetary Policy.” NBER Working Paper No. 2934, Cambridge, MA, 1989.Google Scholar
Ford, A. G.The Gold Standard 1880–1914: Britain and Argentina. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962.Google Scholar
Frankel, Jeffrey A.On Exchange Rates. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Frankel, Jeffrey A. and Chudozie, Okongwu. “Liberalized Portfolio Capital Inflows in Emerging Markets: Sterilization, Expectations, and the Incompleteness of Interest Rate Convergence”. NBER Working Paper No. 5156, Cambridge, MA, 1995.Google Scholar
Fratianni, M. and Spinelli, F.. “Italy in the Gold Standard Period, 1861–1914.” In A Retrospective on the Classical Gold Standard, 1921–1931, edited by Michael, D. Bordo and Anna, J. Schwartz, 405–41. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Friedman, Milton. “Bimetallism Revisited.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 4, no. 4 (1990): 85104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, Milton and Anna, J. Schwartz. Monetary Trends in the United States and the United Kingdom: Their Relation to Income, Prices, and Interest Rates, 1867–1975. Chicago: University of Chicago Press for the NBER, 1982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritsch, Winston and Gustavo, H. B. Franco. “Aspects of the Brazilian Experience Under the Gold Standard.” PUC Rio de Janeiro. Mimeo, 1992.Google Scholar
Gallarotti, Giulio M.The Anatomy of an International Monetary Regime: the Classical Gold Standard 1880–1914. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giovannini, Alberto. “Bretton Woods and Its Precursors: Rules Versus Discretion in the History of International Monetary Regimes.” In A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System, edited by Michael, D. Bordo and Barry, Eichengreen, 109–47. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Grilli, Vittorio. “Managing Exchange Rate Crises: Evidence from the 1890s.” Journal of International Money and Finance 9 (1990): 258–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossman, Herschel J. and John, B. Van Huyck.Sovereign Debt as a Contingent Claim: Excusable Default, Repudiation, and Reputation.” American Economic Review 78 (1988): 1088–97.Google Scholar
Havinden, Michael and Meredith, David. Colonialism and Development: Britain and its Tropical Colonies, 1850–1960. London: Routledge, 1993.Google Scholar
Hayashi, Fumio. “Japan's Saving Rate: New Data and Reflections”. NBER Working Paper No. 3205, Cambridge, MA, 1989.Google Scholar
ISTAT Annuario Statistica Italiano, Rome. various years.Google Scholar
Kydland, Finn E. and Edward, Prescott. “Rules Rather than Discretion: The Inconsistency of Optimal Plans”. Journal of Political Economy 85 (1977): 473–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lains, Pedro. “A economia Portuguesa no seculo XIX: Crescimento economico ecomercio externo, 1850–1913.” Unpublished Manuscript, 1995.Google Scholar
Lintner, J.The Valuation of Risk Assets and the Selection of Risky Investments in Stock Portfolios and Capital Budgets.” Review of Economics and Statistics 47 (1965): 1337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llona-Augustin, . “Chilean Monetary Policy: 1860–1925”. Ph.D. Diss., Boston University, 1990.Google Scholar
Llona-Rodriguez, , Augustine, “Chile During the Gold Standard: A Successful Paper Money Experience”. Mimeo. Instituto Torcuato Di Tella, 1993.Google Scholar
Lucas, , Robert, E. Jr and Nancy, L. Stokey. “Optimal Fiscal and Monetary Policy in an Economy Without Capital.” Journal of Monetary Economics 1 (1983): 5593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macedo, , Jorge, Braga de. “Convertibility and Stability 1834–1994: Portuguese Currency Experience Revisited.” Mimeo. Nova University, Lisbon, 1995.Google Scholar
Macaulay, Frederic R.The Movements of Interest Rates, Bond Yields and Stock Prices in The United States Since 1856. New York: NBER, 1938.Google Scholar
Maddison, Angus. Dynamic Forces in Capitalist Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Mankiw, Gregory. “The Optimal Collection of Seigniorage: Theory and Evidence.” Journal of Monetaiy Economics 20, no. 2 (1987): 327–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mamalakis, Markos J.Historical Statistics of Chile. Vol. 5. New York: Greenwood, 1989.Google Scholar
Marichal, Carlos. A Century of Debt Crisis in Latin America: From Independence to the Great Depression 1820–1930. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Miller, Marcus and Alan, Sutherland. “Britain's Return to Gold and Entry into the ERM.” In Exchange Rate Targets and Currency Banks, edited by Paul, Krugman and Marcus, Miller, 82106. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Miller, Marcus and Man, Sutherland. “Speculative Anticipations of Sterling's Return to Gold: Was Keynes Wrong?” Economic Journal, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Brian R.Abstract of British Historical Statistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Brian R.International Historical Statistics: Europe, 1750–1988. New York: Stockton Press, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Brian R.International Historical Statistics: The Americas, 1750–1988. 2d ed.New York: Stockton Press, 1993. (This volume includes data on Australia).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgenstern, Oskar. International Financial Transactions and Business Cycles. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959.Google Scholar
