Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T02:34:35.346Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Motherhood, Abortion, and the Medicalization of Poverty

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2021

Abstract

This article considers the impact of laws and policies that determine who experiences unplanned pregnancy, who has abortions, and how economic status shapes one's response to unplanned pregnancy. There is a well-documented correlation between abortion and poverty: poor women have more abortions than do their richer sisters. Equally well-documented is the correlation between unplanned pregnancy and poverty. Finally, the high cost of motherhood for poor women and their offspring manifests in disproportionately high lifelong rates of poverty, ill-health and mortality for offspring and mothers, alike. Read together, these factors offer a vivid illustration of the medicalization of poverty.

Type
Symposium 1 Articles
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Patrick, K., National Snapshot: Poverty among Women & Families, National Women's Law Center, available at <https://nwlc-ciw49tixgw5lbab.stackpathdns.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Poverty-Snapshot-Factsheet-2017.pdf> (last visited July 16, 2018).+(last+visited+July+16,+2018).>Google Scholar
Hennessy-Fiske, M., “Crossing the ‘Abortion Desert’: Women Increasingly Travel Out of their States for the Procedure,” L.A. Times, available at <http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-adv-abortion-traveler-20160530-snap-story.html> (last visited July 16, 2018).+(last+visited+July+16,+2018).>Google Scholar
Jerman, J. et al., Characteristics of U.S. Abortion Patients in 2014 and Changes since 2008, Guttmacher Inst., available at <https://www.guttmacher.org/report/characteristics-us-abortion-patients-2014> (last visited July 16, 2018).+(last+visited+July+16,+2018).>Google Scholar
Jones, R. K. and Jerman, J., “Population Group Abortion Rates and Lifetime Incidence of Abortion: United States, 2008-2014,” American Journal of Public Health, 107, no. 12 (2017): 19041909, at 1906; Abortion Rates by Income Level, Info-graphic, Guttmacher Inst., available at <https://www.guttmacher.org/infographic/2017/abortion-rates-income> (last visited July 16, 2018).Google Scholar
On Views Of Race And Inequality, Blacks And Whites Are Worlds Apart, Pew Research Center, available at <http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/06/27/1-demographic-trends-and-economic-well-being> (last visited July 16, 2018).+(last+visited+July+16,+2018).>Google Scholar
Finer, L. B. and Zolna, M. R., “Declines in Unintended Pregnancy in the United States, 2008–2011,” New England Journal of Medicine 374, no. 9 (2016): 843852, at 848–852.Google Scholar
Finer, L. B. and Zolna, M. R., “Shifts in Intended and Unintended Pregnancies in the United States, 2001–2008,” American Journal of Public Health 104, no. S1 (2014): 4448, at 44.Google Scholar
Finer, L.B. and Zolna, M. R., “Declines in Unintended Pregnancy in the United States, 2008–2011,” New England Journal of Medicine 374, no. 9 (2016): 843852, at 848–852.Google Scholar
Frost, J. J. et al., Contraceptive Needs and Services, 2014 Update, Guttmacher Inst., available at <https://www.guttmacher.org/report/contraceptive-needs-and-services-2014-update> (last visited July 16, 2018).Google Scholar
Pear, R., Ruiz, R. R. and Goldstein, L., “Trump Administration Rolls Back Birth Control Mandate,” The New York Times, available at <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/us/politics/trump-contraception-birth-control.html> (last visited May 10, 2018).+(last+visited+May+10,+2018).>Google Scholar
Guttmacher Inst., U.S. Abortion Rate Continues to Decline, Hits Historic Low, Guttmacher Inst., available at <https://www.guttmacher.org/news-release/2017/us-abortion-rate-continues-decline-hits-historic-low> (last visited July 16, 2018).+(last+visited+July+16,+2018).>Google Scholar
Finer, L. B. et al., “Reasons U.S. Women Have Abortions: Quantitative and Qualitative Perspectives,” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 37, no. 3 (2005): 110118, at 112.Google Scholar
Gregory, J. D., Swisher, P.N., and Wilson, R.F., Understanding Family Law (4th ed. 2013) at §5.05.Google Scholar
For a detailed discussion of this issue, see Shepherd, L., “The Over-Medicalization and Corrupted Medicalization of Abortion and its Effect on Women Living in Poverty,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 46, no. 3 (2018): 672-679.Google Scholar
Salganicoff, A. et al., “The Hyde Amendment and Coverage for Abortion Services,” Kaiser Family Foundation, available at <https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/perspective/the-hyde-amendment-and-coverage-for-abortion-services> (last visited July 16, 2018).+(last+visited+July+16,+2018).>Google Scholar
Light, J., “Five Facts You Should Know about the Hyde Amendment,” Moyers & Company, available at <http://bill-moyers.com/content/five-facts-you-should-know-about-the-hyde-amendment> (last visited July 16, 2018).+(last+visited+July+16,+2018).>Google Scholar
Blank, R. et al., State Abortion Rates: The Impact of Policies, Providers, Politics, Demographics, and Economic Environment, National Bureau of Economy Research, available at <http://www.nber.org/papers/w4853> (last visited July 16, 2018).+(last+visited+July+16,+2018).>Google Scholar
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992).Google Scholar
Id. at 878 (emphasis added).Google Scholar
Bilger, M., State Legislatures Have Passed 334 Pro-Life Laws in the Last 5 Years Saving Babies From Abortion, LifeNews.com, available at <http://www.lifenews.com/2016/07/22/state-legislatures-have-passed-334-pro-life-laws-in-the-last-5-years-saving-babies-from-abortion> (last visited July 16, 2018).+(last+visited+July+16,+2018).>Google Scholar
Hellerstein, E. and Culp-Ressler, T., “Pricing American Women out of Abortion, One Restriction at a Time,” Think-Progress, available at <https://thinkprogress.org/pricing-american-women-out-of-abortion-one-restriction-at-a-time-c545c54f641f#.jzr6c8z64> (last visited July 16, 2018).+(last+visited+July+16,+2018).>Google Scholar
Arons, J., The Adoption Option, Center for American Progress, available at <https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/reports/2010/10/18/8460/the-adoption-option> (last visited July 16, 2018).+(last+visited+July+16,+2018).>Google Scholar
See, for example, NIFLA v. Bercerra (2018), available at <https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/16-1140_5368.pdf>(last visited September 14, 2018) (rejecting California law requiring faith-based centers to inform women of their rights to access abortion).(last+visited+September+14,+2018)+(rejecting+California+law+requiring+faith-based+centers+to+inform+women+of+their+rights+to+access+abortion).>Google Scholar
The following section draws heavily from my book, Oberman, M., Her Body, Our Laws: On the Front Lines of the Abortion War from El Salvador to Oklahoma (Boston: Beacon Press, 2018): at 97-106.Google Scholar
Oklahoma Health Care Authority, “SoonerCare and Insurance Oklahoma Income Guidelines,” Oklahoma Health Care Authority, available at <https://www.okhca.org/individuals.aspx?id=10328> (last visited July 16, 2018).+(last+visited+July+16,+2018).>Google Scholar
Id. See also OB Comparison Chart, Oklahoma Health Care Authority, available at <https://www.okhca.org/publications/pdflib/OB_CompairisonChart.pdf> (last visited July 16, 2018).+(last+visited+July+16,+2018).>Google Scholar
“Rehab Heroin Addiction: When to Choose Inpatient vs. Out-patient,” Addiction Blog, available at <http://addictionblog.org/treatment/rehab-heroin-addiction-when-to-choose-inpatient-vs-outpatient> (last visited July 16, 2018).+(last+visited+July+16,+2018).>Google Scholar
See DRS, available at <http://www.addicted.org/drug-alcohol-programs-for-pregnant-women-in-oklahoma.html> (last visited July 16, 2018). The website was so riddled with grammatical errors that it inspired little confidence. The page listing treatment programs for pregnant women read, “All throughout the state of Oklahoma are just over 10 different drugs, and alcohol treatment centers and detox facilities set up to treat pregnant women only. These facilities are available as no-cost and low-cost services, along with private options, which are all equipped to treat pregnant women. As most drug rehabs cannot admit a pregnant woman, it is important that these particular services are available and help is gotten right away.”+(last+visited+July+16,+2018).+The+website+was+so+riddled+with+grammatical+errors+that+it+inspired+little+confidence.+The+page+listing+treatment+programs+for+pregnant+women+read,+“All+throughout+the+state+of+Oklahoma+are+just+over+10+different+drugs,+and+alcohol+treatment+centers+and+detox+facilities+set+up+to+treat+pregnant+women+only.+These+facilities+are+available+as+no-cost+and+low-cost+services,+along+with+private+options,+which+are+all+equipped+to+treat+pregnant+women.+As+most+drug+rehabs+cannot+admit+a+pregnant+woman,+it+is+important+that+these+particular+services+are+available+and+help+is+gotten+right+away.”>Google Scholar
“Oklahoma City, OK Rental Market Trends,” RentCafe, available at <https://www.rentcafe.com/average-rent-market-trends/us/ok/oklahoma-city/?_yTrackReqDT=00000020171209> (last visited July 16, 2018).+(last+visited+July+16,+2018).>Google Scholar
See supra note 1.Google Scholar
APP Council on Community Pediatrics, “Poverty and Child Health in the United States,” Pediatrics 137 no. 4 (2016): 1-14, available at <http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/03/07/peds.2016-0339> (last visited July 16, 2018).+(last+visited+July+16,+2018).>Google Scholar