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Principal Currents in the Economic Historiography of Latin America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2010

Stanley J. Stein  and
Shane J. Hunt
Stanley J. Stein
Affiliation:
Princeton University
Shane J. Hunt
Affiliation:
Princeton University
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Extract

It will perhaps clarify the remarks that follow if we observe at the outset that the economic history of Latin America is in its infancy. This is not to say that the development of economic institutions, the operation of economic systems, the formation and growth of economic activities and attitudes, and the formulation and execution of economic policy have gone unnoticed in the history of Latin America. It is only to state that the formal discipline of economic history, even the use of economic history as part of a title, are of recent date. As in the historiography of most areas of the world, political developments and personalities in Latin America have constituted the core of historiography, and even today the “new” interdisciplinary history of half a century ago in the United States or the more recent French school of “total” history have drawn few adherents to Latin America. Many factors may be adduced to explain the delayed interest in economic history, but one may hazard the guess that there is a positive correlation between the degree of criticism of the nature and function of an economy and both the quantity and quality of economic historiography. At least in the United States, economic history owes no small debt to a muck-raking tradition. In Latin America, on the contrary, the nature of the literate elite and the limits on education have tended to stifle until recently the development of a body of economic literature of protest and, by extension, of economic history.

Type
Economic History: Retrospect and Prospect. Papers Presented at the Thirtieth Annual Meeting of the Economic History Association
Information
The Journal of Economic History , Volume 31 , Issue 1 , March 1971 , pp. 222 - 253
Copyright
Copyright © The Economic History Association 1971

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References

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32 Orozco, Luis Chávez, editor, Documentos para la historia económica de México, I (Mexico, 1933–36), p. 2Google Scholar.

33 Ramiro Guerra y Sánchez, Azúcar y población, p. 115.

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37 A highly tentative chronological listing based upon preliminary bibliographical searching suggests the following sequence of economic histories: Ugarte, Cesar A., Bosquejo de la historia económica del Perú (Lima, 1926)Google Scholar; Martner, Daniel, Historia de Chile. Historia económica. I (Santiago, 1929)Google Scholar; Romero, Emilio, Historia económica y finandera del Perú, antiguo Perú y virreynato (Lima, 1937)Google Scholar; Simonsen, Roberto, Historia económica do Brasil, 1500–1820 (São Paulo, 1937)Google Scholar; Orozco, Luis Chávez, Historia económica y social de México. Ensayo de interpretación (Mexico, 1938)Google Scholar; Gondra, Luis Roque, Historia económica de la república argentina (Buenos Aires, 1943)Google Scholar; Junior, Caio Prado, Historia económica do Brasil (São Paulo, 1945)Google Scholar.

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42 U.N. ECLA, “The Economic Development of Latin America and its Principal Problems,” Economic Bulletin for Latin America (February 1962) p. 4Google Scholar; Kindleberger, Charles, The Terms of Trade. A European Case Study (New York, 1956)Google Scholar, Chapter x; Morgan, Theodore, “The Long-run Terms of Trade between Agriculture and Manufacturing,” Economic Development and Cultural Change (October 1959)Google Scholar.

43 See, for example, Chenery, Hollis B. and Strout, Alan M., “Foreign Assistance and Economic Development,” American Economic Review (September 1966)Google Scholar; Vanek, Jaroslav, Estimating Foreign Resource Needs for Economic Development. Theory, Method, and a Case Study of Colombia (New York, 1967)Google Scholar.

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47 This is but one aspect of external dependence, a concept studied, commented upon, and supported politically in recent years with an intensity similar to that accorded the concept of structuralism in the 1950's. The pioneer article is Sunkel, Osvaldo, “Politica nacional de desarrollo y dependencia exterior,” Estúdios internacionales (May 1967)Google Scholar. See also dos Santos, Theotonio, “The Structure of Dependence,” American Economic Review (May 1970), p. 231Google Scholar.

48 Pinto, Aníbal, Chile. Un caso de desarrollo frustrado (Santiago, 1959)Google Scholar; Ferrer, Aldo, The Argentine Economy (Berkeley, 1967)Google Scholar, a translation of La economía argentina (Buenos Aires, 1963); Frank, Andre Gunder, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America. Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil (New York, 1967)Google Scholar; Díaz-Alejandro, Carlos, Essays on the Economic History of the Argentine Republic (New Haven, 1970)Google Scholar.

