Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T11:56:42.226Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Media Coverage and IPO Pricing around the World

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 July 2019

Yangyang Chen
Affiliation:
Chen, yang.k.chen@outlook.com, City University of Hong Kong Department of Accountancy
Abhinav Goyal
Affiliation:
Goyal, a.goyal@liverpool.ac.uk, University of Liverpool Department of Accounting and Finance, Management School
Madhu Veeraraghavan
Affiliation:
Veeraraghavan, madhuveeraraghavan@tapmi.edu.in, T.A. PAI Management Institute Finance and Strategy Area
Leon Zolotoy*
Affiliation:
Zolotoy, l.zolotoy@mbs.edu, Melbourne Business School, University of Melbourne
*
Zolotoy (corresponding author), l.zolotoy@mbs.edu

Abstract

We study how media coverage impacts pricing of initial public offerings (IPOs) around the world. Higher media coverage in the pre-IPO period leads to lower IPO initial returns. The effect is mitigated in countries with better financial reporting quality, greater shareholder rights protection, and more stringent media censorship, and for IPOs “certified” by reputable intermediaries, while it is amplified in countries with higher levels of media penetration and media trust. Further, IPOs with higher pre-IPO media coverage have lower ex post price revision volatility. Our findings suggest that higher pre-IPO media coverage reduces information asymmetry among investors, leading to less underpriced IPOs.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Michael G. Foster School of Business, University of Washington 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

We thank Jarrad Harford (the editor) and Chad Zutter (the referee) for helpful comments and suggestions. We also appreciate helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper from seminar and session participants at the 2017 Australasian Banking and Finance Conference, 2018 IIM-Ahmedabad JAAF Symposium, 2018 FMA Asia Conference, 2018 Asian Finance Association Annual Meeting, University of Liverpool, University College Dublin, University of Maynooth, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Queen’s University Belfast, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Tsinghua University, Lingnan University, and Xi’an Jiaotong University. We thank Savitha Heggede for excellent research assistance. Veeraraghavan thanks the T.A. PAI Chair Professorship for funding. Part of the work on this paper was done while Chen was affiliated with the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. This paper won the best paper award of the 2018 Asian Finance Association Annual Meeting.

References

Agrawal, A., and Chadha, S.. “Corporate Governance and Accounting Scandals.” Journal of Law and Economics, 48 (2005), 371406.Google Scholar
Amihud, Y.; Hauser, S.; and Kirsh, A.. “Allocations, Adverse Selection, and Cascades in IPOs: Evidence from the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange.” Journal of Financial Economics, 68 (2003), 137158.Google Scholar
Andersen, T., and Bollerslev, T.. “Answering the Skeptics: Yes, Standard Volatility Models Do Provide Accurate Forecasts.” International Economic Review, 39 (1998), 885905.Google Scholar
Barber, B., and Odean, T.. “All That Glitters: The Effect of Attention and News on the Buying Behavior of Individual and Institutional Investors.” Review of Financial Studies, 21 (2008), 785818.Google Scholar
Battalio, R. H., and Mendenhall, R. R.. “Earnings Expectations, Investor Trade Size, and Anomalous Returns around Earnings Announcements.” Journal of Financial Economics, 77 (2005), 289319.Google Scholar
