Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T08:24:18.733Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Framework Convention on Global Health: Social Justice Lite, or a Light on Social Justice?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2021

Scott Burris  and
Evan D. Anderson
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

A decade ago, Jonathan Mann made a powerful case that human rights could provide a vocabulary and mode of analysis for understanding and advancing health. He made the case well, and put the idea into inspired practice, but the idea was neither new nor his alone. The idea that social justice — and henceforth in this article we will use that term loosely (and with obvious imprecision) to embrace goods like human rights, social equality, and distributive justice — was intrinsically important to health resonated with the social epidemiology already gathering force (not to mention an enduring theme running through the history of public health work). That social structure and relations of power explain a great deal about the level and distribution of population health was implicit in the work of pioneers like Geoffrey Rose, evident in Marmot’s seminal Whitehall studies, explicit in the writings of Mervyn Susser, and the main thrust of scholars like Nancy Krieger and Meredeth Turshen. Although researchers tend to avoid using a term with such normative weight, it is safe to say that Mann — and Susser, and Marmot and Krieger among others — were right: social justice is central to the proper understanding of health.

Type
Symposium
Information
Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics , Volume 38 , Issue 3 , Fall 2010 , pp. 580 - 593
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Mann, J. M., “Medicine and Public Health, Ethics and Human Right,” Hastings Center Report 27, no. 6 (1997): 6–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, G., “Sick Individuals and Sick Populations,” International Journal of Epidemiology 14, no. 1 (1985): 32–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marmot, M. G. et al., “Health Inequalities among British Civil Servants: The Whitehall II Study,” The Lancet 337, no. 8754 (1991): 1387–1393; North, F. M. et al., “Psychosocial Work Environment and Sickness Absence among British Civil Servants: The Whitehall II Study,” American Journal of Public Health 86, no. 3 (1996): 332–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Susser, M., “Health as a Human Right: an Epidemiologist's Perspective on the Public Health,” American Journal of Public Health 83, no. 3 (1993): 418–426; Susser, M. and Susser, E., “Choosing a Future for Epidemiology: I. Eras and Paradigms,” [erratum appears in American Journal Public Health, 86, no. 8, pt. 1 (August 1996): 1093], American Journal of Public Health 86, no. 5 (1996): 668–673; Susser, M. and Susser, E., “Choosing a Future for Epidemiology: II. From Black Box to Chinese Boxes and Eco-epidemiology,” [erratum appears in American Journal Public Health 86, no. 8, Pt. 1 (August 1996): 1093], American Journal of Public Health 86, no. 5 (1996): 674–677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkman, L. and Kawachi, I., eds., Social Epidemiology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000): At 36; Krieger, N., “Theories for Social Epidemiology in the 21st Century: An Ecosocial Perspective,” International Journal of Epidemiology 30, no. 4 (2001): 668–677; Krieger, N., Letter, “Historical Roots of Social Epidemiology: Socioeconomic Gradiants in Health and Contextual Analysis,” International Journal of Epidemiology 30, no. 4 (2001): 899–900; Zierler, S. and Krieger, N., “Reframing Women's Risk: Social Inequalities and HIV Infection,” Annual Review of Public Health 18, (1997): 401–436.Google Scholar
Turshen, M., The Politics of Public Health (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1989).Google Scholar
Marmot, for one, has recently written explicitly about the need to address the social justice implications of social determinants of health research. Venkatapuram, S. and Marmot, M., “Epidemiology and Social Justice in Light of Social Determinants of Health Research,” Bioethics 23, no. 2 (2009): 79–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Commission on the Social Determinants of Health (hereinafter CSDH), World Health Organization, Closing the Gap in a Generation: Healthy Equity through Action on the Social Determinants of Health, Final Report of CDSH (Geneva, 2008), available at <http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241563703_eng.pdf> (last visited July 13, 2010).+(last+visited+July+13,+2010).>Google Scholar
Gostin, L., “Meeting the Survival Needs of the World's Least Healthy People: A Proposed Model for Global Health Governance,” JAMA 298, no. 2 (2007): 225–228; Gostin, L., “A Proposal for a Framework Convention on Global Health,” Journal of International Economic Law 10, no. 4 (2007): 989–1008; Gostin, L., “Meeting Basic Survival Needs of the World's Least Healthy People: Toward a Framework Convention on Global Health,” Georgetown Law Journal 96, no. 2 (2008): 331–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodgson, R., Lee, K., and Drager, N., Global Health Governance: A Conceptual Review, Discussion Paper No. 1 of the Key Issues in Global Health Governance project commissioned by the Department of Health and Development, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2002; Magnusson, R. S., “Non-communicable Diseases and Global Health Governance: Enhancing Global Processes to Improve Health Development,” Global Health 3, no. 2 (2007); Sridhar, D. et al., “Are Existing Governance Structures Equipped to Deal With Today's Global Health Challenges — Towards Systematic Coherence in Scaling Up,” Global Health Governance II, no. 2 (Fall 2008/Spring 2009): 1–25; Mintz, E. D. and Guerrant, R. L., “A Lion in Our Village — The Unconscionable Tragedy of Cholera in Africa,” New England Journal of Medicine 360, no. 11 (2009): 1060–1063, at 1061; Buse, K., Hein, W., and Drager, N., eds., Making Sense of Global Health Governance (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillans, 2009); see also Ruger, J. P., “Toward a Theory of a Right to Health: Capability and Incompletely Theorized Agreements,” Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities 18, no. 2 (2006): 273–326.Google Scholar
Hall, M. A., “The Scope and limits of public health law,” Perspectives in Biology & Medicine 46, S3 (2003): S199–S209; Epstein, R. A., “Let the Shoemaker Stick to His Last: A Defense of the ‘Old’ Public Health,” Perspectives in Biology & Medicine 46, S3 (2003): S138–S159; Rothstein, M. A., “Rethinking the Meaning of Public Health,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 2 (2002): 144–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, J. et al., “Is Income Inequality a Determinant of Population Health? Pt. 2. U.S. National and Regional Trends in Income Inequality and Age- and Cause-Specific Mortality,” Milbank Quarterly 82, no. 2 (2004): 355–400; Lynch, J. et al., “Is Income Inequality a Determinant of Population Health? Pt. 1. A Systematic Review,” Milbank Quarterly 82, no. 1 (2004): 5–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farmer, P. and Gastineau, N., “Rethinking Health and Human Rights: Time for a Paradigm Shift,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 4 (2002): 655–666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burris, S. et al., “Integrating Law and Social Epidemiology,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 4 (2002): 510–521; Venkatapuram, S. and Marmot, M., “Epidemiology and Social Justice in Light of Social Determinants of Health Research,” Bioethics 23, no. 2 (2009): 79–89; Gostin, L., “Redressing the Unconscionable Health Gap: A Global Plan for Justice,” Harvard Law & Policy Review 4, no. 2 (2010): 271–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Gostin, , “Meeting Basic Survival Needs,” supra note 9.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, R. and Pickett, K., The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2009).Google Scholar
See Lynch, et al., supra note 12.Google Scholar
Blankenship, K. M. et al., “Structural Interventions in Public Health,” AIDS 14, Supp. 1 (2000): S11–S21; Blankenship, K. M. et al., “Structural Interventions: Concepts, Challenges and Opportunities for Research,” Journal of Urban Health 83, no. 59 (2006): 59–72; see generally, Wilkinson, and Pickett, , supra note 17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cram, F. and Ashton, T., “The Health Equity Assessment Tool,” October 2008, Health Policy Monitor website, available at <http://www.hpm.org/survey/nz/a12/4> (last visited July 14, 2010); Jarasinghe, S. and Samarage, S., “Tackling Social Determinants of Health — The Role of the Government,” Health Exchange (Summer 2009): 14–15, available at <http://www.healthlink.org.uk/PDFs/Health-Exchange-Summer09.pdf> (last visited July 14, 2010).+(last+visited+July+14,+2010);+Jarasinghe,+S.+and+Samarage,+S.,+“Tackling+Social+Determinants+of+Health+—+The+Role+of+the+Government,”+Health+Exchange+(Summer+2009):+14–15,+available+at++(last+visited+July+14,+2010).>Google Scholar
Department of Health, Tackling Health Inequalities: 10 Years On — A Review of Developments in Tackling Health Inequalities in England over the Last 10 Years (London: May 2009), available at <http://www.pcc.nhs.uk/news/2766> (last visited July 14, 2010).+(last+visited+July+14,+2010).>Google Scholar
Ewing, R. et al., “Relationship between Urban Sprawl and Physical Activity, Obesity, and Morbidity,” American Journal of Health Promotion 18, no. 1 (2003): 47–57 (finding associations between county-level sprawl index and risk of obesity); Lopez, R., “Urban Sprawl and Risk for Being Overweight or Obese,” American Journal of Public Health 94, no. 9 (2004): 1574–79 (finding association between urban sprawl and incidence of people overweight or obese).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See CSDH, supra note 8, at 67–68; Maddock, J., “The relationship between obesity and the prevalence of fast food restaurants: State-level analysis,” American Journal of Health Promotion 19 (2004): 137–143 (finding associations between fast-food restaurants in a given area and increasing population per fast-food restaurant and an increasing statewide obesity rates).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morland, K. et al., “Supermarkets, Other Food Stores, and Obesity: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 30, no. 4 (2006): 333–339 (describing prevalence ratios of overweight and obesity with supermarkets, grocery stores and convenience stores).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berke, E. et al., “Association of the Built Environment with Physical Activity and Obesity in Older Persons,” American Journal of Public Health 97, no. 3 (2007): 486–492 (offering evidence of an association between neighborhood characteristics and frequency of walking for physical activity in older people); Owen, N. et al., “Understanding Environmental Influences on Walking: Review and Research Agenda,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 27, no. 1 (2004): 67–76; Saelens, B. E., Sallis, J. F. and Frank, L. D., “Environmental Correlates of Walking and Cycling: Findings from the Transportation, Urban Design, and Planning Literatures,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 25, no. 2 (2003): 80–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giles-Corti, B. and Donovan, R. J., “Socioeconomic Status Differences in Recreational Activity Levels and Real and Perceived Access to a Supportive Physical Environment,” Preventive Medicine 35, no. 6 (2002): 602–611 (finding an association between overweight and obesity with living environment including proximity to highway, living on a street with poor sidewalks, and having poor access to recreational facilities); Saelens, B. E. et al., “Neighborhood-Based Differences in Physical Activity: An Environment Scale Evaluation,” American Journal of Public-Health 93, no. 9 (September 2003): 1552–1558 (noting that association between low-walkability in neighborhoods and high BMIs).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon-Larsen, P. et al., “Inequality in the Built Environment Underlies Key Health Disparities in Physical Activity and Obesity,” Pediatrics 117, no. 2 (2006): 417–424 (finding that odds of being overweight diminish as number of physical activity facilities per census block group increases).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellaway, A et al., “Graffiti, Greenery, and Obesity in Adults: Secondary Analysis of European Cross Sectional Survey,” BMJ 331, no. 17 (2005): 611–612 (describing a dose-response relationship between levels of greenery, graffiti and risk of obesity).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, D. et al., “Broken Windows and the Risk of Gonorrhea,” American Journal of Public Health 90, no. 2 (2000): 230–236 (finding association between “broken windows” demographic characteristics and gonorrhea rates); Kawachi, I. et al., “Social Capital, Income Inequality, and Mortality,” American Journal of Public Health 87, no. 9 (1997): 1491–1498 (finding a strong correlation between income inequality and per capita group membership and lack of social trust, and between social trust and group membership and total mortality, as well as rates of death from coronary heart disease, malignant neoplasms, and infant mortality, supporting the notion that income inequality leads to increased mortality via disinvestment in social capital).Google Scholar
Maantay, J., “Zoning, Equity, and Public Health,” American Journal of Public Health 91, no. 7 (2001): 1033–1041 (explaining the impact of zoning on equity and public health using the example of New York City, where noxious land uses have historically been found in poorer areas because affluent areas have been re-zoned for other uses); Maantay, J., “Zoning Law, Health, and Environmental Justice: What's the Connection?” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 4 (2002): 572–593.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J., “The Neighborhood Context of Well-Being,” Perspectives in Biology & Medicine 46, no. S3 (2003): 53–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See, e.g., Merkin, S. S. et al., “Neighborhoods and Cumulative Biological Risk Profiles by Race/Ethnicity in a National Sample of U.S. Adults: NHANES III,” Annals of Epidemiology 19, no. 3 (2009): 194–201; Carlson, E. D. and Chamberlain, R. M., “Allostatic Load and Health Disparities: A Theoretical Orientation,” Research in Nursing & Health 28, no. 4 (2005): 306–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See CSDH, supra note 8, at 68.Google Scholar
Smith, D. M. et al., “Neighbourhood Food Environment and Area Deprivation: Spatial Accessibility to Grocery Stores Selling Fresh Fruit and Vegetables in Urban and Rural Settings,” International Journal of Epidemiology 38, no. 3 (2009): 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sturm, R. and Datar, A., “Body Mass Index in Elementary School Children, Metropolitan Area Food Prices and Food Outlet Density,” Public Health 119, no. 12 (2005): 1059–1068 (finding an association between lower prices for fruits and vegetables and fewer gains in BMI over the three-year period).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sampson, R. and Morenoff, J., “Public Health and Safety in Context: Lessons from Community-Level Theory on Social Capital,” in Smedley, B. and Syme, S. L., eds., Promoting Health: Intervention Strategies from Social and Behavioral Research (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2000): 366–389; Sampson, R. J. et al., “Beyond Social Capital: Spatial Dynamics of Collective Efficacy for Children,” American Sociological Review 64, no. 5 (1999): 633–660; Sampson, R. J. and Raudenbush, S. W., “Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy,” Science 271, no. 5328 (1997): 918–925.Google Scholar
See Maantay, , supra note 29.Google Scholar
McEwen, B. S., “Allostasis and Allostatic Load: Implications for Neuropsychopharmacology,” Neuropsychopharmacology 22, no. 2 (2000): 108–124 (explaining the physiological relationship between stress, adrenal and hormonal processes and overall health).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See CSDH, supra note 8, at 51 (citing Early Child Development Knowledge Network, 2007; Engle, et al., 2007; Schweinhart, , Barnes, and Weikart, , 1993; Schweinhart, , 2004; Lynch, , 2004).Google Scholar
See CHSD, supra note 8, at 51.Google Scholar
Id., at 54.Google Scholar
Id., at 59 (citing Chinyama, V., Kenya's Abolition of School Fees Offers Lessons for the Whole of Africa, UNICEF, April 17, 2006, available at <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/kenya_33391.html> [last visited July 14, 2010]).Google Scholar
Burris, S. et al., Addressing the ‘Risk Environment’ for Injection Drug Users: The Mysterious Case of the Missing Cop,” Milbank Quarterly 82, no. 1 (2004): 125–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerrigan, D. et al., “Community Development and HIV/STI-Related Vulnerability among Female Sex Workers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,” Health Education Research 23, no. 1 (2008): 137–145; Basu, I. et al., “HIV Prevention among Sex Workers in India,” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 36, no. 3 (2004): 845–852.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishra, G. et al., “Protecting the Rights of Sex Workers: The Indian Experience,” in Mishra, G. and Chandramani, R., eds., Sexuality, Gender and Rights (New Delhi: Sage Publishers, 2005): At 89, 104; Aurora, P. et al., “India's HIV-1 Epidemic,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 171, no. 11 (November 2004): 1337–1338; Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee (DMSC) and Theory and Action for Health (TAAH) Research Team, Meeting Community Needs for HIV Prevention and More: Intersectoral Action for Health in the Sonagachi Red-Light Area of Kolkata, CSDH, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2008, at 3, available at <http://www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/isa_sonagachi_ind.pdf> (last visited July 14, 2010).Google Scholar
