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Some shock tube experiments on the chemical kinetics of air at high temperatures

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2006

Saul Feldman
Saul Feldman
Affiliation:
AVCO Research Laboratory, Everett, Massachusetts
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Abstract

This paper is concerned with the rates at which atoms and molecules react in the air that flows over a body flying through the atmosphere at hypersonic speeds. Using air as a working fluid, a series of shock tube experiments were carried out to provide information about these rates. Mach angle measurements were made to determine the state of the gas in three situations of interest.

  1. Flow over flat plates was used to determine the state of the gas behind the incident normal shock; temperatures in the gas that passed through the shock varied between 2000 and 6000°:K and densities between standard and 1/80 of standard density.

  2. Flow over wedges was employed to decelerate the flow behind the incident shock to a small supersonic Mach number; here temperatures downstream of the oblique shock increased, at most, 2000°:K above the free stream value.

  3. A Prandtl-Meyer expansion was used to cool rapidly the dissociated gas, so that the recombination process could be investigated; temperatures dropped at most 2500°:K and the densities varied between standard and 1/200 of the standard value. In some cases, the initial degree of dissociation of air was over 45%.

The results (figure 11) indicate that the dissociation and recombination relaxation times of the chemical species found in air are very fast, when compared to the time it takes a particle of gas to flow either around a blunt body in hypersonic flight or past smtill models in shock tubes. Thus the shock tube is shown to be an instrument capable of supplying air at high temperatures in thermodynamic equilibrium (figure 5).

In the case of a non-melting blunt body of about 1 ft. diameter flying through the atmosphere at hypersonic speeds, the present results imply that, when the gas behind the detached shock is in thermodynamic equilibrium, the flow will also be in equilibrium as it expands around the body, provided its speed is greater than 10 000 ft./sec at altitudes below 180 000 ft. (figure 12).

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 3 , Issue 3 , December 1957 , pp. 225 - 242
Copyright
© 1957 Cambridge University Press

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References

Blackman, V. 1956 J. Fluid Mech. 1, 61.
Feldman, S. 1957 Hypersonic gas dynamic charts for equilibrium air, Avco Research Laboratory Handbook.
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