Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T20:51:47.142Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Distributed vortex receptivity of a swept-wing boundary layer. Part 1. Efficient excitation of CF modes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 December 2020

V. I. Borodulin Open the ORCID record for V. I. Borodulin [Opens in a new window] ,
A. V. Ivanov ,
Y. S. Kachanov Open the ORCID record for Y. S. Kachanov [Opens in a new window]  and
A. P. Roschektayev
V. I. Borodulin
Affiliation:
Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 4/1, Novosibirsk630090, Russia
A. V. Ivanov
Affiliation:
Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 4/1, Novosibirsk630090, Russia
Y. S. Kachanov*
Affiliation:
Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 4/1, Novosibirsk630090, Russia
A. P. Roschektayev
Affiliation:
Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 4/1, Novosibirsk630090, Russia
*
†Email address for correspondence: kachanov@itam.nsc.ru
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The paper is devoted to an experimental investigation of distributed receptivity of a laminar swept-wing boundary layer to unsteady freestream vortices with streamwise orientation of the vorticity vector. The experiments were performed on a model of a swept wing with sweep angle of $25^{\circ }$ at fully controlled disturbance conditions with freestream vortices generated by a special disturbance source. It is found that the unsteady streamwise vortices are able to provide very efficient excitation of non-stationary cross-flow instability modes without the necessity of the presence of any surface non-uniformities. The developed experimental approach provides the possibility for a detailed quantitative investigation of the mechanism of distributed excitation of unsteady boundary-layer disturbances due to scattering of freestream vortices on natural base-flow non-uniformity. This mechanism has been studied experimentally in detail. This paper (Part 1 of the present study) is devoted to description of: (a) the experimental approach and the base-flow structure; (b) the method of excitation of fully controlled streamwise-elongated freestream vortices; (c) the results of measurements of structure of these vortices; and (d) the experimental evidence of high efficiency of the distributed vortex receptivity mechanism under study. Part 2 of this study (see Borodulin et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 908, 2021, A15) is devoted to the theoretical background and experimental quantitative characteristics of the distributed vortex receptivity. Values of the corresponding receptivity coefficients are estimated there for their three different definitions as functions of the disturbance frequency, spanwise wavenumber and wave propagation angle.

JFM classification

Instability: Transition to turbulence
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 908 , 10 February 2021 , A14
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Bertolotti, F. P. 1996 On the birth and evolution of disturbances in three-dimensional boundary layers. In Nonlinear Instability and Transition in Three-Dimensional Boundary Layers (ed. Duck, P. W. & Hall, P.), pp. 247–256. Kluwer.Google Scholar
Bertolotti, F. P. 1997 Response of the Blasius boundary layer to free-stream vorticity. Phys. Fluids A 9 (8), 2286–2299.Google Scholar
Bertolotti, F. P. & Kendall, J. M. 1997 Response of the Blasius boundary layer to controlled free-stream vortices of axial form. AIAA Paper 97-2018.Google Scholar
Bippes, H. 1999 Basic experiments on transition in three-dimensional boundary layers dominated by crossflow instabilities. Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 35, 363–412.Google Scholar
Boiko, A. V. 2002 a Receptivity of a flat plate boundary layer to a free stream axial vortex. Eur. J. Mech. B/Fluids 21, 325–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boiko, A. V. 2002 b Swept-wing boundary layer receptivity to a steady free-stream vortex disturbance. Fluid Dyn. 37 (1), 37–45.Google Scholar
Boiko, A. V., Dovgal, A. V., Grek, G. R. & Kozlov, V. V. 2002 The Origin of Turbulence in Near-Wall Flows. Springer.Google Scholar
