Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T08:25:54.441Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Thinking Critically about Race and Genetics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2021

Extract

The issue of how race and genetics should interrelate goes to the heart of an unfinished discussion about race and racism in both the United States and around the world. The category of race is still powerful and dangerous, especially in scientific work. Addressing this issue is all the more important given the fact that race is still frequently essentialized and treated as biologically real. This tendency continues even as social and natural scientists such as Troy Duster and Charles Mills largely agree that race is a social construction. Mills sees this racial construction as deeply rooted in the legal and constitutional orders of American society. Race is a modern category invented by white male scientists in the “era of modernity” and instantiated globally in the consciousness, social practices, and institutional interstices of Western European cultures, among countless others worldwide. Indeed, the pseudoscience of the period was highly informed by tales of difference brought back by explorers.

Type
Symposium
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Duster, T. R., Backdoor to Eugenics (New York: Routledge, 2003). See also Duster, T. R., “Race and Reification in Science,” Science 307 (2005): 1050–1051.Google Scholar
Mills, C. W., The Racial Contract (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997).Google Scholar
Omi, M. and Winant, H., Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1980s (New York: Routledge, 1994).Google Scholar
Blumenbach, J. F., A Manual of the Elements of Natural History (London: W. Simpkins and R. Marshall, 1825).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linnaeus, C., Systema Naturae, 1735: Facsimile of the 1st Edition with an Introduction and a First English Translation of the “Observationes,” Ledeboer, M. S. and Engel, H., eds. (Nieuwkoop, Sweeden: B. de Graaf, 1964).Google Scholar
Agassiz, L., “The Diversity of Origin of the Human Races,” Christian Examiner 49 (1850): 110–45.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J., The Mismeasurement of Man (New York: Norton, 1981).Google Scholar
Steinberg, S., Turning Back: The Retreat From Racial Justice in American Thought and Policy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995).Google Scholar
Bonilla-Silva, E., Racism Without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2003).Google Scholar
Bell, D. R., Silent Covenants: Brown v. Board of Education and the Unfulfilled Hopes for Racial Reform (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Fair Housing Alliance, “Unequal Opportunity – Perpetuating Housing Segregation in America,” available at <http://www.nationalfairhousing.org> (last visited June 29, 2006).+(last+visited+June+29,+2006).>Google Scholar
Duster, , Backdoor to Eugenics, supra note 1.Google Scholar
Office of Management and Budget, “Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity,” available at <http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/ombdir15.html> (last visited June 29, 2006).+(last+visited+June+29,+2006).>Google Scholar
Duster, , Backdoor to Eugenics, supra note 1.Google Scholar
Mamdani, M., When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001).Google Scholar
Boon, K. A., The Human Genome Project: What Does Decoding DNA Mean for Us? (Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, 2002).Google Scholar
Helmuth, L., “A Genome Glossary,” Science 291 (2001): 1197.Google Scholar
Graves, J., The Emperor's New Clothes: Biological Theories of Race at the Millennium (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001).Google Scholar
Devin, B. and Risch, N., “A Note on the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium of VNTR Loci, with Specific Reference to Forensic Applications,” American Journal of Human Genetics 51 (1992): 549–53, cited in Duster, , Backdoor to Eugenics, supra note 1, at 153.Google Scholar
Duster, , Backdoor to Eugenics, supra note 1.Google Scholar
Bunkle, P., “Calling the Shots? The International Politics of Depo-Provera,” in The “Racial” Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1993).Google Scholar
Boon, , supra note 18.Google Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. and Murray, C., The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (New York: The Free Press, 1994).Google Scholar
Murray, C., Losing Ground: American Social Policy: 1960–1980 (New York: Basic Books, 1984).Google Scholar
Rienzi, M., “Race is a Myth? The Left Distorts Science for Political Purposes,” Galton Report 11 (2000), available at <http://www.amren.com/0012issue/0012issue.html> (last visited June 29, 2006).Google Scholar
Whitney, G., “It's Official: Races Differ Genetically,” Galton Report 11 (2000), available at <http://www.amren.com/0012issue/0012issue.html> (last visited June 29, 2006).Google Scholar
Reid, I. S., “Science, Politics, and Race,” in Harding, S. and O'Barr, J., eds., Sex and Scientific Inquiry (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1987): 99124.Google Scholar
Cited in id., at 113.Google Scholar
Jensen, A. R., “How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?” Harvard Educational Review 39 (1969): 1123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrnstein, R., “I.Q.,” Atlantic Monthly 28, 1971, at 4364.Google Scholar
Shockley, W., “Jensen's Data on Spearman's Hypothesis: No Artifact,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10 (1987): 512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, D. E., Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty (New York: Pantheon Books, 1997).Google Scholar
Graves, , supra note 21.Google Scholar
Newby, R., ed., The Bell Curve: Laying Bare the Resurgence of Scientific Racism (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers, 2005).Google Scholar
Smith, V., Not Just Race, Not Just Gender: Black Feminist Readings (New York: Routlege, 1998).Google ScholarPubMed
Nature Publishing Group, Nature Reviews 5 (2004): 791.Google Scholar
Brewer, R. M., “Theorizing Race, Class and Gender: The New Scholarship of Black Feminist Intellectuals and Black Women's Labor,” in James, S. M. and Busia, A., eds., Theorizing Black Feminisms: The Visionary Pragmatism of Black Women (New York: Routledge, 1993): 1330.Google Scholar
Scholar, Black, editorial, “Science and Black People,” in Arditti, R. Brennan, P., and Cavrak, S., eds., Science and Liberation (Boston: South End Press, 1980): 287–89.Google Scholar