Beatty, R. P., and Ritter, J. R.. “Investment Banking, Reputation, and the Underpricing of Initial Public Offerings.” Journal of Financial Economics, 15 (1986), 213232.Google Scholar
Benveniste, L. M., and Spindt, P. A.. “How Investment Bankers Determine the Offer Price and Allocation of New Issues.” Journal of Financial Economics, 24 (1989), 343362.Google Scholar
Benveniste, L. M., and Wilhelm, W. J.. “A Comparative Analysis of IPO Proceeds under Alternative Regulatory Environments.” Journal of Financial Economics, 28 (1990), 173208.Google Scholar
Bhattacharya, U.; Daouk, H.; and Welker, M.. “The World Price of Earnings Opacity.” Accounting Review, 78 (2003), 641678.Google Scholar
Bhattacharya, U.; Galpin, N.; Ray, R.; and Yu, X.. “The Role of the Media in the Internet IPO Bubble.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 44 (2009), 657682.Google Scholar
Booth, J. R., and Smith, R. L.. “Capital Raising, Underwriting and the Certification Hypothesis.” Journal of Financial Economics, 15 (1986), 261281.Google Scholar
Borden, M.The Role of Financial Journalists in Corporate Governance.” Fordham Journal of Corporate and Financial Law, 12 (2007), 311369.Google Scholar
Boulton, T. J.; Ramasubbu, N.; Smart, S. B.; and Zutter, C. J.. “Global Digital Divide and Capital Markets: The Effect of Internet Penetration on IPO Underpricing.” Working Paper, Miami University Farmer School of Business (2016).Google Scholar
Boulton, T. J.; Smart, S. B.; and Zutter, C. J.. “IPO Underpricing and International Corporate Governance.” Journal of International Business Studies, 41 (2010), 206222.Google Scholar
Boulton, T. J.; Smart, S. B.; and Zutter, C. J.. “Earnings Quality and International IPO Underpricing.” Accounting Review, 86 (2011), 483505.Google Scholar
Boulton, T. J.; Smart, S. B.; and Zutter, C. J.. “Conservatism and International IPO Underpricing.” Journal of International Business Studies, 48 (2017), 763785.Google Scholar
Bradley, D. J., and Jordan, B. D.. “Partial Adjustment to Public Information and IPO Underpricing.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 37 (2002), 595616.Google Scholar
Brau, J. C., and Fawcett, S. E.. “Initial Public Offerings: An Analysis of Theory and Practice.” Journal of Finance, 61 (2006), 399436.Google Scholar
Brennan, M. J., and Franks, J.. “Underpricing, Ownership and Control in Initial Public Offerings of Equity Securities in the UK.” Journal of Financial Economics, 45 (1997), 391413.Google Scholar
Busaba, W. Y., and Chang, C.. “Bookbuilding vs Fixed Price Revisited: The Effect of Aftermarket Trading.” Journal of Corporate Finance, 16 (2010), 370381.Google Scholar
Bushman, R. M.; Williams, C. D.; and Wittenberg-Moerman, R.. “The Informational Role of the Media in Private Lending.” Journal of Accounting Research, 55 (2017), 115152.Google Scholar
Carter, R., and Manaster, S.. “Initial Public Offerings and Underwriter Reputation.” Journal of Finance, 45 (1990), 10451067.Google Scholar
Chemmanur, T. J., and Yan, A.. “Product Market Advertising, Heterogeneous Beliefs, and the Long-Run Performance of Initial Public Offerings.” Journal of Corporate Finance, 46 (2017), 124.Google Scholar
Chen, C. W.; Pantzalis, C.; and Park, J. C.. “Press Coverage and Stock Price Deviation from Fundamental Value.” Journal of Financial Research, 36 (2013), 175214.Google Scholar
Chen, F.; Hope, O.; Li, Q.; and Wang, X.. “Financial Reporting Quality and Investment Efficiency of Private Firms in Emerging Markets.” Accounting Review, 86 (2011), 12551288.Google Scholar
Çolak, G.; Durnev, A.; and Qian, Y.. “Political Uncertainty and IPO Activity: Evidence from US Gubernatorial Elections.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 52 (2017), 25232564.Google Scholar
