Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T07:55:31.305Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The New Federalism: State Policies Regarding Embryonic Stem Cell Research

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2021

Nefi D. Acosta  and
Sidney H. Golub
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Stem cell policy in the United States is an amalgam of federal and state policies. The scientific development of human pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) triggered a contentious national stem cell policy debate during the administration of President George W. Bush. The Bush “compromise” that allowed federal funding to study only a very limited number of ESC derived cell lines did not satisfy either the researchers or the patient advocates who saw great medical potential being stifled. Neither more restrictive legislation nor expansion of federal funding proved politically possible and the federal impasse opened the door for a variety of state-based experiments. In 2004, California became the largest and most influential state venture into stem cell research by passing “Prop 71,” a voter initiative that created a new stem cell agency and funded it with $3 billion. Several states followed suit with similar programs to protect the right of investigators to do stem cell research and in some cases to invest state funding in such projects. Other states devised legislation to restrict stem cell research and in five states, criminal penalties were included. Thus, the US stem cell policy is a patchwork of multiple, often conflicting, state and federal policies.

Type
Symposium Articles
Information
Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics , Volume 44 , Issue 3: Contemporary Challenges in Informed Consent: Law, Research Practice, and Ethics , Fall 2016 , pp. 419 - 436
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

La. Stat. Ann. § 9:122 (1986), <http://legis.la.gov/Legis/Law.aspx?d=108439> (last visited August 4, 2016) (“The use of a human ovum fertilized in vitro is solely for the support and contribution of the complete development of human in utero implantation. No in vitro fertilized human ovum will be farmed or cultured solely for research purposes or any other purposes. The sale of a human ovum, fertilized human ovum, or human embryo is expressly prohibited.”).+(last+visited+August+4,+2016)+(“The+use+of+a+human+ovum+fertilized+in+vitro+is+solely+for+the+support+and+contribution+of+the+complete+development+of+human+in+utero+implantation.+No+in+vitro+fertilized+human+ovum+will+be+farmed+or+cultured+solely+for+research+purposes+or+any+other+purposes.+The+sale+of+a+human+ovum,+fertilized+human+ovum,+or+human+embryo+is+expressly+prohibited.”).>Google Scholar
President Discusses Stem Cell Research, White House Press Release, August 9, 2001, available at <http://georgewbushwhitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/08/20010809-2.html> (last visited August 4, 2016).+(last+visited+August+4,+2016).>Google Scholar
National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Human Embryonic Stem Cell Policy Under Former President Bush (Aug. 9, 2001–Mar. 9, 2009), available at <http://stemcells.nih.gov/policy/2001policy.htm> (last visited August 4, 2016).+(last+visited+August+4,+2016).>Google Scholar
Proposition 71, Text of Proposed Laws 147, available at <https://www.cirm.ca.gov/sites/default/files/files/about_cirm/prop71.pdf> (last visited August 4, 2016).+(last+visited+August+4,+2016).>Google Scholar
S. 1899 – Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2001, Congress.gov, <https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/senate-bill/1899> (last visited August 4, 2016).+(last+visited+August+4,+2016).>Google Scholar
CuresNow, available at <http://www.curesnow.org> (last visited August 4, 2016).+(last+visited+August+4,+2016).>Google Scholar
Taylor, H., “Large Majority Believes Stem Cell Research Should Be Allowed: Majorities of Catholics and Pluralities of Born-Again Christians and Republicans Also Support It (July 25, 2001),” available at <http://www.researchamerica.org/news-events/news/majority-americans-back-embryonic-stem-cell-research> (last visited August 4, 2016).+(last+visited+August+4,+2016).>Google Scholar
Bruck, C., “Hollywood Science: Should a Ballot Initiative Determine the Fate of Stem-cell Research?” The New Yorker, October 18, 2004, available at <http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/10/18/hollywood-science> (last visited August 4, 2016).Google Scholar
Campaign Finance: Prop 71 – Stem Cell Research. Funding. Bonds. Initiative Constitutional Amendment and Statute., Cal-Access, available at <http://cal-access.ss.ca.gov/Campaign/Measures/Detail.aspx?id=1265692&session=2003> (last visited August 4, 2016).+(last+visited+August+4,+2016).>Google Scholar
Votes For and Against Statewide Ballot Measures (Nov. 2, 2004), available at <http://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2004-general/sov_pref21_votes_for_and_against.pdf> (last visited August 4, 2016).+(last+visited+August+4,+2016).>Google Scholar
National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “About NIH,” available at <http://www.nih.gov/about/> (last visited August 4, 2016).+(last+visited+August+4,+2016).>Google Scholar
California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, available at <http://www.cirm.ca.gov/> (last visited August 4, 2016).+(last+visited+August+4,+2016).>Google Scholar
Jensen, D. E., “Evaluating California's Stem Cell Experiment,” November 15, 2014, available at <http://www.sacbee.com/opinion/california-forum/article3924977.html> (last visited August 4, 2016) (discussing the conflicts of interest that are inherent in the board); see also Independent Citizen's Oversight Committee Bylaws, updated December 17, 2015, available at <https://www.cirm.ca.gov/sites/default/files/files/board_meetings/Board%20Bylaws%20(Approved%20by%20Bd.%2012.17.15)%20(00258664-2xAEB03)%5B2%5D.pdf> (last visited August 4, 2016).Google Scholar
Hiltzik, M., “Conflicts of Interest Pervasive on California Stem Cell Board,” July 18, 2014, available at <http://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-20140720-column.html> (last visited August 4, 2016).Google Scholar
Board of Life Sciences, “Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research” (2005), The National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Board on Life Sciences, available at <http://dels.nas.edu/Report/Guidelines-Human-Embryonic-Stem-Cell/11278> (last visited August 4, 2016).+(last+visited+August+4,+2016).>Google Scholar
CIRM Stem Cell Grant Regulations, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, available at <http://www.cirm.ca.gov/reg/default.asp> (last visited August 4, 2016).+(last+visited+August+4,+2016).>Google Scholar
Holden, C., “Harvard Embarks on Research Cloning,” Science, June 6, 2006, available at <http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2006/06/harvard-embarks-research-cloning> (last visited August 4, 2016).Google Scholar
Holden, C., “Stem Cell President Quits After Acrimonious Meeting,” Science 316, 5824 (2007): 526, available at <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/316/5824/526> (last visited August 4, 2016).Google Scholar
Bush, V., “Science: The Endless Frontier: A Report to the President by Vannevar Bush, Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (1945),” available at <https://www.nsf.gov/about/history/nsf50/vbush1945_content.jsp> (last visited August 5, 2016).+(last+visited+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
People's Advocate v. Independent Citizen's Committee, No. HG05 206766, 2006 WL 1417983 (Cal. Super. Ct. 2006).Google Scholar
See National Conference of State Legislatures, “Embryonic and Fetal Research Laws,” available at <http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/embryonic-and-fetal-research-laws.aspx (last updated August 5, 2016).Google Scholar
S.B. 1909, 210th Leg., (N.J. 2002), available at <http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/2002/Bills/S2000/1909_R1.PDF> (last visited August 5, 2016).+(last+visited+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
Official List Ballot Questions Talley for November 2007 General Election, available at <http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2007-official-general-election-tallies(pub-ques)-12.3.07.pdf> (last visited August 5, 2016).+(last+visited+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
Wadman, M., “Stem Cells: Stuck in New Jersey,” Nature 451 (2008): 622-626, available at <http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080206/full/451622a.html?message=remove&s=news_rss> (last visited August 5, 2016).Google Scholar
Mayer, Jane, “Covert Operation: The Billionaire Brothers Who Are Waging a War Against Obama,” The New Yorker, August 30, 2010, at 44-55, available at <http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/08/30/covert-operations> (last visited August 5, 2016).Google Scholar
Massachusetts Stem Cell Legislation, Title XVI. Public Health. Chapter 112, Section 12J, available at <https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXVI/Chapter112/Section12j> (last visited August 5, 2016).+(last+visited+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
An Act Permitting Stem Cell Research and Banning the Cloning of Human Beings, Pub. Act No. 05-149 (2005), available at <http://www.cga.ct.gov/2005/ACT/PA/2005PA-00149-R00SB-00934-PA.htm> (last visited August 5, 2016).+(last+visited+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
Maryland Stem Cell Research Act of 2006, S.B. 144, (Md. 2006), available at <http://mlis.state.md.us/2006rs/billfile/SB0144.htm> (last visited August 5, 2016).+(last+visited+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
NYSTEM New York State Stem Cell Science, available at <http://stemcell.ny.gov/> (last visited August 5, 2016).+(last+visited+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
Statement of the Empire State Stem Cell Board on the Compensation of Oocyte Donors, available at <http://stemcell.ny.gov/sites/default/files/documents/files/ESSCB_Statement_on_Compensation_of_Oocyte_Donors.pdf> (last visited August 5, 2016).+(last+visited+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
Miles, K., “California Bill to Allow Women to Sell Eggs for Research Vetoed by Gov. Jerry Brown,” Huffington Post, Aug. 15, 2013, available at <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/14/california-women-sell-eggs-research_n_3756776.html> (last visited August 5, 2016).+(last+visited+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
Illinois Executive Order 6 (2005), available at <http://www.illinois.gov/Government/ExecOrders/Pages/2005_6.aspx> (last visited August 5, 2016).+(last+visited+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
2006 Ballot Measure Constitutional Amendment 2 (2005), available at <http://www.sos.mo.gov/elections/2006petitions/ppStemCell.asp> (last visited August 5, 2016).+(last+visited+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
Missouri 2006 Official Election Returns, available at <http://s1.sos.mo.gov/CMSImages/ElectionResultsStatistics/AllRaces-GeneralNovember2006.pdf> (last visited August 5, 2016).+(last+visited+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
Kintisch, E., “Stem Cell Supporters Hail Results, But Political Lessons Aren't Clear,” Science 314, no. 5802 (2006): 1062, available at <http://science.sciencemag.org/content/314/5802/1062> (last visited August 5, 2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dombrink, J. and Hillyard, D., Sin No More: From Abortion to Stem Cells, Understanding Crime, Law, and Morality in America (New York: NYU Press, 2007): at 331.Google Scholar
One Iowa Report, April/May 2007, available at <http://publications.iowa.gov/5204/1/070420-one-iowa-report.pdf> (last visited August 5, 2016).+(last+visited+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
See supra note 21.Google Scholar
Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy et al., Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning (2002), available at <http://www.nap.edu/books/0309076374/html/> (last visited August 5, 2016).+(last+visited+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, “Cloning,” available at <http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/CellularGene-TherapyProducts/Cloning/default.htm> (last updated August 5, 2016).+(last+updated+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
See supra note 5.Google Scholar
President George W. Bush, State of the Union Address (2006), available at <http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/01/20060131-10.html> (last visited August 5, 2016).+(last+visited+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
Govtrack.us, “S. 1435 (111th): Human-Animal Prohibition Act of 2009,” available at <https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/s1435> (last visited August 5, 2016).+(last+visited+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
See supra note 21.Google Scholar
Id.Google Scholar
Wadman, M., “The Truth about Fetal Tissue,” December 7, 2015, available at <http://www.nature.com/news/the-truth-about-fetal-tissue-research-1.18960> (last visited August 5, 2016).Google Scholar
La. Stat. Ann. § 9:22 (1986).Google Scholar
La. Stat. Ann. § 14:87.2 (2014).Google Scholar
S.D. Codified Laws § 34-14-16 (2000).Google Scholar
S.D. Codified Laws § 22-6-2 (2005).Google Scholar
N.D. Cent. Code Ann. § 14-02.2-02 (West 1989).Google Scholar
N.D. Cent. Code Ann. § 12.1-32-01 (West 2013).Google Scholar
Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2919.14 (West 1974)Google Scholar
Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2929.28 (A)(2)(a)(i) (West 2011).Google Scholar
Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 63, § 1-735 (a)-(b) (West 1978).Google Scholar
Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 63, § 1-729.2 (West 1978); Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 21, § 9 (West 1999).Google Scholar
Ballotpedia.org, “Michigan Stem Cell Amendment, Proposal 2 (2008),” available at <http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/Michigan_Stem_Cell_Amendment,_Proposal_2_(2008)> (last visited August 5, 2016).+(last+visited+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
Executive Order 13505 – Removing Barriers to Responsible Scientific Research Involving Human Stem Cells, White House Press Release, March 9, 2009, available at <https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/removing-barriers-responsible-scientific-research-involving-human-stem-cells> (last visited August 5, 2016).+(last+visited+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “2009 National Institutes of Health Guidelines on Human Stem Cell Research,” available at <http://stemcells.nih.gov/policy/pages/2009guidelines.aspx> (last updated August 5, 2016).+(last+updated+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “NIH Human Embryonic Stem Cell Registry,” available at <http://grants.nih.gov/stem_cells/registry/current.htm> (last updated August 5, 2016).+(last+updated+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
Sherley v. Sebelius, 704 F. Supp. 2d 63 (D.D.C. 2010).Google Scholar
Sherley v. Sebelius, 644 F.3d 388 (D.C. Cir. 2011).Google Scholar
The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Report and Recommendations: Research on the Fetus, available at <http://videocast.nih.gov/pdf/ohrp_research_on_fetus.pdf> (last visited August 5, 2016).+(last+visited+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar
45 C.F.R. § 46.201.Google Scholar
45 C.F.R. §46.201.Google Scholar
42 U.S.C. § 289g-1(b).Google Scholar
45 U.S.C. § 289g-2(e)(3).Google Scholar
45 U.S.C. § 289g-2(d).Google Scholar
45 U.S.C. § 289g-2(c)(1).Google Scholar
45 U.S.C. § 289g-2(c)(2).Google Scholar
Moreno, J. D. et al., Divided We Fail: The Need for National Stem Cell Funding, An Analysis of State and Federal Funding for Stem Cell Research (2007), available at <https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/general/report/2007/04/12/2943/divided-we-fail-the-need-for-national-stem-cell-funding/> (last visited August 5, 2016).+(last+visited+August+5,+2016).>Google Scholar