Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T08:20:00.222Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Reanimation following facial palsy: present and future directions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 June 2010

Y Ramakrishnan ,
S Alam ,
A Kotecha ,
D Gillett  and
A D'Souza
Y Ramakrishnan*
Affiliation:
Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK
S Alam
Affiliation:
Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK School of Translational Medicine, Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
A Kotecha
Affiliation:
Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK
D Gillett
Affiliation:
Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK
A D'Souza
Affiliation:
Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK
*
Address for correspondence: Dr Yujay Ramakrishnan, c/o Mr Ian Johnson's secretary, ENT Department, Freeman Hospital, High Heaton, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK. E-mail: yujay.ramakrishnan@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background:

An understanding of the management of chronic facial palsy is vital for otolaryngologists, due to its common presentation to ENT surgeons. There is currently a lack of consensus on the optimum management of this condition. This article reviews the existing literature and offers a perspective on current management, as well as an insight into future treatments.

Methods:

A literature search was performed, using the Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases from 1966 to the present, using the keywords listed below. Articles were reviewed. Selection was limited to English language articles on human subjects.

Results and conclusion:

A tailored, multidisciplinary approach using combinatorial therapy should be used for reanimation of the face following facial palsy. Advances in surgical and non-surgical techniques, and the exchange of information from centres of excellence via global databases, will enable objective appraisal of results and the development of an evidence-based approach to facial reanimation.