Neufeld, Edward P.The Financial System of Canada. Toronto: Macmillan, 1972.Google Scholar
Obstfeld, Maurice. “Destabilizing Effects of Exchange Rate Escape Clauses”. NBER Working Paper No. 3606, Cambridge, MA, 1992.Google Scholar
Officer, Lawrence. “The Efficiency of the Dollar-Sterling Gold Standard, 1980–1908”. Journal of Political Economy 94 (1986): 1038–073.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Officer, Lawrence. “Gold-Point Arbitrage and Uncovered Interest Arbitrage Under the 1925–1931 Dollar-Sterling Gold Standard.” Explorations in Economic History 30, no. 1 (1993): 98127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Rourke, , Kevin, and Jeffrey, Williamson. “Were Hechsher and Ohlin Right? Putting the Factor Price Equalization Theorem Back Into History? NBER Working Papers on Historical Factors in Long-Run Growth, No. 37, Cambridge, MA, 1992.Google Scholar
Pelaez, Carlos M. and Suzigan, Wilson. Historia monetaria do Brazil. Editoria Universidade de Brazilia, 1976.Google Scholar
Pope, David. “Australia's Payments Adjustments and Capital Flows Under the International Gold Standard, 1870–1913”. In Moneta, Regimes in Transition, edited by Michael, D. Bordo and Forrest, Capie, 201–37. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reis, Jaime. “The Gold Standard in Portugal, 1854–1891.” Mimeo. Universidale Nova de Lisbon, 1992.Google Scholar
Roll, Richard. “Interest Rates and Price Expectations During the Civil War.” this JOURNAL 32, no. 10 (1972): 476–98.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Anna J. “Banking School, Currency School, Free Banking School.” In New Paigrave Dictionary of Economics, 148521. London: Macmillan, 1987.Google Scholar
Sharpe, W. F.Capital Asset Prices: A Theory of Market Equilibrium Under Conditions of Risk”. Journal of Finance 19 (1964): 425–42.Google Scholar
Simons, Henry C. “Rules Versus Authorities in Monetary Policy”. In A.E.A. Readings in Monetary Theory edited by Friedrich, A. Lutz and Lloyd, W. Mintz, 337–68. Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, 1951.Google Scholar
Smith, Gregor and Todd, Smith. “Wesley Mitchell and Irving Fisher and the Greenback Gold Reforms, 1865–1879.” Mimeo. Queens University, 1993.Google Scholar
Smith, W. S. and Smith, R. T.Stochastic Process Switching and the Return to Gold.” Economic Journal 100 (1990): 164–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Social Science Federation of Canada. Historical Statistics of Canada. 2d ed.Ottawa: Statistics Canada in joint sponsorship with the Social Science Federation of Canada, 1983.Google Scholar
Spinelli, Franco and Fratianni, Michele. Storia monetaria D'Italia: l'Evoluzione del sistema monetario e bancario. Milano: A. Mondadori, 1991.Google Scholar
Spinelli, Franco. “The Demand For Money In The Italian Economy: 1867–1965” Research Report. Department of Economics, University of Western Ontario, 1978.Google Scholar
Stiglitz, Joseph and Andrew, Weiss.Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information.” American Economic Review 71, no. 8 (1981): 393410.Google Scholar
Tonniolo, G.An Economic History of Liberal Italy: 1850–1918. New York: Routledge, 1990.Google Scholar
Unger, I.The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865–1879. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Urquhart, Malcolm C. “New Estimates of GNP, Canada, 1870–1926.” In Long-Term Factors in American Economic Growth, NBER Studies in Income and Wealth, vol. 51, edited by Stanley, L. Engerman and Robert, E. Gallman, 994. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of Census. Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1957. Washington, DC: GPO, 1960.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of Census. Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition. Washington, DC: GPO, 1975.Google Scholar
Vamplew, Wray. Australians, Historical Statistics. Broadway, N.S.W. Australia: Fairfax, Syme, and Weldon Associates, 1987.Google Scholar
Viner, J.Studies in the Theory of International Trade. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1937.Google Scholar
Williamson, Jeffrey G.American Growth and the Balance of Payments. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1964.Google Scholar
Wilson, Roland. Capital Imports and the Terms of Trade. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press in association with Macmillan&Co., 1931.Google Scholar