Cook, D.; Kieschnick, R.; and Van Ness, R.. “On the Marketing of IPOs.” Journal of Financial Economics, 82 (2006), 3561.Google Scholar
Da, Z.; Engelberg, J.; and Gao, P.. “In Search of Attention.” Journal of Finance, 66 (2011), 14611499.Google Scholar
Dai, L.; Parwada, J. T.; and Zhang, B.. “The Governance Effect of the Media’s News Dissemination Role: Evidence from Insider Trading.” Journal of Accounting Research, 53 (2015), 331366.Google Scholar
Dang, T. L.; Moshirian, F.; and Zhang, B.. “Commonality in News around the World.” Journal of Financial Economics, 116 (2015), 82110.Google Scholar
Derrien, F.IPO Pricing in ‘Hot’ Market Conditions: Who Leaves Money on the Table?Journal of Finance, 60 (2005), 487521.Google Scholar
Djankov, S.; LaPorta, R.; Lopez-de-Silanes, F.; and Shleifer, A.. “The Law and Economics of Self-Dealing.” Journal of Financial Economics, 88 (2008), 430465.Google Scholar
Doidge, C.; Karolyi, G. A.; and Stulz, R. M.. “The US Left Behind? Financial Globalization and the Rise of IPOs Outside the US.” Journal of Financial Economics, 110 (2013), 546573.Google Scholar
Dougal, C.; Engelberg, J.; Garcia, D.; and Parsons, C. A.. “Journalists and the Stock Market.” Review of Financial Studies, 25 (2012), 639679.Google Scholar
Drake, M. S.; Guest, N. M.; and Twedt, B. J.. “The Media and Mispricing: The Role of the Business Press in the Pricing of Accounting Information.” Accounting Review, 89 (2014), 16731701.Google Scholar
Dyck, A.; Volchkova, N.; and Zingales, L.. “The Corporate Governance Role of the Media: Evidence from Russia.” Journal of Finance, 63 (2008), 10931135.Google Scholar
Dyck, A., and Zingales, L.. “Private Benefits of Control: An International Comparison.” Journal of Finance, 59 (2004), 537600.Google Scholar
Ellul, A., and Pagano, M.. “IPO Underpricing and After-Market Liquidity.” Review of Financial Studies, 19 (2006), 381421.Google Scholar
Engelberg, J. E., and Parsons, C. A.. “The Causal Impact of Media in Financial Markets.” Journal of Finance, 66 (2011), 6797.Google Scholar
Engelberg, J. E.; Sasseville, C.; and Williams, J.. “Market Madness? The Case of Mad Money.” Management Science, 58 (2012), 351364.Google Scholar
Ernst & Young. “EY Global IPO Trends for Q4 2016.” New York, NY: Ernst and Young (2016). Available at: https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/ey-4q-2016-global-ipo-trends-report/$FILE/ey-4q-2016-global-ipo-trends-report.pdf.Google Scholar
Forsberg, L., and Ghysels, E.. “Why Do Absolute Returns Predict Volatility So Well?Journal of Financial Econometrics, 5 (2007), 3167.Google Scholar
Frederickson, J. R., and Zolotoy, L.. “Competing Earnings Announcements: Which Announcement Do Investors Process First?Accounting Review, 91 (2016), 441462.Google Scholar
Frieder, L., and Subrahmanyam, A.. “Brand Perceptions and the Market for Common Stock.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 40 (2005), 5785.Google Scholar
Gao, X.; Ritter, J.; and Zhu, Z.. “Where Have All the IPOs Gone?Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 48 (2013), 16631692.Google Scholar
Geddes, B., and Zaller, J.. “Sources of Popular Support for Authoritarian Regimes.” American Journal of Political Science, 33 (1989), 312347.Google Scholar
Granger, C. W., and Sin, C.. “Modelling the Absolute Returns of Different Stock Indices: Exploring the Forecastability of an Alternative Measure of Risk.” Journal of Forecasting, 19 (2000), 277298.Google Scholar
Griffin, J. M.; Hirschey, N. H.; and Kelly, P. J.. “How Important is the Financial Media in Global Markets?Review of Financial Studies, 24 (2011), 39413992.Google Scholar
