Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T07:59:15.689Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Medical Ethics at Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib: The Problem of Dual Loyalty

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2021

Extract

Although knowledge of torture and physical and psychological abuse was widespread at both the Guantanamo Bay detention facility and Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq, and known to medical personnel, there was no official report before the January 2004 Army investigation of military health personnel reporting abuse, degradation, or signs of torture. Mounting information from many sources, including Pentagon documents, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, etc., indicate that medical personnel failed to maintain medical records, conduct routine medical examinations, provide proper care of disabled and injured detainees, accurately report illnesses and injuries, and falsified medical records and death certificates. Medical personnel and medical information was also used to design and implement psychologically and physically coercive interrogations. The United States military medical system failed to protect detainee's human rights, violated the basic principles of medical ethics and ignored the basic tenets of medical professionalism.

Type
Independent
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Editor, “Medical Personnel at Abu Ghraib Ignored Medical Ethics and Human Rights,” News-Medical.Net (August 20, 2004): 1–5. See also U.S. Army Inspector General, Detainee Operations Investigation, July 21, 2004. at <http://www.npr.org/documents/2004/armyinspector.detainee.report.pdf.>>Google Scholar
Silove, D., Review of Combating Torture: A Manual For Action (Amnesty International, London, 2003) in The Lancet 363 (2004): 19151916.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, A., “Why Good Doctors Do Bad Things,” Harvard Gazette (March 3, 2005): 1–3, at <http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2005/03.03/11-abu.html> (last visited April 11, 2006).+(last+visited+April+11,+2006).>Google Scholar
Solomon, M., “Healthcare Professionals and Dual Loyalty: Technical Proficiency is not Enough,” Medscape General Medicine 7 (2005): 14, at <http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/508877_print> (last visited April 11, 2006).Google Scholar
Miles, S., “Abu Ghraib: It's Legacy for Military Medicine,” The Lancet 364 (2004): 725729. See also Article 15–6 Investigation of the 800th Military Police Brigade (The Taguba Report) at <http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/iraq/tagubarpt.html#FRother219> (last visited April 11, 2006); Captain Donald Reese's sworn statement and interview (Appendix of Taguba Report investigation), at <http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040709/CPT_Reese.pdf> (last visited April 11, 2006); International Committee of the Red Cross, “Report of the International Committee of the Red Cross on the Treatment by Coalition Forces of Prisoners of War and Other Protected Persons by the Geneva Convention in Iraq During Arrest, Internment, and Interrogation,” (February 2004), at <http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/sections/news/international%20news/mideast%20and%20N.%20Africa/Iraq%20confict/red%20cross%20report.pdf> (last visited April 11, 2006); and Harding, L., “Focus Shifts To Jail Abuse Of Women,” The Guardian (May 12, 2004), at <http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq?story/0,2763,1214698.00.html> (last visited April 11, 2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloche, M. G. and Marks, J. H., “Doctors and Interrogators at Guantanamo Bay,” New England Journal of Medicine 353 (2005): 68. See also, Physicians for Human Rights, “Break Them Down: Systematic Use of Psychological Torture by U. S. Forces,” Physicians for Human Rights Report, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloche, and Marks, , supra note 7, at 6.Google Scholar
United Nations, “Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” 1948, at <http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html> (last visited April 11, 2006).+(last+visited+April+11,+2006).>Google Scholar