Borodulin, V. I., Fedenkova, A. A., Ivanov, A. V., Kachanov, Y. S. & Komarova, V. Y. 2005 3D distributed boundary-layer receptivity to non-stationary free-stream vortices in presence of surface roughness. In 21st International Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. ICTAM Proceedings (Extended Summaries on CD-ROM) (ed. W. Gutkowski & T. A. Kowalewski). Springer.Google Scholar
Borodulin, V. I., Gaponenko, V. R., Ivanov, A. V., Kachanov, Y. S. & Crouch, J. D. 2000 Stability of a swept-wing boundary layer to stationary and travelling disturbances. Experiment and theory. In Stability of Flows of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Fluids (ed. V. Y. Rudyak), vol. 7, pp. 150–153. Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics.Google Scholar
Borodulin, V. I., Ivanov, A. V. & Kachanov, Y. S. 2010 a Distributed receptivity of swept-wing boundary layer to streamwise vortices. Part. 1. Experimental approach. In XV International Conference on Methods of Aerophysical Research. Proceedings (ed. V. M. Fomin), pp. 1–10. Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics.Google Scholar
Borodulin, V. I., Ivanov, A. V. & Kachanov, Y. S. 2010 b Distributed receptivity of swept-wing boundary layer to streamwise vortices. Part. 2. Receptivity characteristics. In XV International Conference on Methods of Aerophysical Research. Proceedings (ed. V. M. Fomin), pp. 1–10. Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics.Google Scholar
Borodulin, V. I., Ivanov, A. V. & Kachanov, Y. S. 2017 Swept-wing boundary-layer transition at various external perturbations: scenarios, criteria, and problems of prediction. Phys. Fluids 29, 094101.Google Scholar
Borodulin, V. I., Ivanov, A. V., Kachanov, Y. S. & Fedenkova, A. A. 2007 Three-dimensional distributed receptivity of a boundary layer to unsteady vortex disturbances. In XIII International Conference on Methods of Aerophysical Research. Proceedings. Part III, pp. 45–50. Parallel.Google Scholar
Borodulin, V. I., Ivanov, A. V., Kachanov, Y. S. & Komarova, V. Y. 2004 a An experimental approach to investigation of distributed boundary-layer receptivity at scattering of non-stationary 2D free stream vortices on surface waviness. In XII International Conference on Methods of Aerophysical Research. Proceedings. Part II, pp. 24–30. Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics.Google Scholar
Borodulin, V. I., Ivanov, A. V., Kachanov, Y. S. & Komarova, V. Y. 2006 Distributed two-dimensional boundary-layer receptivity to non-stationary vortical disturbances in the presence of surface roughness. Thermophys. Aeromech. 13 (2), 183–208.Google Scholar
Borodulin, V. I., Ivanov, A. V., Kachanov, Y. S. & Mischenko, D. A. 2018 Systematic study of distributed excitation of unsteady Görtler modes by freestream vortices. Eur. J. Mech. B/Fluids 68, 167–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borodulin, V. I., Ivanov, A. V., Kachanov, Y. S., Mischenko, D. A. & Fedenkova, A. A. 2016 a Comparison of distributed vortex receptivity coefficients at excitation of 3D TS-waves in presence and absence of surface waviness and pressure gradient. AIP Conf. Proc. 1770, 030041.Google Scholar
Borodulin, V. I., Ivanov, A. V., Kachanov, Y. S. & Roschektayev, A. P. 2013 Receptivity coefficients at excitation of cross-flow waves by free-stream vortices in the presence of surface roughness. J. Fluid Mech. 716, 487–527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borodulin, V. I., Ivanov, A. V., Kachanov, Y. S. & Roschektayev, A. P. 2016 b Receptivity coefficients at excitation of cross-flow waves due to scattering of free-stream vortices on surface vibrations. J. Fluid Mech. 793, 162–208.Google Scholar
Borodulin, V. I., Ivanov, A. V., Kachanov, Y. S. & Roschektayev, A. P. 2021 Distributed vortex receptivity of swept-wing boundary layer. Part 2. Receptivity characteristics. J. Fluid Mech. 908, A15.Google Scholar
Borodulin, V. I., Kachanov, Y. S., Roschektayev, A. P. & Bake, S 2004 b Experimental study of 3D receptivity of a boundary layer to free-stream vortices during their scattering on localised surface vibrations. Thermophys. Aeromech. 11 (2), 185–198.Google Scholar
Bottaro, A. 2010 A ‘receptive’ boundary layer. J. Fluid Mech. 646, 1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choudhari, M. 1994 Localized and distributed boundary-layer receptivity to convected unsteady wake in free stream. NASA CR-4578.Google Scholar