49 Pinto, Chile, pp. 15–16.

50 Ibid., p. 16.

51 Ibid., p. 52.

52 Ibid., p. 35.

53 Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment …, p. 6.

54 Ibid., p. 7.

55 Ibid., p. 120.

56 Will, Robert, “La política económica de Chile, 1810–64,” Trimestre Económico (April-June 1960), pp. 243, 246, 256.Google Scholar

57 This same doubt is voiced by Celso Furtado in another outstanding structuralist-influenced historical study; when he suggests that the Anglo-Brazilian treaties by which Brazil was denied the right to increase tariffs may have had rather little effect on Brazilian industrialization. Cf. The Economic Growth of Brazil (Berkeley, 1963), pp. 105, 107, a translation of Formaçao económica do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro, 1959).

58 Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment …, p. 99.

59 Some of the terminological difficulty arises from Gunder Frank's casual approach to definition of terms, particularly in the case of his key concept, underdevelopment. It is something more than mere poverty, witness: “The new countries which have developed since (the nineteenth century) had, like the United States, Canada and Australia, already achieved substantial internal and external economic independence … Notably, these now more or less developed countries were not richer when they began their development than was Chile when it made its attempt to do the same. But—and this I believe is the crucial distinction—they were not already underdeveloped…. My view is that Chile remains part of the same capitalist system with the same fundamental contradictions of polarization and surplus appropriation. What has changed in the twentieth century is that Chile is now more underdeveloped, more dependent and becoming still more underdeveloped.” (Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment …, pp. 56, 96–97).

60 Ferrer, The Argentine Economy, p. 124.

61 Ibid., p. 177.

62 Díaz-Alejandro, Essays on the Economic History …, pp. 94–95.

63 Ibid., p. 138–40.

64 Ibid., p. 138.

65 Ferrer is strikingly unconcerned about comparative advantage and the gains from trade. In the whole book there is only one oblique reference to Argentina's being “forced to become self-sufficient to an extent that conspires against its progressive participation in the international division of labor.” (Ferrer, The Argentine Economy, p. 177).

66 The structuralist-dependence approach is present in a number of other historical works, some of the most outstanding being: Furtado, Celso, The Economic Growth of Brazil (Berkeley, 1963)Google Scholar, La economía latinoamericana desde la Conquista Ibérica hasta la Revolución Cubanq (Santiago, 1969); Sunkel, Osvaldo and Paz, Pedro, El subdesarrollo latinoamericano y la teoría del desarrollo (Mexico, 1970)Google Scholar.

67 Ballesteros, Marto and Davis, Tom, “The Growth of Output and Employment in Basic Sectors of the Chilean Economy,” Economic Development and Cultural Change (January 1963)Google Scholar; Ballesteros, Marto, “Desarrollo agricola chileno, 1910–1955,” Cuademos de economía (January-April 1965)Google Scholar; ECLA, Analyses and Projections of Economic Development. III. The Economic Development of Colombia (Geneva, 1957)Google Scholar; ECLA, Análisis y proyecciones del desarrollo económico. V. El desarrollo económico de la Argentina, 3 volumes (Mexico, 1959)Google Scholar; William P. McGreevey, “Quantitative Research in Latin American History, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,” a paper prepared for Conference on the Economic History of Latin America, 1969 (mimeographed).

68 El Colegio de México, Estadísticas económicas del Porfiriato. 1. Comercio exterior de México (Mexico, 1960); 2. Fuerza de trabajo y actividades económicas por sectores (Mexico, 1965); Heraclio Bonilla, “La coyuntura comercial del siglo XIX en el Perú,” Revista del Museo National (1967–68).

69 Levin, Jonathan V., The Export Economies; Their Pattern of Development in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, Mass., 1960).Google Scholar

70 Reynolds, Clark W., “Development Problems of an Export Economy; The Case of Chile and Copper,” in Mamalakis, Markos and Reynolds, Clark, Essays on the Chilean Economy (Homewood, Ill., 1965)Google Scholar.

71 Hagen, Everett E., On the Theory of Social Change (Homewood, Ill., 1962), pp. 353–84.Google Scholar

72 López, Alvaro, Migración y cambio social en Antióquia durante el siglo diez y nueve (Bogotá, 1968).Google Scholar