Keywords

Facial ReanimationFacial PalsyFacial WeaknessFace TransplantDynamic ReanimationStatic ReanimationSynkinesis
Type
Review Article
Information
The Journal of Laryngology & Otology , Volume 124 , Issue 11 , November 2010 , pp. 1146 - 1152
Copyright
Copyright © JLO (1984) Limited 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 May, M, Klein, S. Differential diagnosis of facial nerve palsy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1991;24:613–44CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2 Kumari, S, Bhargava, SK, Choudhury, P, Ghosh, S. Facial palsy in newborn: clinical profile and long-term follow-up. Indian Pediatr 1980;17:917–22Google ScholarPubMed
3 Reitzen, SD, Babb, JS, Lalwani, AK. Significance and reliability of the House-Brackmann grading system for regional facial nerve function. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009;140:154–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4 Fisch, U. Maximal nerve excitability testing vs electroneuronography. Arch Otolaryngol 1980;106:352–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5 Fisch, U. Surgery for Bell's palsy. Arch Otolaryngol 1981;107:1–11CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6 Sullivan, FM, Swan, IR, Donnan, PT, Morrison, JM, Smith, BH, McKinstry, B et al. Early treatment with prednisolone or acyclovir in Bell's palsy. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1598–607CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7 Engstrom, M, Berg, T, Stjernquist-Desatnik, A, Axelsson, S, Pitkaranta, A, Hultcrantz, M et al. Prednisolone and valaciclovir in Bell's palsy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol 2008;7:993–1000CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8 Gantz, BJ, Rubinstein, JT, Gidley, P, Woodworth, GG. Surgical management of Bell's palsy. Laryngoscope 1999;109:1177–88CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9 Ulug, T, Arif, US. Management of facial paralysis in temporal bone fractures: a prospective study analyzing 11 operated fractures. Am J Otolaryngol 2005;26:230–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10 Malik, TH, Kelly, G, Ahmed, A, Saeed, SR, Ramsden, RT. A comparison of surgical techniques used in dynamic reanimation of the paralyzed face. Otol Neurotol 2005;26:284–91CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11 Darrouzet, V, Duclos, JY, Liguoro, D, Truilhe, Y, De, BC, Bebear, JP. Management of facial paralysis resulting from temporal bone fractures: our experience in 115 cases. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;125:77–84CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12 Brodsky, L, Eviatar, A, Daniller, A. Post-traumatic facial nerve paralysis: three cases of delayed temporal bone exploration with recovery. Laryngoscope 1983;93:1560–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13 Jongkees, LB. Surgery of the facial nerve. J Laryngol Otol 1968;82:575–84CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14 Spector, JG, Lee, P, Peterein, J, Roufa, D. Facial nerve regeneration through autologous nerve grafts: a clinical and experimental study. Laryngoscope 1991;101:537–54CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15 Samii, M, Matthies, C. Indication, technique and results of facial nerve reconstruction. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1994;130:125–39CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16 Conley, J, Baker, DC. Hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis for reinnervation of the paralysed face. Plast Reconstr Surg 1979;63:63–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17 Hammerschlag, PE. Facial reanimation with jump interpositional graft hypoglossal facial anastomosis and hypoglossal facial anastomosis: evolution in management of facial paralysis. Laryngoscope 1999;109:1–23CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18 May, M, Sobol, SM, Mester, SJ. Hypoglossal-facial nerve interpositional-jump graft for facial reanimation without tongue atrophy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991;104:818–25CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19 Arai, H, Sato, K, Yanai, A. Hemihypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis in treating unilateral facial palsy after acoustic neurinoma resection. J Neurosurg 1995;82:51–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20 Scaramella, LF. Anastomosis between the two facial nerves. Laryngoscope 1975;85:1359–66CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21 Smith, JW. A new technique of facial animation. Transactions of the Fifth International Congress of Plastic Surgery. Melbourne: Butterworths, 1971;83–4Google Scholar
22 Baker, DC, Conley, J. Regional muscle transposition for rehabilitation of the paralyzed face. Clin Plast Surg 1979;6:317–31CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23 Liu, YM, Sherris, DA. Static procedures for the management of the midface and lower face. Facial Plast Surg 2008;24:211–15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24 Boahene, KD. Dynamic muscle transfer in facial reanimation. Facial Plast Surg 2008;24:204–10CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25 Conley, J, Baker, DC, Selfe, RW. Paralysis of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve. Plast Reconstr Surg 1982;70:569–77CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26 Harii, K, Ohmori, K, Torii, S. Free gracilis muscle transplantation, with microneurovascular anastomoses for the treatment of facial paralysis. A preliminary report. Plast Reconstr Surg 1976;57:133–43CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27 Lifchez, SD, Matloub, HS, Gosain, AK. Cortical adaptation to restoration of smiling after free muscle transfer innervated by the nerve to the masseter. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;115:1472–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28 May, M, Hoffmann, DF, Buerger, GF Jr, Soll, DB. Management of the paralyzed lower eyelid by implanting auricular cartilage. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990;116:786–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29 Boroojerdi, B, Ferbert, A, Schwarz, M, Herath, H, Noth, J. Botulinum toxin treatment of synkinesia and hyperlacrimation after facial palsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;65:111–14CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30 Paniello, RC. Nasal valve suspension. An effective treatment for nasal valve collapse. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;122:1342–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31 Friedman, M, Ibrahim, H, Syed, Z. Nasal valve suspension: an improved, simplified technique for nasal valve collapse. Laryngoscope 2003;113:381–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32 Hadlock, TA, Greenfield, LJ, Wernick-Robinson, M, Cheney, ML. Multimodality approach to management of the paralyzed face. Laryngoscope 2006;116:1385–9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33 Conley, J. Cheiloplasty in the treatment of facial paralysis. Laryngoscope 1986;96:140–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34 Borodic, G, Bartley, M, Slattery, W, Glasscock, M, Johnson, E, Malazio, C et al. Botulinum toxin for aberrant facial nerve regeneration: double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using subjective endpoints. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;116:36–43CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35 Ross, B, Nedzelski, JM, McLean, JA. Efficacy of feedback training in long-standing facial nerve paresis. Laryngoscope 1991;101:744–50CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36 Coulson, SE, Adams, RD, O'Dwyer, NJ, Croxson, GR. Physiotherapy rehabilitation of the smile after long-term facial nerve palsy using video self-modeling and implementation intentions. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;134:48–55CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37 Beurskens, CH, Heymans, PG. Mime therapy improves facial symmetry in people with long-term facial nerve paresis: a randomised controlled trial. Aust J Physiother 2006;52:177–83CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38 Shindo, ML, Costantino, PD, Nalbone, VP, Rice, DH, Sinha, UK. Use of a mechanical microvascular anastomotic device in head and neck free tissue transfer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;122:529–32CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39 de Brujin, HMK. Coupling the venous anastomosis: safe and simple. Microsurgery 1996;17:414–163.0.CO;2-2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40 Park, SB, Cheshier, S, Michaels, D, Murovic, JA, Kim, DH. Endoscopic harvesting of the sural nerve graft: technical note. Neurosurgery 2006;58(1 Suppl):ONS-E180; discussion ONS-E180Google ScholarPubMed
41 Hadlock, TA, Cheney, ML. Single-incision endoscopic sural nerve harvest for cross face nerve grafting. J Reconstr Microsurg 2008;24:519–23CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed