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Freshwater trematodes in Iceland and the surrounding north – current advances and questions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2025

A. Faltýnková ,
O. Kudlai Open the ORCID record for O. Kudlai [Opens in a new window] ,
D. Jouet Open the ORCID record for D. Jouet [Opens in a new window] ,
K. O’Dwyer Open the ORCID record for K. O’Dwyer [Opens in a new window] ,
C. Pantoja Open the ORCID record for C. Pantoja [Opens in a new window]  and
K. Skírnisson Open the ORCID record for K. Skírnisson [Opens in a new window]
A. Faltýnková*
Affiliation:
Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic
O. Kudlai
Affiliation:
Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
D. Jouet
Affiliation:
ESCAPE UR7510, USC ANSES PETARD, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculty of Pharmacy, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096, Reims Cedex, France
K. O’Dwyer
Affiliation:
Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Atlantic Technological University, Old Dublin Road, Galway, H91 T8NW, Ireland
C. Pantoja
Affiliation:
Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
K. Skírnisson
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute for Experimental Pathology, Keldur, University of Iceland, IS-112 Reykjavík, Iceland
*
Corresponding author: A. Faltýnková; Email: faltyn.anna@gmail.com
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Abstract

Iceland is an isolated, sub-Arctic, oceanic island of volcanic origin in the northern North Atlantic. With a limited faunal diversity and being the most northern point in the distributional range for some species, it is an intriguing model region to study parasite biodiversity and biogeography. Since 2006, there has been a history of intense biodiversity discoveries of freshwater trematodes (Trematoda, Digenea), thanks to the use of integrative taxonomic methods. The majority of digeneans (28 out of 41 known) were characterised with molecular genetic methods and morphological analyses, with some of their life-cycle stages and geographical distribution assessed. A surprising diversity has been discovered, comprising species of the families Allocreadiidae, Cyclocoeliidae, Diplostomidae, Echinostomatidae, Gorgoderidae, Plagiorchiidae, Notocotylidae, Schistosomatidae, and Strigeidae. Many of the recorded species complete their life cycles within Iceland, with three snail species (Ampullaceana balthica, Gyraulus parvus, Physa acuta) known as intermediate hosts. No trematodes endemic for Iceland were found; they appear to be generalists with wide geographical ranges dispersed mainly by migratory birds. Interestingly, fish trematodes recorded in Iceland were found in mainland Europe, indicating that they might be dispersed by anadromous fishes, by human activity, or by migratory birds carrying intermediate hosts. The trematode fauna is mainly Palaearctic, with few species recorded in North America. We highlight the ongoing need for precise species identification via integrative taxonomic methods, which is a baseline for any further ecological studies and adequate epidemiological and conservation measures. Also, there is still a need of obtaining well-preserved vouchers of adults for definite species delimitation.

Keywords

cercariaeDigeneaGastropodaLymnaeidaePlanorbidae
Type
Review Article
Information
Journal of Helminthology , Volume 99 , 2025 , e33
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press

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