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Wind-farm wake recovery mechanisms in conventionally neutral boundary layers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 July 2025

Luca Lanzilao Open the ORCID record for Luca Lanzilao [Opens in a new window]  and
Johan Meyers Open the ORCID record for Johan Meyers [Opens in a new window]
Luca Lanzilao*
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300 – Box 2421, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
Johan Meyers
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300 – Box 2421, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
*
Corresponding author: Luca Lanzilao, luca.lanzilao@kuleuven.be
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Abstract

Synthetic-aperture radar images and mesoscale models show that wind-farm wakes differ from single-turbine wakes. For instance, wind-farm wakes often narrow and do not disperse over long distances, contrasting the broader and more dissipating wakes of individual turbines. In this work, we aim to better understand the mechanisms that govern wind-farm wake behaviour and recovery. Hence we study the wake properties of a $1.6$ GW wind farm operating in conventionally neutral boundary layers with capping-inversion heights $203$, $319$, $507$ and $1001$ m. In shallow boundary layers, we find strong flow decelerations that reduce the Coriolis force magnitude, leading to an anticlockwise wake deflection in the Northern Hemisphere. In deep boundary layers, the vertical turbulent entrainment of momentum adds clockwise-turning flow from aloft into the wake region, leading to a faster recovery rate and a clockwise wake deflection. To estimate the wake properties, we propose a simple function to fit the velocity magnitude profiles along the spanwise direction. In the vertical direction, the wake spreads up to the capping-inversion height, which significantly limits vertical wake development in shallow-boundary-layer cases. In the horizontal direction and for shallow boundary layers, the wake behaves as two distinct mixing layers located at the lateral wake edges, which expand and turn towards their low-velocity side, causing the wake to narrow along the streamwise direction. A detailed analysis of the momentum budget reveals that in deep boundary layers, the wake is predominantly replenished through turbulent vertical entrainment. Conversely, in shallow boundary layers, wakes are mostly replenished by mean flow advection in the spanwise direction.

JFM classification

Geophysical and Geological Flows: Atmospheric flows Turbulent Flows: Turbulent boundary layers Wakes/Jets: Wakes

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JFM Papers
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Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 1015 , 25 July 2025 , A5
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© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press

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