Geneva Convention, “Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War,” 1949, at <http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/91.htm> (last visited April 11, 2006).+(last+visited+April+11,+2006).>Google Scholar
United Nations, “Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons Under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment,” 1988, at <http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp36.htm> (last visited April 11, 2006).+(last+visited+April+11,+2006).>Google Scholar
First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, “Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners,” 1955, at <http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp34.htm> (last visited April 11, 2006).+(last+visited+April+11,+2006).>Google Scholar
United Nations, “Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane and Degrading Treatment or Punishment,” 1984, at <http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_cat39.htm> (last visited April 11, 2006).+(last+visited+April+11,+2006).>Google Scholar
U. S. Army Field Manuel, “Interrogation and the Interrogator,” (1987): Chapter 1, 34–52, at <http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/policy/army/fm/fm34-52/chapter1.htm> (last visited April 11, 2006).+(last+visited+April+11,+2006).>Google Scholar
Miles, , supra note 6, at 727.Google Scholar
Silove, , supra note 3, at 1915.Google Scholar
Bush, George W., “Memorandum for the Vice President on Humane Treatment of al-Queda and Tailban Detainees” (February 7, 2002), at <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/documents/020702bush.pdf> (last visited April 11, 2006).+(last+visited+April+11,+2006).>Google Scholar
Miles, , supra note 6, at 725.Google Scholar
Miles, , supra note 6, at 725. See also, Department of Defense Working Group on Detainee Interrogations in the Global War Against Terrorism, “Assessment of Legal, Historical, Policy and Operational Considerations,” (March 6, 2003), at <http://www.ccr-ny.org/v2/home.asp> (last visited April 11, 2006); Office of Assistant Attorney General, “Memorandum for Robert R. Gonzales, Counsel to the President, Re. Standards of Conduct for Interrogation Under 18 U.S.C. 2340–2340A,” (August 1, 2002), at <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/documents/dojinterrogationmemo20020801.pdf> (last visited April 11, 2006).+(last+visited+April+11,+2006);+Office+of+Assistant+Attorney+General,+“Memorandum+for+Robert+R.+Gonzales,+Counsel+to+the+President,+Re.+Standards+of+Conduct+for+Interrogation+Under+18+U.S.C.+2340–2340A,”+(August+1,+2002),+at++(last+visited+April+11,+2006).>Google Scholar
Miles, , supra note 6, at 725.Google Scholar
Norton-Taylor, R., “Complicity With Torture,” The Guardian, December 8, 2005, at <http://politics.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,9115,1661628,00.html> (last visited April 11, 2006).+(last+visited+April+11,+2006).>Google Scholar
Miles, , supra note 6, at 726.Google Scholar
Taylor, E., Dorland's Illustrated Dictionary, 27th Edition (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunder Company, 1988): 768.Google Scholar
29th World Medical Assembly, World Medical Association, “Declaration of Tokyo: Guidelines for Physicians Concerning Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in Relation to Detention and Imprisonment,” (Tokyo, Japan, October 1975): Declaration 1, at <http://www.wma.net/e/policy/c18.htm> (last visited April 11, 2006).+(last+visited+April+11,+2006).>Google Scholar
Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, Code of Medical Ethics: Current Opinions and Annotations, 2004–2005 edition (Chicago, AMA Press, 2004): Chapter 2.067, 24–25.Google Scholar
Solomon, , supra note 5, at 1.Google Scholar
It should be noted that three soldiers have been ordered to stand trial on murder charges in General Mowhoush's death. See Bloche, M. G. and Marks, J., “Doing Unto Others As They Do Unto You,” New York Times, November 14, 2005, at <http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/14/opinion/14blochemarks.html?oref?login&pagewant> (last visited April 11, 2006).Google Scholar
Miles, , supra note 6, at 726.Google Scholar
