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Catholic Thought and Intellectual Property: Learning from the Ethics of Obligation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 September 2015

Gabriel J. Michael
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The twelfth century canon lawyer Gratian once wrote “Feed the man dying of hunger, because if you have not fed him you have killed him.” If Gratian were alive today, he might take a look at the current state of global health and say, “Succor the woman dying of disease, because if you have not helped her you have killed her.” Both of these statements express an ethical obligation: if I have food, and someone else who is hungry does not, I am obligated to share my food. Likewise, if I have medicine, and someone else who is sick does not, I am obligated to share my medicine.

Unfortunately, with regard to medicines and other essential products, modern institutions of intellectual property often fail to enforce or even recognize such ethical obligations. In some ways, these institutions uphold an even harsher attitude toward intellectual property than other types of property. With food, even if the hungry person receives no bread, he is still permitted to produce his own. With medicines, medical technologies, and other types of goods that are protected by institutions of intellectual property, the law can and often does prevent the sick person from producing her own.

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Articles
Information
Journal of Law and Religion , Volume 25 , Issue 2 , 2009 , pp. 415 - 451
Copyright
Copyright © Center for the Study of Law and Religion at Emory University 2009

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References

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54. Basil, Homily Delivered in Times of Famine and Drought § 7 (c. 375), reprinted in Social Thought, supra note 34, at 119.

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57. Aquinas, supra note 56, at art. 1. It is interesting to note that Thomas's justifications are almost a medieval forerunner to the modern notion of the “tragedy of the commons,” the idea that resources held in common will inevitably be damaged or destroyed by overuse of individuals because each person attends only to their own individual interests. For the classic exposition of the tragedy of the commons, see Hardin, Garrett, The Tragedy of the Commons, 162 Sci. 1243, 1244 (1968)Google ScholarPubMed.

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59. id. at art. 7.

60. Id.

61. Id. at art. 2.

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67. “On the fortieth year”; Quadragesimo Anno was promulgated in 1931, the fortieth anniversary of Rerum Novarum.

68. Leo XIII's teachings on property, the encyclical notes, were causing some to “accuse the supreme pontiff and the Church as upholding both then and now the wealthier classes against the proletariat.” Pope Pius XI, Quadragesimo Anno (1931), reprinted in Catholic Social Thought, supra note 63, at 51.

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70. Id. at 55.

71. “Joy and hope.“

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128. Vaccines, however, raise some special ethical issues, since their use is preventative rather than responsive, as in the case of both fluconazole and antiretroviral drugs.

129. Gratian, supra note 1.

130. Second Vatican Council, supra note 72, reprinted in Catholic Social Thought, supra note 63, at 213.

131. Martin, Diarmuid, Intervention by His Excellency Mons. Diarmuid Martin to the Plenary Council of the World Trade Organization on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights 3 (2001), available at http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/doc1unents/rc_seg-st_doc_20010620_wto_en.htmlGoogle Scholar.

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136. Second Vatican Council, supra note 72, reprinted in Catholic Social Thought, supra note 63, at 213.

137. One would never expect to see compulsory licensing of products such as Rogaine or Viagra.

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144. See, e.g., Letter from Essential Inventions, Inc., to Who, Unaids, and The Global Fund (Jan. 17, 2005), available at http://www.essentialinventions.org/docs/eppa/cover17jan05.pdf (proposing the establishment of a patent pool for AIDS research and medicines).

145. See Boseley, supra note 100.

146. See Flynn, Seanet al., An Economic Justification for Open Access to Essential Medicine Patents in Developing Countries 13–22 (Univ. Calgary Dept. Econ., Working Paper 2009–2001), available at http://ideas.repec.org/p/clg/wpaper/2009-01.htmlGoogle ScholarPubMed.

147. See Outterson, supra note 116, at 160-61.

148. See, e.g., X-Prize Foundation, Ansari X Prize, http://space.xprize.org/ansari-x-prize (last visited Feb. 25, 2009) ($10 million prize for the first private organization to develop and demonstrate a reusable manned spacecraft that could be launched two times in two weeks).

149. See Hollis & Pogge, supra note 139.

150. May & Sell, supra note 8, at 19.