Choudhari, M. 1996 Boundary-layer receptivity to three-dimensional unsteady vortical disturbances in free stream. AIAA Paper 96-0181.Google Scholar
Choudhari, M. & Streett, C. L. 1992 A finite Reynolds number approach for the prediction of boundary-layer receptivity in localised regions. Phys. Fluids 4, 2495–2514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crouch, J. D. 1994 Distributed excitation of Tollmien–Schlichting waves by vortical free-stream disturbances. Phys. Fluids 6 (1), 217–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crouch, J. D. 1997 Transition prediction and control for airplane applications. AIAA Paper 97-1907.Google Scholar
Crouch, J. D., Gaponenko, V. R., Ivanov, A. V. & Kachanov, Y. S. 1997 Theoretical and experimental comparisons of the stability and receptivity of swept-wing boundary layers. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 42, 2174.Google Scholar
Crouch, J. D. & Ng, L. L. 1997 Variable $n$-factor method for transition prediction in three-dimensional boundary layers. AIAA J. 38 (2), 211–216.Google Scholar
Crouch, J. D., Ng, L. L., Kachanov, Y. S., Borodulin, V. I. & Ivanov, A. V. 2015 Influence of surface roughness and free-stream turbulence on crossflow-instability transition. Procedia IUTAM 14, 295–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dietz, A. J. 1999 Local boundary-layer receptivity to a connected free-stream disturbances. J. Fluid Mech. 378, 291–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaponenko, V. R., Ivanov, A. V. & Kachanov, Y. S. 1995 a Experimental study of a swept-wing boundary-layer stability with respect to unsteady disturbances. Thermophys. Aeromech. 2 (4), 287–312.Google Scholar
Gaponenko, V. R., Ivanov, A. V. & Kachanov, Y. S. 1995 b Experimental study of cross-flow instability of a swept-wing boundary layer with respect to traveling waves. In Laminar-Turbulent Transition (ed. R. Kobayashi), pp. 373–380. Springer.Google Scholar
Gaponenko, V. R., Ivanov, A. V., Kachanov, Y. S. & Crouch, J. D. 2002 Swept-wing boundary-layer receptivity to surface non-uniformities. J. Fluid Mech. 461, 93–126.Google Scholar
Gianetti, F. & Luchini, P. 2006 Leading edge receptivity by adjoint methods. J. Fluid Mech. 547, 21–53.Google Scholar
Goldstein, M. E. 1983 The evolution of Tollmien–Schlichting waves near a leading edge. J. Fluid Mech. 127, 59–81.Google Scholar
Goldstein, M. E. 1985 Scattering of acoustic waves into Tollmien–Schlichting waves by small streamwise variations in surface geometry. J. Fluid Mech. 154, 509–529.Google Scholar
Goldstein, M. E. & Leib, S. J. 1993 Three-dimensional boundary layer instability and separation induced by small-amplitude streamwise vorticity in the upstream flow. J. Fluid Mech. 246, 21–41.Google Scholar
Goldstein, M. E., Leib, S. J. & Cowley, S. J. 1992 Distortion of a flat-plate boundary layer by free-stream vorticity normal to the plate. J. Fluid Mech. 237, 231–260.Google Scholar
Goldstein, M. E. & Sescu, A. 2008 Boundary-layer transition at high free-stream disturbance levels – beyond Klebanoff modes. J. Fluid Mech. 613, 95–124.Google Scholar
Ivanov, A. V. & Kachanov, Y. S. 1994 Excitation and development of spatial packets of instability waves in a three-dimensional boundary layer. Thermophys. Aeromech. 1 (4), 287–305.Google Scholar
Ivanov, A. V., Kachanov, Y. S. & Koptsev, D. B. 1998 Method of phased roughness for determining the acoustic receptivity coefficients. In IX International Conference on Methods of Aerophysical Research. Proceedings. Part II, pp. 89–94. Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics.Google Scholar
Ivanov, A. V., Kachanov, Y. S. & Koptsev, D. B. 2001 Excitation of cross-flow instability waves by acoustic field in presence of a surface roughness. Thermophys. Aeromech. 8 (3), 345–361.Google Scholar
Ivanov, A. V., Kachanov, Y. S. & Mischenko, D. A. 2012 Generation of nonstationary Görtler vortices by localized surface nonuniformities, receptivity coefficients. Thermophys. Aeromech. 19 (4), 523–540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kachanov, Y. S. 2000 Three-dimensional receptivity of boundary layers. Eur. J. Mech. B/Fluids 19 (5), 723–744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kachanov, Y. S., Borodulin, V. I. & Ivanov, A. V. 2016 Problem of calculation of swept-wing boundary-layer transition to turbulence at elevated freestream turbulence levels. AIP Conf. Proc. 1770, 020010.Google Scholar
Kachanov, Y. S., Borodulin, V. I., Ivanov, A. V. & Roschektayev, A. P. 2002 a Distributed receptivity of swept-wing boundary layer to streamwise free-stream vortices. Part 1. Experimental procedure and primary results of measurements. Tech. Rep. Interim Project Report on Agreement No 106 (Exhibit 106I, Part A), June 2002. Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics.Google Scholar
Kachanov, Y. S., Borodulin, V. I., Ivanov, A. V. & Roschektayev, A. P. 2002 b Distributed receptivity of swept-wing boundary layer to streamwise free-stream vortices. Part 2. Structure of vortices and receptivity characteristics. Tech. Rep. Final Project Report on Agreement No 106 (Exhibit 106I, Part A), November 2002. Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics.Google Scholar
Kachanov, Y. S., Kozlov, V. V. & Levchenko, V. Y. 1979 a Origin of Tollmien–Schlichting waves in boundary layer under the influence of external disturbances. Fluid Dyn. 13, 704–711.Google Scholar
Kachanov, Y. S., Kozlov, V. V. & Levchenko, V. Y. 1982 Origin of Turbulence in Boundary Layer (in Russian). Nauka.Google Scholar
Kachanov, Y. S., Kozlov, V. V., Levchenko, V. Y. & Maksimov, V. P. 1979 b The transformation of external disturbances into the boundary layer waves. In Sixth International Conference on Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics (ed. H. Cabannes, M. Holt & V. Rusanov), Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 90, pp. 299–307. Springer.Google Scholar
Kachanov, Y. S., Tararykin, O. I. & Fedorov, A. V. 1989 Experimental simulation of swept-wing boundary layer in the region of secondary flow formation (in Russian). Izv. Sib. Otd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Tekh. Nauk. 3, 44–53.Google Scholar
Kendall, J. M. 1985 Experimental study of disturbances produced in a pre-transitional laminar boundary layer by weak free stream turbulence. AIAA Paper 85-1695.Google Scholar
Kendall, J. M. 1990 Boundary-layer receptivity to freestream turbulence. AIAA Paper 90-1504.Google Scholar
Kendall, J. M. 1991 Studies on laminar boundary-layer receptivity to free-stream turbulence near a leading edge. In Proceedings of Boundary Layer Stability and Transition to Turbulence, vol. 114. ASME.Google Scholar
Kerschen, E. J. 1990 Boundary-layer receptivity theory. Appl. Mech. Rev. 43, S152–S157.Google Scholar
Kerschen, E. J. 1991 Linear and non-linear receptivity to vortical free-stream disturbances. In Proceedings of Boundary Layer Stability and Transition to Turbulence (ed. D. C. Reda, H. L. Reed & R. K. Kobayashi), vol. 114, pp. 43–48. ASME.Google Scholar
Kogan, M. N., Shumilkin, V. G., Ustinov, M. V. & Zhigulev, S. G. 2001 Experimental study of flat-plate boundary layer receptivity to vorticity normal to leading edge. Eur. J. Mech. B/Fluids 20, 813–820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosorygin, V. S. 1982 Laboratory complex for manufacturing of miniature hot-wire probes with a heated wire. Tech. Rep. No. 4166-82. Dep. in VINITI.Google Scholar
Kurz, H. B. & Kloker, M. 2015 Swept-wing boundary-layer receptivity to steady free-stream disturbances. AIAA Paper 2015-3079.Google Scholar
Leehey, P. 1980 Influence of environment in laminar boundary layer control. In Viscous Flow Drag Reduction, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics (ed. G.R. Hough), vol. 72, pp. 4–16. AIAA.Google Scholar
Mack, L. M. 1975 A numerical method for the prediction of high speed boundary-layer transition using linear theory. NASA Tech. Rep. SP-347.Google Scholar
Mack, L. M. 1977 Transition, prediction and linear stability theory. AGARD CP-224. Paper No. 1.Google Scholar
Marensi, E. & Ricco, P. 2017 Growth and wall-transpiration control of nonlinear unsteady Görtler vortices forced by free-stream vortical disturbances. Phys. Fluids 29 (11), 114106.Google Scholar
Nishioka, M. & Morkovin, M. V. 1986 Boundary-layer receptivity to unsteady pressure gradients: experiments and overview. J. Fluid Mech. 171, 219–261.Google Scholar
Ricco, P., Luo, J. & Wu, X. 2011 Evolution and instability of unsteady nonlinear streaks generated by free-stream vortical disturbances. J. Fluid Mech. 677, 1–38.Google Scholar
Ricco, P. & Wu, X. 2007 Response of a compressible laminar boundary layer to free-stream vortical disturbances. J. Fluid Mech. 587, 97–138.Google Scholar
Rogler, H. L. & Reshotko, E. 1975 Disturbances in a boundary layer introduced by a low intensity array of vortices. SIAM J. Appl. Mech. 28 (2), 431–462.Google Scholar
Ruban, A. I. 1985 On the generation of Tollmien–Schlichting waves by sound. Fluid Dyn. 25 (2), 213–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saric, W. S., Reed, H. L. & Kerschen, E. 1994 Leading edge receptivity to sound: experiments, DNS, and theory. AIAA Paper 94-2222.Google Scholar
Saric, W., Reed, H. & Kerschen, E. 2002 Boundary-layer receptivity to freestream disturbances. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 34, 291–319.Google Scholar
Saric, W. S., Reed, H. L. & White, E. B. 1999 Boundary-layer receptivity to freestream disturbances and its role in transition. AIAA Paper 99-3788.Google Scholar
Saric, W. S., Wei, W., Rasmussen, B. K. & Krutckoff, T. K. 1995 Experiments on leading-edge receptivity to sound. AIAA Paper 95-2253.Google Scholar
Schrader, L. U., Amin, S. & Brandt, L. 2010 Transition to turbulence in the boundary layer over a smooth and a rough swept plate exposed to free-stream turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 646, 297–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tempelmann, D., Hanifi, A. & Henningson, D. S. 2012 Swept-wing boundary-layer receptivity. J. Fluid Mech. 700, 490–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ustinov, M. V. 2001 a Receptivity of a flat plate boundary layer to a free stream axial vortex. Eur. J. Mech. B/Fluids 20, 799–812.Google Scholar
Ustinov, M. V. 2001 b Receptivity of the swept wing boundary layer to a steady flow inhomogeneity. Fluid Dyn. 36 (3), 437–447.Google Scholar
Ustinov, M. V. 2002 Receptivity of the blunt-leading-edge plate boundary layer to unsteady vortex perturbations. Fluid Dyn. 37 (4), 556–567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ustinov, M. V. 2013 Statistical description of laminar-turbulent transition in a boundary layer at high freestream turbulence degree. Fluid Dyn. 48 (2), 192–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ustinov, M. V. 2014 Tollmien–Schlichting wave generation by flow turbulence. Fluid Dyn. 49 (4), 468–480.Google Scholar
Ustinov, M. V. 2017 Amplitude method of prediction of laminar-turbulent transition on a swept-wing. Fluid Dyn. 52 (1), 71–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viaro, S. & Ricco, P. 2018 Neutral stability curves of low-frequency Görtler flow generated by free-stream vortical disturbances. J. Fluid Mech. 845, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Würz, W., Herr, S., Wagner, S. & Kachanov, Y. S. 2002 A first experimental approach to the distributed 3D-vortex receptivity of a boundary layer on an aerofoil. In XI International Conference on Methods of Aerophysical Research. Proceedings. Part II, pp. 173–178. Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics.Google Scholar
Wu, X. 2001 a On local boundary-layer receptivity to vortical disturbances in the free-stream. J. Fluid Mech. 449, 373–393.Google Scholar
Wu, X. S. 2001 b Receptivity of boundary layers with distributed roughness to vortical and acoustic disturbances: a second-order asymptotic theory and comparison with experiments. J. Fluid Mech. 431, 91–133.Google Scholar
Wu, X. & Choudhari, M. 2003 Linear and non-linear instabilities of a Blasius boundary layer perturbed by streamwise vortices. Part 2. Intermittent instability induced by long-wavelength Klebanoff modes. J. Fluid Mech. 483, 249–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, X., Zhao, D. & Luo, J. 2011 Excitation of steady and unsteady Görtler vortices by free-stream vortical disturbances. J. Fluid Mech. 682, 66–100.Google Scholar
Wundrow, D. W. & Goldstein, M. E. 2001 Effect on a laminar boundary layer of small-amplitude streamwise vorticity in the upstream flow. J. Fluid Mech. 426, 229–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zavol'skii, N. A., Reutov, V. P. & Rybushkina, G. V. 1983 Excitation of Tollmien-Schlichting waves by acoustic and vortex disturbance scattering in boundary layer on a wavy surface. J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys. 24, 355–361.Google Scholar
Zhigulev, V. N. & Tumin, A. M. 1987 Onset of turbulence. Dynamical theory of excitation and development of instabilities in boundary layers (in Russian). Nauka.Google Scholar