Bloche, and Marks, , supra note 7, at 6–7.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association and American Psychological Association, “Against Torture: Joint Resolution of the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association,” (1985): Principle A, Beneficence and Nonmaleficence and Ethical Standard 3.04, Avoiding Harm, at <http://www.psych.org/edu/other_res/lib_archives/198506.pdf> (last visited April 11, 2006).+(last+visited+April+11,+2006).>Google Scholar
Miles, S., “Author's Reply,” in Correspondence, The Lancet 364 (2004): 1852.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United Nations, “Geneva Conventions Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War,” (1949), at <http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/91htm> (last visited April 11, 2006) see also, Miles, , supra note 6, at 727.+(last+visited+April+11,+2006)+see+also,+Miles,+,+supra+note+6,+at+727.>Google Scholar
Powell, , supra note 4, at 2–3.Google Scholar
Lewis, N., “Interrogators Cite Doctors' Aid at Guantanamo,” New York Times (June 24, 2005): 13, at <http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/24/politics/24gitmo.html?th=&emc=th&pagewanted=print> (last visited April 11, 2006).Google Scholar
Bloche, and Marks, , supra note 7, at 6. See also Huck, R. A., “U. S. Southern Command Confidentiality Policy for Interaction Between Health Care Providers and Enemy Persons Under U. S. Control, Detained In Conjunction With Operation Ending Freedom (August 6, 2002), at <http://www.southcom.mil/restrict/J1/new%20web%20page/New%20Web%20Pages/AG/Policy?Current%20SC%20Policies?SC%20Current_pols.htm> (last visited April 11, 2006).+(last+visited+April+11,+2006).>Google Scholar
National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects (U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1979): B-1.Google Scholar
Miles, , supra note 6, at 727.Google Scholar
United Nations, supra note 9.Google Scholar
Hochschild, A., “Arrested Development,” New York Times, June 29, 2005, 12, at <http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/29/opinion/29hochschild.html?th=&oref=login&emc=th> (last visited April 11, 2006).Google Scholar
Hochschild, , supra note 39, at 1.Google Scholar
Purtilo, R., “Conduct, Virtue, and Context in the Professional-Patient Relationship,” in Reich, W., ed., Encyclopedia of Bioethics, rev. ed. (New York: Simon and Schuster and Prentice Hall: 1995): 2096.Google Scholar
Church Report, “Unclassified Executive Summary,” June 16, 2005, at <http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Mar2005/d200503103xe.pdf> (last visited April 11, 2006).+(last+visited+April+11,+2006).>Google Scholar
Bloche, and Marks, , supra note 7, at 6.Google Scholar
Randall, K., “U. S. Doctors Tied To Torture At Guantanamo, Abu Ghraib,” World Socialist Web Site, January 13, 2005, at <http://www.wsws.org/articles/2005/jan2005/tort-j13_prn.shtml> (last visited April 11, 2006).+(last+visited+April+11,+2006).>Google Scholar
Bloche, and Marks, , supra note 7, at 7.Google Scholar
Miles, , supra note 6, at 726.Google Scholar
Bloche, and Marks, , supra note 7, at 8.Google Scholar
Bloche, and Marks, , supra note 7, at 8.Google Scholar
Randall, , supra note 44, at 2.Google Scholar
Baer, H. U. and Kaar, J. F., “Teaching the International Law of Armed Conflict to a Wide Military Community,” Military Medicine 167, supplement 8 (2002): 2025; Baer, H. U. and Gilgen, P., “Aims of the 3rd International Course on the Law of Armed Conflict of the International Committee for Military Medicine,” Military Medicine 167, supplement 8 (2002): 4–6; and Hall, P., “Doctors Urgently Need Education in Human Rights,” The Lancet 360 (2002): 1879.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solomon, , supra note 5, at 3. See also, American Psychological Association Task Force, “Report on Psychological Ethics and National Security,” June 2005, 1–11.Google Scholar
Sofair, A. and Lurie, P., “Military Medicine and Human Rights,” The Lancet 364 (2004): 1851; see also, American Medical Association House of Delegates, “Humane Treatment of Prisoners and Detainees,” (April 12, 2004): Resolution 12 (A-04), at <http://www.ama-asn.org/meetigs/public/annul04/012a04.rtf> (last visited April 11, 2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Editor, “Medical Personnel at Abu Ghraib Ignored Medical Ethics and Human Rights,” Medical News (August 20, 2004): 1–2, at <http://www.news-medical.net/print_article.asp?id=4225> (last visited April 11, 2006).+(last+visited+April+11,+2006).>Google Scholar