Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T09:28:47.420Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

“The Incarceration Revolution”: The Abandonment of the Seriously Mentally Ill to Our Jails and Prisons

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2021

Joseph D. Bloom
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In 1848 Dorothea Dix, the famous 19th century advocate for the indigent mentally ill, appealed to the United States Congress to support the setaside of a very large tract of land that was to be used for the “Relief and Support of the Indigent Curable and Incurable Insane.” She stated:

It will be said by a few, perhaps that each State should establish and sustain its own institutions; that it is not obligatory upon the general government to legislate for maintenance of State charities…. But may it not be demonstrated as the soundest policy of the federal government to assist in the accomplishment of great moral obligations, by diminishing and arresting wide-spread miseries which mar the face of society; and weaken the strength of communities?

Type
Symposium
Information
Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics , Volume 38 , Issue 4 , Winter 2010 , pp. 727 - 734
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Harcourt, B. E., “From the Asylum to the Prison: Rethinking the Incarceration Revolution,” Texas Law Review 84 (2006): 1751–1786.Google Scholar
Foley, H. A. and Sharfstein, S. S., Madness and Government: Who Cares for the Mentally Ill (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1983).Google Scholar
Kennedy, J. F., “Message From the President of the United States Relative to Mental Illness and Mental Retardation,” The White House, February 5, 1963.Google Scholar
Public Law 88–164, 88th Congress, S. 1576, October 31, 1963.Google Scholar
Carter, J., “Message from the President of the United States Transmitting Legislation to Improve the Provision of Mental Health Services…Throughout the United States” (Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 39-011-0, 1979).Google Scholar
Stone, A. A., Mental Health and Law: A System in Transition (Rockville: NIMH, 1975).Google Scholar
See Carter, , supra note 5.Google Scholar
Torrey, E. F., Entsminger, K., Geller, J., Stanley, J., and Jaffe, D. J., “The Shortage of Public Hospital Beds for Mentally Ill Persons,” available at <http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/Reportbedshortage.htm> (last visited September 6, 2010).+(last+visited+September+6,+2010).>Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Bassuk, E. L. and Gerson, S., “Deinstitutionalization and Mental Health Services,” Scientific American 238, no. 2 (1978): 46–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamb, H. R., ed., The Homeless Mentally Ill: A Task Force Report of the American Psychiatric Association (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1984).Google Scholar
Talbott, J. A., ed., The Chronic Mental Patient: Problems, Solutions, and Recommendations for a Public Policy (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1978).Google Scholar
Bloom, J. D., Faulkner, L., Shore, J. H., and Rogers, J. L., “The Young Adult Chronic Patient and the Legal System: A Systems Analysis,” New Directions for Mental Health Services 19 (1983): 37–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NAMI, “Grading the States, A Report on America's Health Care System for a Quality Mental Health System: A Vision of Recovery,” available at <http://www.nami.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Grading_the_States/> (last visited April 30, 2006). (last visited April 30, 2006).' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=NAMI,+“Grading+the+States,+A+Report+on+America's+Health+Care+System+for+a+Quality+Mental+Health+System:+A+Vision+of+Recovery,”+available+at++(last+visited+April+30,+2006).>Google Scholar
Anthony, W. A., “A Recovery-Oriented Service System: Setting Some System Level Standards,” Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 24 (2000): 159–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Torrey, et al., supra note 8.Google Scholar
Oberlander, J., “Heath Reform Interrupted: The Unraveling of the Oregon Health Plan,” Health Affairs 26, no. 2 (2007): 96–105.Google Scholar
Bloom, J. D., Krishnan, B. K., and Lockey, C., “The Majority of Inpatient Psychiatric Bed Should Not Be Appropriated by the Forensic System,” Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 36, no. 4 (2008): 438–442.Google Scholar
Bloom, J. D. and Williams, M. H., Management and Treatment of Insanity Acquittees, A Model for the 1990s (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1994).Google Scholar
Bloom, J. D., “Civil Commitment is Disappearing in Oregon,” Journal American Academy of Psychiatry and Law 34, no. 4 (2006): 534–537Google Scholar
OAC, et al. v. Mink et al: Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon, Case No. 02-003-00339-PA, May 9, 2002.Google Scholar
Miranda et al. v. Kulongoski et al., Settlement Agreement, United District Court for the District of Oregon, Case No. CV00–1753-HU, December 18, 2003.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Olmstead v. L.C., 527 U.S. 581, 1999Google Scholar
Harmon v. Fickle, Settlement Agreement, Case No. 05–1855-BR, United States District Court for the District of Oregon, April 17, 2006.Google Scholar
Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act (CRIPA), 42 U.S.C. $ 1997.Google Scholar
Report, CRIPA Investigation of the Oregon State Hospital, available at <http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/mentalhealth/osh/cripa06review/2-cripa-report.pdf> (last visited September 19, 2010).+(last+visited+September+19,+2010).>Google Scholar
See Torrey, , supra note 8.Google Scholar
National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors, “The Crisis in Acute Psychiatric Care,” Report of a Focus Group Meeting, National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors, Washington, D.C., 2006.Google Scholar
American Medical Association House of Delegates, American College of Emergency Physicians, Resolution 714 and 716, 2007.Google Scholar
Subcommittee on Acute Care, Background Paper, New Freedom Commission, (Washington, D.C., DHHS Publication No. SMA-04-3876, 2004).Google Scholar
Liptzin, B., Gottlieb, G. L., and Summergrad, P., “The Future of Psychiatric Services in General Hospitals,” American Journal of Psychiatry 33, 10 (2007): 1498–1472.Google Scholar
Lamb, H. R. and Weinberger, L. E., “The Shift of Psychiatric Inpatient Care From Hospitals to Jails and Prisons,” Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law 33, no. 4 (2005): 529–534.Google Scholar
Lamb, H. R. and Weinberger, L. E., “Mental Health Courts as a Way to Provide Treatment to Violent Persons With Severe Mental Illness,” JAMA 300, no. 6 (2008): 722–724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Harcourt, , supra note 1.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
See Bloom, and Williams, , supra note 19.Google Scholar
President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, available at <http://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov> (last visited September 24, 2010). (last visited September 24, 2010).' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=President's+New+Freedom+Commission+on+Mental+Health,+available+at++(last+visited+September+24,+2010).>Google Scholar
Caplan, G., Principles of Preventive Psychiatry (New York: Basic Books, 1964).Google Scholar
Hume, P. B. and Rudin, E., “Psychiatric Inpatient Services in General Hospitals,” California Medicine 93 (1960): 200–207Google Scholar
See Liptzin, , Gottlieb, , and Summergrad, , supra note 32; see Torey, et al., supra note 8.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association, “Guidelines for Legislation on the Psychiatric Hospitalization of Adults,” American Journal of Psychiatry 140, no. 5 (1983): 672–679.Google Scholar
Schaefer, M. N. and Bloom, J. D., “The Use of the Insanity Defense as a Jail Diversion Mechanism for Mentally Ill Persons Charged With Misdemeanors,” Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 33, no. 1 (2005): 79–84; Griffin, P. A., Steadman, H. J., and Petrilla, J. D., “The Use of Criminal Charges and Sanctions in Mental Health Courts,” Psychiatric Services 53 (2002): 1285–1289.Google Scholar