Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T00:35:09.416Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Head and neck tumour immunology: basic concepts and new clinical implications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 September 2008

K P Topping
Affiliation:
Division of Cancer, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Postgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull, UK
L M Fletcher
Affiliation:
Division of Cancer, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Postgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull, UK
F O Agada
Affiliation:
Division of Cancer, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Postgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull, UK
O Alhamarneh
Affiliation:
Division of Cancer, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Postgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull, UK
N D Stafford
Affiliation:
Division of Cancer, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Postgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull, UK
J Greenman*
Affiliation:
Division of Cancer, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Postgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull, UK
*
Address for correspondence: Dr John Greenman, Medical Research Laboratory, University of Hull, Wolfson Building, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK. Fax: 01482 466996, E-mail: j.greenman@hull.ac.uk

Abstract

An understanding of the immune system and its modes of action is fundamental to understanding the causes, natural history, management and treatment of many diseases. As such, a grasp of the principles of immunology is essential for every physician.

This paper represents a succinct overview of the immune system, discussing the major components in turn, in respect of structure, function and integrated organisation, in relation to head and neck cancer.

Type
Review Articles
Copyright
Copyright © JLO (1984) Limited 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Delves, PJ, Martin, SJ, Burton, DR, Roitt, IM. Roitt's Essential Immunology, 11th edn. Oxford: Blackwell, 2006Google Scholar
2 Bernard, A, Boumsell, L. The clusters of differentiation (CD) defined by the first international workshop on human leukocyte differentiation antigens. Hum Immunol 1984;11:110CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3 Zola, H, Swart, B, Banham, A, Barry, S, Beare, A, Bensussan, A et al. CD molecules 2006 – human cell differentiation molecules. J Immunol Meth 2007;319:15Google Scholar
4 Douglas, WG, Tracy, E, Tan, D, Yu, J, Hicks, WL Jr, Rigual, NR et al. Development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is associated with altered cytokine responsiveness. Mol Cancer Res 2004;2:585–93CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5 Pries, R, Thiel, A, Brocks, C, Wollenberg, B. Secretion of tumor-promoting and immune suppressive cytokines by cell lines of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. In Vivo 2006;20:45–8Google Scholar
6 Pries, R, Wollenberg, B. Cytokines in head and neck cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2006;17:141–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7 Lathers, OM, Young, MR. Increased aberrance of cytokine expression in plasma of patients with more advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cytokine 2004;25:220–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8 Druzgal, CH, Chen, Z, Yeh, NT, Thomas, GR, Ondrey, FG, Duffey, DC et al. A pilot study of longitudinal serum cytokine and angiogenesis factor levels as markers of therapeutic response and survival in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2005;27:771–84Google Scholar
9 van Herpen, CM, van del' Laak, JA, de Vries, IJ, van Krieken, JH, de Wilde, PC, Balvers, MG et al. Intratumoral recombinant human interleukin-12 administration in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients modifies loco regional lymph node architecture and induces natural killer cell infiltration in the primary tumor. Clinical Cancer Res 2005;11:1899–909CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10 Nakano, H, Kishida, T, Asada, H, Shin-Ya, M, Shinomiya, T, Imanishi, J et al. Interleukin-21 triggers both cellular and humoral immune responses leading to therapeutic antitumor effects against head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Gene Med 2006;8:90–9Google Scholar
11 Pardali, K, Moustakas, A. Actions of TGF-beta as tumor suppressor and pro-metastatic factor in human cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007;1775:2162Google ScholarPubMed
12 Karcher, J, Reisser, C, Daniel, V, Herold-Mende, C. Cytokine expression of transforming growth factor-beta 2 and interleukin-10 in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Comparison of tissue expression and serum levels [in German]. HNO 1999;47:879–84CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13 Maldonado-Lopez, R, Moser, M. Dendritic cell subsets and the regulation of TH1/TH2 responses. Semin Immunol 2001;13:275–82CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14 Dunn, G, Oliver, KM, Loke, D, Stafford, ND, Greenman, J. Dendritic cells and HNSCC: a potential treatment option? Oncol Rep 2005;13:310Google ScholarPubMed
