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Leibniz equality is isomorphic to Martin-Löf identity, parametrically

Part of: JFP Theoretical Pearls

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 June 2020

ANDREAS ABEL ,
JESPER COCKX Open the ORCID record for JESPER COCKX [Opens in a new window] ,
DOMINIQUE DEVRIESE Open the ORCID record for DOMINIQUE DEVRIESE [Opens in a new window] ,
AMIN TIMANY  and
PHILIP WADLER
ANDREAS ABEL
Affiliation:
Gothenburg University (e-mail: andreas.abel@gu.se)
JESPER COCKX
Affiliation:
TU Delft, Netherlands (e-mail: j.g.h.cockx@tudelft.nl)
DOMINIQUE DEVRIESE
Affiliation:
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium (e-mail: dominique.devriese@vub.be)
AMIN TIMANY
Affiliation:
Aarhus University, Denmark (e-mail: timany@cs.au.dk)
PHILIP WADLER
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh (e-mail: wadler@inf.ed.ac.uk)
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Abstract

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Consider two widely used definitions of equality. That of Leibniz: one value equals another if any predicate that holds of the first holds of the second. And that of Martin-Löf: the type identifying one value with another is occupied if the two values are identical. The former dates back several centuries, while the latter is widely used in proof systems such as Agda and Coq. Here we show that the two definitions are isomorphic: we can convert any proof of Leibniz equality to one of Martin-Löf identity and vice versa, and each conversion followed by the other is the identity. One direction of the isomorphism depends crucially on values of the type corresponding to Leibniz equality satisfying functional extensionality and Reynolds’ notion of parametricity. The existence of the conversions is widely known (meaning that if one can prove one equality then one can prove the other), but that the two conversions form an isomorphism (internally) in the presence of parametricity and functional extensionality is, we believe, new. Our result is a special case of a more general relation that holds between inductive families and their Church encodings. Our proofs are given inside type theory, rather than meta-theoretically. Our paper is a literate Agda script.

Type
Theoretical Pearl
Information
Journal of Functional Programming , Volume 30 , 2020 , e17
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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