Grundy, B., and Kim, Y.. “Stock Market Volatility in a Heterogeneous Information Economy.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 37 (2002), 127.Google Scholar
Gurun, U. G., and Butler, A. W.. “Don’t Believe the Hype: Local Media Slant, Local Advertising, and Firm Value.” Journal of Finance, 67 (2012), 561598.Google Scholar
Hanley, K. W.The Underpricing of Initial Public Offerings and the Partial Adjustment Phenomenon.” Journal of Financial Economics, 34 (1993), 231250.Google Scholar
He, W., and Hu, M. R.. “Aggregate Earnings and Market Returns: International Evidence.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 49 (2014), 879901.Google Scholar
Hillert, A.; Jacobs, H.; and Müller, S.. “Media Makes Momentum.” Review of Financial Studies, 27 (2014), 34673501.Google Scholar
Hirshleifer, D.; Lim, S.; and Teoh, S.. “Driven to Distraction: Extraneous Events and Underreaction to Earnings News.” Journal of Finance, 64 (2009), 22892325.Google Scholar
Hung, M.; Li, X.; and Wang, S.. “Post-Earnings-Announcement Drift in Global Markets: Evidence from an Information Shock.” Review of Financial Studies, 28 (2015), 12421283.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D.Attention and Effort, Vol. 1063, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall (1973).Google Scholar
Klausner, M.The Limits of Corporate Law in Promoting Good Corporate Governance.” In Restoring Trust in American Business, Vol. 91, Lorsch, Jay W., Berlowitz, Leslie, and Zelleke, Andy, eds. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press (2005), 9798.Google Scholar
LaPorta, R.; Lopez-de-Silanes, F.; and Shleifer, A.. “What Works in Securities Laws?Journal of Finance, 61 (2006), 132.Google Scholar
LaPorta, R.; Lopez-de-Silanes, F.; Shleifer, A.; and Vishny, R. W.. “Law and Finance.” Journal of Political Economy, 106 (1998), 11131155.Google Scholar
Larcker, D. F., and Rusticus, T. O.. “On the Use of Instrumental Variables in Accounting Research.” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 49 (2010), 186205.Google Scholar
Lin, H. L.; Pukthuanthong, K.; and Walker, T. J.. “An International Look at the Lawsuit Avoidance Hypothesis of IPO Underpricing.” Journal of Corporate Finance, 19 (2013), 5677.Google Scholar
Lins, K. V.; Servaes, H.; and Tamayo, A. N. E.. “Social Capital, Trust, and Firm Performance: The Value of Corporate Social Responsibility during the Financial Crisis.” Journal of Finance, 72 (2017), 17851824.Google Scholar
Liu, L. X.; Sherman, A. E.; and Zhang, Y.. “The Long-Run Role of the Media: Evidence from Initial Public Offerings.” Management Science, 60 (2014), 19451964.Google Scholar
Liu, L. X.; Sherman, A. E.; and Zhang, Y.. “Attracting Attention in an IPO.” AFA 2009 San Francisco Meetings Paper (2017).Google Scholar
Ljungqvist, A.IPO Underpricing.” In Handbook of Corporate Finance: Empirical Corporate Finance, Eckbo, B. E., ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier (2007), 375418.Google Scholar
Ljungqvist, A.; Nanda, V.; and Singh, R.. “Hot Markets, Investor Sentiment, and IPO Pricing.” Journal of Business, 79 (2006), 16671702.Google Scholar
Loughran, T., and Ritter, J.. “Why Has IPO Underpricing Changed over Time?Financial Management, 33 (2004), 537.Google Scholar
Mahoney, P. G.Mandatory Disclosure as a Solution to Agency Problems.” University of Chicago Law Review, 62 (1995), 10471112.Google Scholar
Megginson, W. L., and Weiss, K. A.. “Venture Capitalist Certification in Initial Public Offerings.” Journal of Finance, 46 (1991), 879903.Google Scholar
Menon, K., and Williams, D. D.. “Auditor Credibility and Initial Public Offerings.” Accounting Review, 66 (1991), 313332.Google Scholar