15 Palucka, KA, Ueno, H, Fay, JW, Banchereau, J. Taming cancer by inducing immunity via dendritic cells. Immunol Rev 2007;220:129–50CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16 Nicolette, CA, Healey, D, Tcherepanova, I, Whelton, P, Monesmith, T, Coombs, L et al. Dendritic cells for active immunotherapy: optimizing design and manufacture in order to develop commercially and clinically viable products. Vaccine 2007;25(Suppl 2):B4760Google Scholar
17 Agada, FO, Alhamarneh, O, Stafford, ND, Greenman, J. Immunotherapy in head and neck cancer: Current practice and future possibilities. J Laryngol Otol (in press)Google Scholar
18 Vora, AR, Rodgers, S, Parker, AJ, Start, R, Rees, RC, Murray, AK. An immunohistochemical study of altered immunomodulatory molecule expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1997;76:836–44CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19 Moser, M, Murphy, KM. Dendritic cell regulation of TH1-TH2 development. Nat Immunol 2000;1:199205Google Scholar
20 Sparano, A, Lathers, D, Achille, N, Petruzzelli, GJ, Young, MRI. Modulation of Th1 and Th2 cytokine profiles and their association with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;131:573–6Google Scholar
21 Jebreel, A, Mistry, D, Lake, D, Dunn, G, Hough, V, Oliver, K et al. Investigation of interleukin 10, 12 and 18 levels in patients with head and neck cancer. J Laryngol Otol 2007;121:246–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22 Whiteside, TL. Anti-tumor vaccines in head and neck cancer: targeting immune responses in the tumor. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2007;7:633–42CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23 Shevach, EM. Regulatory/suppressor T cells in health and disease. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:2721–4Google Scholar
24 Cesana, GC, DeRaffele, G, Cohen, S, Moroziewicz, D, Mitcham, J, Stoutenburg, J et al. Characterization of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients treated with high-dose interleukin-2 for metastatic melanoma or renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:1169–77Google Scholar
25 Mizukami, Y, Kono, K, Kawaguchi, Y, Akaike, H, Kamimura, K, Sugai, H et al. Localisation pattern of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells is associated with clinical behaviour in gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2008;98:148–53CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26 Strauss, L, Bergmann, C, Whiteside, TL. Functional and phenotypic characteristics of CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ Treg clones obtained from peripheral blood of patients with cancer. Int J Can 2007;121:2473–83CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27 Alhamarneh, O, Amarnath, SMP, Stafford, ND, Greenman, J. Regulatory T cells: what role do they play in antitumor immunity in patients with head and neck cancer? Head Neck 2008;30:251–61Google Scholar
28 Fanning, LJ, Connor, AM, Wu, GE. Development of immunoglobulin repertoire. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1996;79:114Google Scholar
29 Liu, X-Y, Pop, LM, Vitetta, ES. Engineering therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Immunol Rev 2008;222:927Google Scholar
30 Iannello, A, Ahmad, A. Role of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the efficacy of therapeutic anti-cancer monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2005;24:487–99CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31 Bonner, JA, Harari, PM, Giralt, J, Azarnian, N, Shin, DM, Cohen, RB et al. Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Eng J Med 2006;354:567–78CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32 Bose, A, Baral, R. IFNalpha2b stimulated release of IFNgamma differentially regulates T cell and NK cell mediated tumor cell cytotoxicity. Immunol Lett 2007;108:6877Google Scholar
33 González, FM, Vargas, JA, López-Cortijo, C, Castejón, R, Gorriz, C, Ramírez-Camacho, R et al. Prognostic significance of natural killer cell activity in patients with laryngeal carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;124:852–6Google Scholar
34 Heimdal, JH, Aarstad, HJ, Klementsen, B, Olofsson, J. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) responsiveness in patients with head and neck cancer in relation to tumour stage and prognosis. Acta Otolaryngol 1999;119:281–4Google ScholarPubMed
35 Costain, DJ, Guha, AK, Liwski, RS, Lee, TD. Murine hypodense eosinophils induce tumour cell apoptosis by a granzyme B-dependent mechanism. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2001;50:293–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36 Goldsmith, MM, Belchis, DA, Cresson, DH, Merritt, WD 3rd, Askin, FB. The importance of the eosinophil in head and neck cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992;106:2733Google Scholar
37 Alrawi, SJ, Tan, D, Stoler, DL, Dayton, M, Anderson, GR, Mojica, P et al. Tissue eosinophilic infiltration: a useful marker for assessing stromal invasion, survival and locoregional recurrence in head and neck squamours neoplasia. Cancer J 2005:11;217–25Google Scholar
38 Macor, P, Tedesco, F. Complement as effector system in cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Lett 2007;111:613Google Scholar
39 Ravindranath, NMH, Shuler, C. Expression of complement restriction factors (CD46, CD55 and CD59) in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. J Oral Path Med 2006;35:560–7Google Scholar
40 Caragine, TA, Okada, N, Frey, AB, Tomlinson, S. A tumor-expressed inhibitor of the early but not late complement lytic pathway enhances tumor growth in a rat model of human breast cancer. Cancer Res 2002;62:1110–15Google Scholar