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Transnational intellectual cooperation, the League of Nations, and the problem of order*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 June 2011

Daniel Laqua
Daniel Laqua
Affiliation:
School of Arts and Social Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK E-mail: daniel.laqua@northumbria.ac.uk
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Abstract

This article examines the political and cultural contexts of the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation and the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation. These two League of Nations bodies were charged with fostering international understanding through the promotion of educational, scientific, and cultural exchange. Whereas previous studies have revealed the institutional and diplomatic processes that shaped these bodies, the present article considers their intellectual genealogies and trajectories. Adopting a transnational perspective, it argues that the multi-layered quest for order is central to understanding intellectual cooperation in the interwar years. This concern was reflected in the role of cultural relations within the post-war order, and in the aim of strengthening intellectuals’ position in the social order (both through legal instruments and through new tools for ‘intellectual labour’).

Keywords

civilizationcultural internationalismeducationintellectual cooperationLeague of Nationstransnational history
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Global History , Volume 6 , Issue 2 , July 2011 , pp. 223 - 247
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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119 See International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, Hendrik De Man papers, part V, dossier 211.

120 Oskar Halecki, ‘Le problème de l’Université internationale : rapport préliminaire soumis à la Commission de Coopération Intellectuelle (Sous-Commission universitaire)’, p. 1, in LNA, 13C, doss. 28370, doc. 34984, Création d’une Université Internationale: rapport préliminaire soumis à la Sous-Commission universitaire de la Commission de Coopération Intellectuelle.

121 Ibid., p. 2.

122 Ibid., p. 5.

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124 LNA, 13C, doss, 28370, doc. 44965, Proposed international university: correspondence with the government of Latvia, letter from the Latvian Minister of Foreign Affairs, 30 June 1925.

125 Greaves, League committees, p. 137.

126 Ibid., p. 138.

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132 Ostwald described the analysis of intellectual workers’ needs as the launch pad for his organization: Wilhelm Ostwald, Lebenslinien: eine Selbstbiographie, Berlin: Klasing, 1927, vol. 3, pp. 287–310. See also Thomas Hapke, ‘Wilhelm Ostwald und seine Initiativen zur Organisation und Standardisierung naturwissenschaftlicher Publizistik: Enzyklopädismus, Internationalismus und Taylorismus am Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts’, in Meinel, Christoph, ed., Fachschrifttum, Bibliothek und Naturwissenschaft im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997, pp. 157–74Google Scholar.

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137 Bourgeois, Organisation, p. 3.

138 Zimmern, ‘The League’, p. 145.

139 For a contemporary’s perspective, see Reinsch, Paul, Public international unions: their work and organization: a study in international administrative law, Boston, MA: World Peace Foundation, 1911, pp. 36–8Google Scholar.

140 Isabella Löhr, ‘Der Völkerbund und die Entwicklung des Schutzes geistigen Eigentums in der Zwischenkriegszeit’, Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft, 54, 10, 2006, p. 906.

141 Ibid., p. 910.

142 See e.g. CICI, Enquiry into the conditions of intellectual work, Geneva: League of Nations, 1923Google Scholar.

143 IICI, A.I.10: Projet de l’organisation de l’I.I.C.I. par M. J. Destrée, doc. C.288.1925XII, Report of the CICI, 27 May 1925.

144 For instance, following suggestions by Jean Gérard (of the Union Française des Organismes de Documentation), the IICI published a guide to documentation centres. On French ventures in this field, see Fayet-Scribe, Sylvie, Histoire de la documentation en France: culture, science et technologie de l’information, 1895–1937, Paris: CNRS Editions, 2000CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

145 Many of these cases (and their similarities) are discussed in Rayward, Boyd, ed., European modernism and the information society: informing the present, understanding the past, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008Google Scholar.

146 LNA, doss. 25658 (R1051), Correspondence with Der Geistesarbeiter concerning formation of an international library, letter of 12 January 1923.

147 Cim, Albert, Le travail intellectuel, Paris: Alcan, 1924, p. 8Google Scholar.

148 Ibid., p. 9. On the importance of order in the development of the social sciences, see Wagner, Peter, A history and theory of the social sciences: not all that is solid melts into the air, London: Sage, 2001Google Scholar.

149 IICI Archives, D.VII.9: Projet d’un annuaire des progrès de la connaissance (Projet du Professeur Pijoan), ‘Note concernant la publication, sous les auspices de la Société des Nations, d’un annuaire des progrès de la connaissance par Joseph Pijoan’.

150 Ibid., Joseph Pijoan to Henri Bonnet, 21 October 1931.

151 Ibid., Daniel Secrétan to Jean Daniel de Montenach, 20 November 1931.

152 Doninique Bourel, ‘Présentation, Henri Berr (1863–1954)’, in Biard, Agnès, Bourel, Dominique, and Brian, Eric, eds., Henri Berr et la culture du XXe siècle: histoire, science et philosophie, Paris: Albin Michel, 1997, p. 14Google Scholar.

153 Giuliana Gemelli, ‘L’encyclopédisme au XXe siècle: Henri Berr et la conjoncture des années vingt’, in ibid., pp. 269–93.

154 Discussions on this issue started in October 1925. By 1926, tensions between the two organizations had emerged because the IICI was not prepared to give Berr the space for a fully fledged documentation service: see IICI Archives, B.IV.14: Centre International de Synthèse.

155 Anna Katharina Wöbse, ‘“To cultivate the international mind”: der Völkerbund und die Förderung der globalen Zivilgesellschaft’, Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft, 54, 10, 2006, pp. 852–63; Iriye, Akira, Global community: the role of international organizations in the making of the contemporary world, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2006Google Scholar; Boli, John and Thomas, George, eds., Constructing world culture: international nongovernmental organizations since 1875, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999Google Scholar.

156 Aggie Hirst, ‘Intellectuals and US foreign policy’, in Parmar, Inderjeet, Miller, Linda B., and Ledwidge, Mark, eds., New directions in US foreign policy, New York: Routledge, 2009, p. 107Google Scholar.