Michaely, R., and Shaw, W. H.. “The Pricing of Initial Public Offerings: Tests of Adverse Selection and Signalling Theories.” Review of Financial Studies, 7 (1994), 279319.Google Scholar
Mullainathan, S., and Shleifer, A.. “The Market for News.” American Economic Review, 95 (2005), 10311053.Google Scholar
Odean, T.Do Investors Trade Too Much?The American Economic Review, 89 (1999), 12791298.Google Scholar
Pagan, A., and Ullah, A.. Nonparametric Econometrics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press (1999).Google Scholar
Peress, J.The Media and the Diffusion of Information in Financial Markets: Evidence from Newspaper Strikes.” Journal of Finance, 69 (2014), 20072043.Google Scholar
Pollock, T. G., and Rindova, V. P.. “Media Legitimation Effects in the Market for Initial Public Offerings.” Academy of Management Journal, 46 (2003), 631642.Google Scholar
Robinson, P. M.Root-N-Consistent Semiparametric Regression.” Econometrica, 56 (1988), 931954.Google Scholar
Rock, K.Why New Issues are Underpriced.” Journal of Financial Economics, 15 (1986), 187212.Google Scholar
Shadmehr, M., and Bernhardt, D.. “State Censorship.” American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 7 (2015), 280307.Google Scholar
Shalen, C. T.Volume, Volatility and the Dispersion of Opinion.” Review of Financial Studies, 6 (1993), 405434.Google Scholar
Shiller, R.Irrational Exuberance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (2000).Google Scholar
Shroff, N.; Verdi, R. A.; and Yu, G.. “Information Environment and the Investment Decisions of Multinational Corporations.” Accounting Review, 89 (2014), 759790.Google Scholar
Solomon, D. H.; Soltes, E.; and Sosyura, D.. “Winners in the Spotlight: Media Coverage of Fund Holdings as a Driver of Flows.” Journal of Financial Economics, 113 (2014), 5372.Google Scholar
Spamann, H.The ‘Antidirector Rights Index’ Revisited.” Review of Financial Studies, 23 (2010), 467486.Google Scholar
Spatt, C. S., and Srivastava, S.. “Preplay Communication, Participation Restrictions, and Efficiency in Initial Public Offerings.” Review of Financial Studies, 4 (1991), 709726.Google Scholar
Stock, J. H.; Wright, J. H.; and Yogo, M.. “A Survey of Weak Instruments and Weak Identification in Generalized Method of Moments.” Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 20 (2002), 518529.Google Scholar
Tetlock, P.The Role of Media in Finance.” In Handbook of Media Economics, Anderson, S. P., Waldfogel, J., and Strömberg, D., eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier (2015), 701721.Google Scholar
Tetlock, P. C.; Saar-Tsechansky, M.; and Macskassy, S.. “More than Words: Quantifying Language to Measure Firms’ Fundamentals.” Journal of Finance, 63 (2008), 14371467.Google Scholar
Tian, L.Regulatory Underpricing: Determinants of Chinese Extreme IPO Returns.” Journal of Empirical Finance, 18 (2011), 7890.Google Scholar
Titman, S., and Trueman, B.. “Information Quality and the Valuation of New Issues.” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 8 (1986), 159172.Google Scholar
Twedt, B.Spreading the Word: Price Discovery and Newswire Dissemination of Management Earnings Guidance.” Accounting Review, 91 (2016), 317346.Google Scholar
Willenborg, M.; Wu, B.; and Yang, Y. S.. “Issuer Operating Performance and IPO Price Formation.” Journal of Accounting Research, 53 (2015), 11091149.Google Scholar
You, J.; Zhang, B.; and Zhang, L.. “Who Captures the Power of the Pen?Review of Financial Studies, 31 (2017), 4396.Google Scholar
Zingales, L.In Search of New Foundations.” Journal of Finance, 55 (2000), 16231653.Google Scholar