Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T16:42:11.107Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Constraints on substrate transfer revisited1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 March 2012

JEFF SIEGEL*
Affiliation:
University of New England (Australia) & Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies
*
Author's address: School of Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australiajsiegel@une.edu.au

Extract

In an article in this journal, Bao (2005) proposes a constraint on functional transfer that he claims accounts for features of colloquial Singapore English (and other language contact varieties) better than the congruence constraint proposed by Siegel (1999) and subsequently developed in later works (e.g. Siegel 2003, 2008a). More specifically, Bao argues that the requirement of surface syntactic similarity for transfer is too strong. His analysis uses Mandarin to exemplify the Chinese substrate languages that were the source of transfer, following the view that there is a universal Chinese grammar (Chao 1968: 13). However, the present article shows that Bao's claim is unjustified because the actual source of transfer was a variety of Chinese that differs significantly from Mandarin in the area of grammar he examined.

Type
Notes and Discussion
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

[1]

I would like to thank Vicki Knox and three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on earlier versions of this article.

References

REFERENCES

Andersen, Roger W. 1983. Transfer to somewhere. In Gass, Susan M. & Selinker, Larry (eds.), Language transfer in language learning, 177201. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Ansaldo, Umberto. 1999. Comparative constructions in Sinitic: Areal typology and patterns of grammaticalization. Stockholm: Allduplo Tryckeri.Google Scholar
Zhiming, Bao. 1995. Already in Singapore English. World Englishes 14, 181188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhiming, Bao. 2005. The aspectual system of Singapore English and the systemic substratist explanation. Journal of Linguistics 41.2, 237267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bokhorst-Heng, Wendy. 2003. Singapore's Speak Mandarin Campaign: Language ideological debates and the imaging of the nation. In Harris, Roxy & Rampton, Ben (eds.), The language ethnicity and race reader, 168187. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Chappell, Hilary. 1989. The grammatical category of aspect in Southern Min: Preverbal coding of aspect in Min–Xiamen. LaTrobe Working Papers in Linguistics 2. 113127. http://arrow.latrobe.edu.au:8080/vital/access/services/Download/latrobe:33088/SOURCE1?view=true (accessed 24 February 2012).Google Scholar
Chappell, Hilary. 1992. Towards a typology of aspect in Sinitic languages. Zhongguo Jingnei Yuyan ji Yuyanxue: Hanyu Fangyan [Chinese language and linguistics: Chinese dialects] 1, 67–106.Google Scholar
Chappell, Hilary. 2001. A typology of evidential markers in Sinitic languages. In Chappell, (ed.), 5784.Google Scholar
Hilary, Chappell). 2001a. Sinitic grammar: Synchronic and diachronic perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lian, Ho Mian & Wong, Irene F. H.. 2001. The use of ever in Singaporean English. World Englishes 20, 7987.Google Scholar
Israel, Michale. 1998. Ever: Polysemy and polarity sensitivity. Linguistic Notes from La Jolla 19, 2945.Google Scholar
Kuo, Eddie C. Y. 1980. The sociolinguistic situation in Singapore: Unity in diversity. In Afendras, Evangelos A. & Kuo, Eddie C. Y. (eds.), Language and society in Singapore, 3162. Singapore: Singapore University Press.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa & Foley, Joseph A.. 2004. English in Singapore and Singapore English: Background and methodology. In Lim, Lisa (ed.), Singapore English: A grammatical description, 118. Amsterdam & Phildadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, Stephen & Yip, Virginia. 2001. Aspects of contemporary Cantonese grammar: The structure and stratification of relative clauses. In Chappell, (ed.), 266282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munro, Jennifer M. 2004. Substrate language influence in Kriol: The application of transfer constraints to language contact in northern Australia. Ph.D. thesis, University of New England, Australia.Google Scholar
Platt, John & Weber, Heidi. 1980. English in Singapore and Malaysia: Status, features, functions. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Siegel, Jeff. 1999. Transfer constraints and substrate influence in Melanesian Pidgin. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 14, 144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, Jeff. 2003. Substrate influence in creoles and the role of transfer in second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 25, 185209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, Jeff. 2008a. The emergence of pidgin and creole languages. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, Jeff. 2008b. In praise of the cafeteria principle: Language mixing in Hawai'i Creole. In Michaelis, Susanne (ed.), Roots of creole structures: Weighing the contribution of substrates and superstrates, 5982. Amsterdam & Philadelphia, PA: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, Jeff, Sandeman, Barbara & Corne, Chris. 2000. Predicting substrate influence: Tense-modality-aspect marking in Tayo. In Siegel, Jeff (ed.), Processes of language contact: Studies from Australia and the South Pacific, 75–100. Montreal: Fides.Google Scholar
Tongue, Ray K. 1974. The English of Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press.Google Scholar