Gangopadhyay, D. N. et al., “Evaluation of Sexually Transmitted Diseases/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Intervention Programs for Sex Workers in Calcutta, India,” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 32, no. 11 (2005): 680–684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biradavolu, M. R. et al., “Can Sex Workers Regulate Police? Learning from an HIV Prevention Project for Sex Workers in Southern India,” Social Science & Medicine 68, no. 8 (2009): 1541–1547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinclair, U., The Jungle (New York: Doubleday, Jabber & Co., 1906).Google Scholar
See Wilkinson, and Pickett, , supra note 16, at 233–234.Google Scholar
Garrett, L., “The Challenge of Global Health,” Foreign Affairs 86, no. 1 (2007): 14–38.Google Scholar
See Ruger, J. P. and Yach, D., “The Global Role of the World Health Organization,” Global Health Governance 2, no. 2 (2008): 1–11; Ruger, J. P., “Global Functions at the World Health Organization,” BMJ 330, no. 7500 (2005): 1099–1110; Cohen, J. “The New World of Global Health,” Science 311, no. 58 (2006): 162–167; McCoy, D. and Hilson, M., “Civil Society, Its Organizations, and Global Health Governance,” in Buse, K., Hein, W., and Drager, N., eds., Making Sense of Global Health Governance (London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2009): At 209–231.Google Scholar
Dray-Spira, R. and Lert, F., “Social Health Inequalities during the Course of Chronic HIV Disease in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy,” AIDS 17, no. 3 (February 2003): 283–290; Bury, M., “Chronic Illness as a Biographical Disruption,” Sociology of Health Illness 4, no. 2 (1982): 167–182; Corbin, J. and Strauss, A., “Accompaniments of Chronic Illness: Changes in Body, Self, Biography and Biographical Time,” Research in the Sociology of Health Care 6, no. 3 (1987): 249–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malinowska-Sempruch, K., “Harm Reduction in Prisons Is Crucial to the Reduction of HIV in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union,” The International Journal of Drug Policy 13, no. 1 (May 2002): 1–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tandon, R., “The Making of a Polio-Free India,” Indian Journal of Pediatrics 69, no. 8 (August 2002): 683–685 (describing the role of Rotary Club in the eradication of polio in India and across the globe).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scholten, W. et al., “The World Health Organization Paves the Way for Action to Free People from the Shackles of Pain,” Anesthesia & Analgesia 105, no. 1 (2007): 1–4; Anderson, E. et al., “Closing the Gap: Case Studies of Opioid Access Reform in China, India, Romania, and Vietnam,” in Mandel, G. N. and Nair, S., eds., Temple University Beasley School of Law, Legal Studies Research Paper Series, no. 2009–25 (Philadelphia: Temple University, 2009), available at <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1356769> (last visited July 14, 2010); Mosoiu, D. et al., “Reform of Drug Control Policy for Palliative Care in Romania,” The Lancet 367, no. 9528 (2006): 2110–2117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fauci, A, “25 Years of HIV/AIDS Science: Reaching the Poor with Research Advances,” Cell 131, no. 3 (2007): 429–432, at 430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, R. and The What Works Working Group, Millions Saved: Proven Successes in Global Health (Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Development, 2004): At 13.Google Scholar
Id., at 65.Google Scholar
Id., at 39.Google Scholar
Dugger, C. W., “Child Mortality Rates Declines Globally,” New York Times, September 9, 2009, at A6, available at <http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/10/world/10child.html?_r=1&emc=eta1> (last visited July 14, 2010).Google Scholar
Clemens, M. A., Book Review, “Smart Samaritans,” Foreign Affairs 86, no. 5 (2007): 132–210.Google Scholar
See Gostin, , “Meeting Basic Survival Needs,” supra note 8, at 363–364. See also, Gostin, , “Redressing the Unconscionable Health Gap,” supra note 15.Google Scholar
See Gostin, , “Redressing the Unconscionable Health Gap,” supra note 14 for a social justice proposal.Google Scholar
Burris, S., “Governance, Microgovernance and Health,” Temple Law Review 77, (2004): 334–362; Burris, S., Drahos, P., and Shearing, C., “Nodal Governance,” Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy 30 (2005): 30–58.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J., “Transcending Tradition: New Directions in Community Research, Chicago Style,” Criminology 40, no. 2 (2002): 213–230; Morenoff, J. D. et al., “Neighborhood Inequality, Collective Efficacy, and the Spatial Dynamics of Urban Violence,” Criminology 39, no. 3 (2001): 517–560; see Kerrigan, , supra note 41; Basu, I. et al., “HIV Prevention among Sex Workers in India,” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 36, no. 3 (2004): 845–852; Campbell, C. and Jovchelovitch, S., “Health, Community and Development: Towards a Social Psychology of Participation,” Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology 10, no. 4 (2000): 255–270 (discussing the impact of community participation in health promotion efforts).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Women's Program—2007 Activities, Open Society Institute & Soros Foundations Network website, available at <http://www.soros.org/initiatives/women> (last visited July 14, 2010). (last visited July 14, 2010).' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=International+Women's+Program—2007+Activities,+Open+Society+Institute+&+Soros+Foundations+Network+website,+available+at++(last+visited+July+14,+2010).>Google Scholar
Fleischman, J., An Analysis of the Gender Policies of the Three Major AIDS Financing Institutions: The Global Fund, to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the World Bank and the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, Report for UNAIDS (July 2008), available at <http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2008/20080715_sitan_aidsfinancingmechanisms_en.pdf> (last visited July 14, 2010). (last visited July 14, 2010).' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Fleischman,+J.,+An+Analysis+of+the+Gender+Policies+of+the+Three+Major+AIDS+Financing+Institutions:+The+Global+Fund,+to+Fight+AIDS,+Tuberculosis+and+Malaria,+the+World+Bank+and+the+President's+Emergency+Plan+for+AIDS+Relief,+Report+for+UNAIDS+(July+2008),+available+at++(last+visited+July+14,+2010).>Google Scholar
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Gender Impact Strategy for Agricultural Development (June 2008), available at <http://www.gatesfoundation.org/learning/Documents/gender-impact-strategy.pdf> (last visited July 14, 2010).+(last+visited+July+14,+2010).>Google Scholar
Blankenship, K. M., West, B. S., Kershaw, T. S., and Biradavolu, M. R., “Power, Community Mobilization, and Condom Use Practices among Female Sex Workers in Andhra Pradesh, India,” AIDS 22, no. S5 (2008): 109–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silberschmidt, G., Matheson, D., and Kickbusch, I., “Creating a Committee C of the World Health Assembly” The Lancet 371, no. 9623 (2008): 1483–1486; see Gostin, , “Meeting Basic Survival Needs,” supra note 9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The responsibility for promoting social justice is spread among different bodies under the United Nations system, some of whom are quite new. The three primary institutional bodies are the United Nations Human Rights Council, the Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural Affairs Committee, and United Nations treaty-based bodies. The United Nations Human Rights Council was created by General Assembly resolution on April 3, 2006. G.A Res. 60/251, U.N. Doc. A/RES/60/251 (April 3, 2006).Google Scholar
Roemer, R. et al., “Origins of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control,” American Journal of Public Health 95, no. 6 (2005): 936–938. Other such conventions are also being discussed. See, e.g., Magnusson, R. S., “Rethinking Global Health Challenges: Towards a ‘Global Compact’ for Reducing the Burden of Chronic Disease,” Public Health 123, no. 3 (2009): 265–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Silberschmidt, , supra note 69.Google Scholar
Fidler, D., “Constitutional Outlines of Public Health's ‘New World Order,’” Temple Law Review 77, no. 2 (2004): 247–289.Google Scholar
Donald, A. and Mottershaw, E., Poverty, Inequality and Human Rights: Do Human Rights Make a Difference? Joseph Rown-tree Foundation, 2009, available at <http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/poverty-inequality-human-rights> (last visited July 14, 2010).Google Scholar
See Gostin, , “Meeting Basic Survival Needs,” supra note 9, at 331.Google Scholar
See Gostin, , “Redressing the Unconscionable Health Gap,” supra note 14.Google Scholar
In backing away from the framework convention idea in his more recent work, Gostin, in our view, overestimates the difference in political cost between a framework convention and “a voluntary compact among states and their partners in business, philanthropy, and civil society to redress health inequalities.” Id., at 272.Google Scholar
Hanefeld, J., “How Have Global Health Initiatives Impacted on Health Equity?” Promotion & Education 15, no. 1 (2008): 19–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, L. F., “A Plea for Cost-Effectiveness, or at Least Avoiding Public Health Malpractice,” American Journal of Public Health 99, no. 9 (2009): 1546–1548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Hanefeld, , supra note 73.Google Scholar
See Wilkinson, and Pickett, , supra note 16.Google Scholar
Unger, R. M., What Should Legal Analysis Become? (New York: Verso, 1996).Google Scholar
Kickbusch, I., “Moving Global Health Governance Forward,” in Making Sense of Global Health Governance, supra note 10, at 320–39; Burris, S. et al., “Emerging Strategies for Healthy Urban Governance,” Journal of Urban Health 84, no. S1 (2007): 54–63.Google Scholar
See Wilkinson, and Pickett, , supra note 16.Google Scholar
Smith, R. and Woodward, D., “Global Public Goods for Health: Use and Limitations,” in Smith, R., Beaglehole, R., Woodward, D., and Drager, N., eds., Global Public Goods for Health: Health Economic and Public Health Perspectives (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003): At 246–265.Google Scholar
Kaul, I., Grunberg, I., and Stern, M. A., “Defining Global Public Goods,” in Kaul, I., Grunberg, I., and Stern, M. A., eds., Global Public Goods (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999): At 2–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fidler, D. P., “Germs, Governance, and Global Public Health in the Wake of SARS,” Journal of Clinical Investigation 113, no. 6 (2004): 799–804; Gostin, L. O. and Taylor, A. L., “Global Health Law: A Definition and Grand Challenges,” Public Health Ethics 1, no. 1 (2008): 53–63; United Nations, A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility, Report of the Secretary-General's High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change (2004), available at <http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20806/A_More_Secure_World_.pdf> (last visited July 14, 2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zager, E. M. and McNerney, R., “Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis,” BMC Infectious Diseases 8, no. 10 (2008): 1–5; Sclar, E. D. et al., “The 21st Century Health Challenge of Slums and Cities,” The Lancet 365, no. 9462 (2005): 901–903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gostin, L. O., “Why Rich Countries Should Care About the Worlds Least Healthy People,” JAMA 298, no. 1 (2007): 89–92. That's the argument, though Gostin himself notes that in the recent H1N1 flu pandemic the developed world didn't end up sharing its tamiflu and vaccine. See Gostin, , “Redressing the Unconscionable Health Gap,” supra note 14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinstrup-Andersen, P. and Shimokawa, S., “Do Poverty and Poor Health and Nutrition Increase the Risk of Armed Conflict Onset?” Food Policy 33, no. 6 (2008): 513–520 (“Poor health and nutritional status significantly contributes to increasing the likelihood of conflict onset in most models, while the effects of income poverty are hardly significant. In particular, the positive effects of under-five child mortality and undernutrition rates are statistically significant at the 5% level in all models. Under-five child malnutrition rates are significantly associated with the likelihood of armed conflict onset while are insignificantly associated with the likelihood of large armed conflict onset. For example, a 10-decrease in under-five child mortality rates contributes to a 1.0% decrease in the likelihood of armed conflict.”).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McInnes, C. and Lee, K., “Health, Security and Foreign Policy,” Review of International Studies 32, no. 1 (2006): 5–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
S.C. Res. 1308, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1308 (July 17, 2000).Google Scholar
Schneider, M. and Moodie, M., The Destabilizing Impacts of HIV/AIDS: First Wave Hits Eastern and South Africa; Second Wave Threatens India, China, Russia, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Report of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (2002), available at <http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/Destabilizing_impacts_of_AIDS.pdf> (last visited July 14, 2010).+(last+visited+July+14,+2010).>Google Scholar
Garrett, L., HIV and National Security: Where Are the Links?, Report of the Council on Foreign Relations (2005), available at <http://www.cfr.org/publication/8256/hiv_and_national_security.html> (last visited July 14, 2010).+(last+visited+July+14,+2010).>Google Scholar
Arya, N., “Peace through Health I: Development and Use of a Working Model,” Medicine, Conflict and Survival 20, no. 3 (July 2004): 242–257; Rushton, S. and McInnes, C., “The UK, Health and Peace-building: The Mysterious Disappearance of Health as a Bridge for Peace,” Medicine, Conflict and Survival 22, no. 2 (June 2006): 94–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Wilkinson, and Pickett, , supra note 16.Google Scholar
Ravishankar, N. et al., “Financing of Global Health: Tracking Development Assistance for Health from 1990 to 2007,” The Lancet 373, no. 9681 (June 2009): 2113–2224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaiser Family Foundation, News Release, Survey about U.S. Role in Global Health Reports That Americans Want to Take Care of Problems at Home First in a Recession, But Say Don't Cut Funding For Global Health and Development (May 6, 2005), Kaiser Family Foundation website, available at <http://www.kff.org/kaiserpolls/posr05609pkg.cfm> (last visited July 14, 2010) (“Two-thirds of the public supports maintaining [39%] or increasing [26%] U.S. government funding to improve health in developing countries, while fewer than a quarter [23%] say the government is spending too much on global health, according to this survey of the American people's attitudes towards U.S. global health and development assistance.”). (last visited July 14, 2010) (“Two-thirds of the public supports maintaining [39%] or increasing [26%] U.S. government funding to improve health in developing countries, while fewer than a quarter [23%] say the government is spending too much on global health, according to this survey of the American people's attitudes towards U.S. global health and development assistance.”).' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kaiser+Family+Foundation,+News+Release,+Survey+about+U.S.+Role+in+Global+Health+Reports+That+Americans+Want+to+Take+Care+of+Problems+at+Home+First+in+a+Recession,+But+Say+Don't+Cut+Funding+For+Global+Health+and+Development+(May+6,+2005),+Kaiser+Family+Foundation+website,+available+at++(last+visited+July+14,+2010)+(“Two-thirds+of+the+public+supports+maintaining+[39%]+or+increasing+[26%]+U.S.+government+funding+to+improve+health+in+developing+countries,+while+fewer+than+a+quarter+[23%]+say+the+government+is+spending+too+much+on+global+health,+according+to+this+survey+of+the+American+people's+attitudes+towards+U.S.+global+health+and+development+assistance.”).>Google Scholar
For the most recent comprehensive statistics on the MGDs and national funding, see “Investing in Development A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals“, U.N. Millennium Project, Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals, Report to the UN Secretary-General (2005): At 256, available at <http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/MainReportCompletelowres.pdf> (last visited July 14, 2010).+(last+visited+July+14,+2010).>Google Scholar
Easterly, W., The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good (New York: Penguin Press, 2006).Google Scholar
McCoy, D., Kembhavi, G., Patel, J., and Luintel, A., “The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's Grant-Making Programme for Global Health,” The Lancet 373, no. 9675 (2009): 1645–1653; see Gostin, , “Redressing the Unconscionable Health Gap: A Global Plan for Justice,” supra note 14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Bell, R. et al., “Global Health Governance: Social Determinants of Health and the Imperative for Change,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 38, no. 3 (2010): 470–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Roberts, L., “A Plea For Cost-Effectiveness, or at Least Avoiding Public Health Malpractice,” American Journal of Public Health 99, no. 9 (2009): 1546–1548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar