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Autonomy and Connectedness: A Re-evaluation of Georgetown and its Progeny

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2021

Extract

In the late twentieth century the United States experienced a wave of cases concerning compelled obstetric interventions, cases which attracted much legal and philosophical interest. Behind and alongside them, however, lies a little known strand of authorities which concerns a parent wishing to refuse life-sustaining treatment and a hospital seeking to prevent this on the basis of the State's interest in protecting innocent third parties, usually the patient's dependent minor children. This issue appears to be unique to the United States. Although the leading case in point was influential in cases concerning compelled obstetric intervention, it has received little examination in its own right. This is a shame, since it spawned an intriguing line of cases worthy of reflection today.

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Article
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Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics 2000

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References

Perhaps the most notable U.S. case was Re A.C. 533 A.2d 611 (D.C. App. 1987); 573 A.2d 1235 (D.C. App. 1990).Google Scholar
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For support for this view see, for example, the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health, 111 L.Ed.2d 224 (1990). The court considered that a competent person has a constitutionally protected liberty interest in refusing medical treatment. Justice O'Connor (who concurred with the joint opinion) stressed that the liberty guaranteed by the Due Process Clause protects, “if anything,” a person's “deeply personal” decision to refuse unwanted medical treatment (at 249). See also the Court's abortion decision in Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 120 L.Ed.2d 674 (1992), in which the joint opinion (Justices O'Connor, Kennedy and Souter) stressed that intimate decisions such as that of abortion, which concern the “meaning of procreation” are the subject of reasonable disagreement, stating that “… reasonable people will have differences of opinion about these matters.” In contrasting different views about abortion, the joint opinion emphasized that “[t]hese are intimate views with infinite variations” and stressed “their deep, personal character.” At 699, first emphasis in original; second added.Google Scholar
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For a different analysis, see Binder, N., “Note: Taking Relationships Seriously: Children, Autonomy, And The Right To A Relationship” (1994) 69 New York University Law Review 11501175. Binder argues that although the parent's interest is more compelling, protecting the parent's autonomy by allowing him/her to refuse medical treatment denies the “emergent autonomy interest” of the child (at 1174). Binder's concern is apparently with the child's “relational interest” with its parent. In the most obvious senses, clearly this cannot continue once a parent has died. But my analysis has tried to suggest that the recognition of the value and meaning of the individual parent's life can itself contribute both to the child's understanding of that relationship (though clearly age will be relevant here) and to the child's developing and future autonomy. Overall, however, Binder argues that it is primarily through the family that autonomy develops such that the value of the family inheres in the way it can promote the autonomy of all of its members. This is not inconsistent with my approach.Google Scholar
Lomond, K. supra note 47, who suggests that allowing a parent to have his/her child or children adopted could be a solution which would satisfy the State's interest in cases where otherwise a child will have no family members to care for it (at 680).Google Scholar
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