Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T21:19:50.825Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Relationships among performance appraisal satisfaction, work–family conflict and job stress

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 July 2016

Hussein Nabil Ismail  and
Nazha Gali
Hussein Nabil Ismail*
Affiliation:
Department of Management Studies, Lebanese American University (LAU), Beirut, Lebanon
Nazha Gali
Affiliation:
Durham University Business School, Management Department, Durham DH1 3LB, UK
*
Corresponding author: hismail@lau.edu.lb
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between performance appraisal satisfaction, job stress and work–family conflict. Furthermore, the study explores the role of job stress as a mediator between satisfaction with performance appraisal and work–family conflict. The total sample consisted of 120 participants from different industries. The findings revealed that performance appraisal satisfaction was negatively correlated with job stress and work–family conflict. However, job stress fully mediated the relationship between performance appraisal satisfaction and work–family conflict. The study contributes to the limited body of knowledge on employee reactions to performance appraisal and in particular, performance appraisal satisfaction. The findings can help to shed more light on the relationship between performance appraisal satisfaction and employees’ psychological responses.

Keywords

performance appraisal satisfactionjob stresswork–family conflictperformance appraisalemployee reactions
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Management & Organization , Volume 23 , Issue 3 , May 2017 , pp. 356 - 372
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramis, D. J. (1994). Work role ambiguity, job satisfaction, and job performance: Meta-analyses and review. Psychological Reports, 75(3), 1411–1433.Google Scholar
Aguinis, H. (2013). Performance management (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Allen, T. D., Herst, D., Bruck, C., & Sutton, M. (2000). Consequences associated with work-to family conflict: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(2), 278–308.Google Scholar
Anafarta, N. (2011). The relationship between work-family conflict and job satisfaction: A structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. International Journal of Business & Management, 6(4), 168–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antoniou, A. S., Polychroni, F., & Vlachakis, A.-N. (2006). Gender and age differences in occupational stress and professional burnout between primary and high-school teachers in Greece. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 682–690.Google Scholar
Armstrong, G. S., Atkin-Plunk, C. A., & Wells, J. (2015). The relationship between work–family conflict, correctional officer job stress, and job satisfaction. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 42(10), 1066–1082.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, M., & Baron, A. (2005). Managing performance: Performance management in action. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.Google Scholar
Barling, J., & Rosenbaum, A. (1986). Work stressors and wife abuse. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 346–348.Google Scholar
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research – conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.Google Scholar
Beehr, T. A., Johnson, L. B., & Nieva, R. (1995). Occupational stress: Coping of police and their spouses. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16(1), 3–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beehr, T. A., & Newman, J. E. (1978). Job stress, employee health, and organizational effectiveness: A facet analysis, model, and literature review. Personnel Psychology, 31(4), 665–699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellavia, F. M., & Frone, M. R. (2005). Work–family conflict. In J. Barling, E. K. Kelloway & M. R. Frone (Eds.), Handbook of work stress (pp. 113–147). London: Sage.Google Scholar
Bhave, D. P., Kramer, A., & Glomb, T. M. (2013). Pay satisfaction and work–family conflict across time. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 34, 698–713.Google Scholar
Blau, F., Ferber, M., & Winker, A. (1998). The economics of women, men and work (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Blau, G. (1999). Testing the longitudinal impact of work variables and performance appraisal satisfaction on subsequent overall job satisfaction. Human Relations, 52(8), 1099–1113.Google Scholar
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Boswell, W. R., & Boudreau, J. W. (2000). Employee satisfaction with performance appraisals and appraisers: The role of perceived appraisal use. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 11(3), 283–299.Google Scholar
Boxall, P., & Purcell, J. (2003). Managing individual performance and development. In P. Boxall & J. Purcell (Eds.), Strategy and human resource management (pp. 136–137). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Broadbent, D. E. (1958). Perception and communication. New York, NY: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Brown, M., Haytt, D., & Benson, J. (2010). Consequences of the performance appraisal experience. Personnel Review, 39(3), 375–396.Google Scholar
Burke, R. J. (1988). Some antecedents and consequences of work-family conflict. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 3(4), 287–302.Google Scholar
Burke, R. J., & Greenglass, E. R. (2001). Hospital restructuring, work-family conflict and psychological burnout among nursing staff. Psychology and Health, 16, 583–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byron, D. (2005). A meta-analytic review of work-family conflict and its antecedents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67, 169–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caplan, R. D., Cobb, S., & French, J. R. (1975). Re1ationships of cessation of smoking with job stress, personality and social support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 211–219.Google Scholar
Cardy, R. L., & Dobbins, G. H. (1994). Performance appraisal: Alternative perspectives. Cincinnati, OH: South Western Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Carr, A. S., & Kaynak, H. (2007). Communication methods, information sharing, supplier development and performance. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 27, 346–370.Google Scholar
Cawley, B. D., Keeping, L. M., & Levy, P. E. (1998). Participation in the performance appraisal process and employee reactions: A meta-analytic review of field investigations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(4), 615–633.Google Scholar
Chen, I.-H., Brown, R., Bowers, B. J., & Chang, W.-Y. (2015). Work-to-family conflict as a mediator of the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71(10), 2350–2363.Google Scholar
Chou-Kang, C., Chi-Sheng, C., Chieh-Peng, L., & Chin, Y. H. (2005). Understanding hospital employee job stress and turnover intentions in a practical setting: The moderating role of locus of control. The Journal of Management Development, 24(10), 837–855.Google Scholar
Cleveland, J. N., Murphy, K. R., & Williams, R. E. (1989). Multiple uses of performance appraisal: Prevalence and correlates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 130–135.Google Scholar
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385–396.Google Scholar
Cooper, C. L., & Marshall, J. (1976). Occupational sources of stress: a review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 49, 11–28.Google Scholar
Daley, D. M. (1986). Humanistic management and organizational success: The effect of job and work environment characteristics on organizational effectiveness, public responsiveness, and job satisfaction. Public Personnel Management, 15, 131–142.Google Scholar
Dusterhoff, C., Cunningham, J., & MacGregor, J. (2014). The effects of performance rating, leader-member exchange, perceived utility, and organizational justice on performance appraisal satisfaction: Applying a moral judgment perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 119(2), 265–273.Google Scholar
Edwards, J. R., & Rothbard, N. P. (1999). Work and family stress and well-being: An examination of person-environment fit in the work and family domains. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 77, 85–129.Google Scholar
Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1993). An introduction to bootstrap. New York, NY: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Elloy, D., & Mackie, B. (2002). Overload and work-family conflict among Australian dual-career families: Moderating effects of support. Psychological Reports, 91(3), 907–914.Google Scholar
Emerson, R. M. (1976). Social exchange theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 2, 335–362.Google Scholar
Fiksenbaum, L. M. (2014). Supportive work-family environments: Implications for work-family conflict and well-being. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(5), 653–672.Google Scholar
Finney, C., Stergiopoulos, E., Hensel, J., Bonato, S., & Dewa, C. S. (2013). Organizational stressors associated with job stress and burnout in correctional officers: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 13, 82.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, T., Janzen, B., Abonyi, S., & Kelly, I. (2012). Factors associated with perceived time pressure among employed mothers and fathers. Psychology, 3(2), 165–174.Google Scholar
Fletcher, C. (2001). Performance appraisal and management: The developing research agenda. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(4), 473–487.Google Scholar
Fried, Y., Shirom, A., Gilboa, S., & Cooper, C. (2008). The mediating effects of job satisfaction and propensity to leave on role stress-job performance relationships: Combining meta-analysis and structural equation modelling. International Journal of Stress Management, 15, 305–328.Google Scholar
Frone, M. R. (2003). Work–family balance. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 143–162). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1992a). Prevalence of work-family conflict: Are work and family boundaries asymmetrically permeable? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 723–729.Google Scholar
Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1992b). Antecedents and outcomes of work–family conflict: Testing a model of the work–family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 65–78.Google Scholar
Geurts, A. A. E., Kompier, M. A. J., Roxburgh, S., & Houtman, I. L .D. (2003). Does work-home interference mediate the relationship between work load and well-bring? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63, 532–559.Google Scholar
Ghorayski, P. (2002). Working Canadian women: Continuity despite change. In V. Dhruvarajan & J. Vickers (Eds.), Gender, race and nation: A global perspective (pp. 123–147). Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Giles, W. F., & Mossholder, K. W. (1990). Employee reactions to contextual and session components of performance appraisal. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(4), 371–377.Google Scholar
Grandey, A. A., Cordeiro, B. L., & Crouter, A. C. (2005). A longitudinal and multi-source test of the work-family conflict and job satisfaction relationship. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 305–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenglass, E. R., Pantony, K. L., & Burke, R. J. (1988). A gender-role perspective on role-conflict, work stress and social support. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 3(4), 317–328.Google Scholar
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family role. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76–88.Google Scholar
Grubb, T. (2007). Performance appraisal reappraised: It’s not all positive. Journal of Human Resource Education, 1(1), 1–22.Google Scholar
Grzywacz, J. G., Frone, M. R., Brewer, C. S., & Kovner, C. T. (2006). Quantifying work-family conflict among registered nurses. Research in Nursing and Health, 29(5), 414–426.Google Scholar
Gurbuz, S., Turunc, O., & Celik, M. (2013). The impact of perceived organizational support on work–family conflict: Does role overload have a mediating role? Economic and Industrial Democracy, 34(1), 145–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haar, J. M. (2006). The downside of coping: Work-family conflict, employee burnout and the moderating effects of coping strategies. Journal of Management and Organization, 12(2), 146–159.Google Scholar
Hannah, D. R., & Iverson, R. D. (2004). Employment relationships in context: Implications for policy and practice. In J. Coyle-Shapiro, L. Shore, M. S. Taylor & L. Tetrick (Eds.), The employment relationship: Examining the psychological and contextual perspectives (pp. 332–350). Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harman, H. H. (1976). Modern factor analysis (3rd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Harris, K. J., Kacmar, K. M., Zivnuska, S., & Shaw, J. D. (2007). The impact of political skill on impression management effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 278–285.Google Scholar
Harvey, P., & Martinko, M. J. (2009). An empirical examination of the role of attributions in psychological entitlement and its outcomes’. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 459–476.Google Scholar
Hayes, A.F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation and conditional process analysis. A regression-based approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. B. (1959). The motivation to work (2nd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Higgins, C. A., Duxbury, L. E., & Irving, R. H. (1992). Work-family conflict in the dual career family. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 51(1), 51–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsu, Y. R. (2011). Work-family conflict and job satisfaction in stressful working environments. International Journal of Manpower, 32(2), 233–248.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. E., & Maslach, C. (1982). After-effects of job-related stress: Families as victims. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 3, 63–77.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. E., & Schuler, R. S. (1985). A meta-analysis and conceptual critique of research on role ambiguity and role conflict in work settings. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 36, 16–78.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. E., Zedeck, S., & Summers, E. (1985). Family life disruptions: Effects of job-induced structural and emotional interference. Academy of Management Journal, 28(3), 574–586.Google Scholar
Jawahar, I. M. (2006). Correlates of satisfaction with performance appraisal feedback. Journal of Labor Research, 27(2), 213–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jehangir, M., Kareem, N., Khan, A., & Jan, M. T. (2011). Effects of job stress on job performance & job satisfaction. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(7), 453–465.Google Scholar
Jenkins, C. D. (1971). Psychologic and social precursors of coronary disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 284(244–255), 307–317.Google Scholar
Jones, F., & Fletcher, B. (1993). An empirical study of occupational stress transmission in working couples. Human Relations, 46(7), 881–901.Google Scholar
Jou, R. C., Kuo, C. W., & Tang, M. L. (2013). A study of job stress and turnover tendency among air traffic controllers: The mediating effects of job satisfaction. Transportation Research Part E, 57, 95–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Judge, T. A., & Ferris, G. R. (1993). Social context of performance evaluation decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 80–105.Google Scholar
Keeping, L. M., & Levy, P. E. (2000). Performance appraisal reactions: Measurement, modeling, and method bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 708–723.Google Scholar
Kinnunen, U., & Mauno, S. (1998). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict among employed women and men in Finland. Human Relations, 51, 157–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klenke-Hamel, K. E., & Mathieu, J. E. (1990). Role strain, tension, and job satisfaction influences on employees’ propensity to leave: A multi-sample replication and extension. Journal of Human Relations, 43(8), 791–807.Google Scholar
Kossek, E., & Ozeki, C. (1998). Work–family conflict, policies, and the job–life satisfaction relationship: A review and directions for organizational behavior–human resources research. Journal of applied psychology, 83(2), 139–149.Google Scholar
Kuvaas, B. (2006). Performance appraisal satisfaction and employee outcomes: Mediating and moderating roles of work motivation. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(3), 504–522.Google Scholar
Latham, G. P. (1984). The appraisal system as a strategic control. In C. J. Fombrum, N. M. Tichy & M. A. DeVanna (Eds.), Strategic human resource management (pp. 87–100). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Lawler, E. (1994). Performance management: The next generation. Compensation and Benefits Review, 26, 16–19.Google Scholar
Levy, P. E., & Williams, J. R. (2004). The social context of performance appraisal: A review and framework for the future. Journal of Management, 30, 881–905.Google Scholar
Lim, V. K. G., & Teo, T. S. H. (1996). Gender differences in occupational stress and coping strategies among IT personnel. Women in Management Review, 11(1), 20–28.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis Group.Google Scholar
Maley, J. (2013). Hybrid purposes of performance appraisal in a crisis. Journal of Management Development, 32(10), 1093–1112.Google Scholar
Mani, B. (2002). Performance appraisal systems, productivity, and motivation: A case study. Public Personnel Management, 31(19), 141–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsui, T., Ohsawa, T., & Onglatco, M. (1995). Work-family conflict and the stress-buffering effects of husband support and coping behavior among Japanese married women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 47, 178–192.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. P., & Smith, C. A. (2000). HRM practices and organizational commitment: Test of a mediation model. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 17, 319–331.Google Scholar
Motowidlo, S. J., Packard, J. S., & Mannin, M. R. (1986). Occupational stress: Its causes and consequences for job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 618–629.Google Scholar
Murphy, K., & Cleveland, J. (1995). Understanding performance appraisal: Social, organizational and goal-oriented perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Nohe, C., Meier, L. L., Sonntag, K., & Michel, A. (2015). The chicken or the egg? A meta-analysis of panel studies of the relationship between work–family conflict and strain. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(2), 522–536.Google Scholar
Osman, M. K. (2013). High-performance work practices, work social support and their effects on job embeddedness and turnover intentions. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25(6), 903–921.Google Scholar
Parasuraman, S., Greenhaus, J. H., & Granrose, C. S. (1992). Role stressors, social support, and well-being among two-career couples. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(4), 339–356.Google Scholar
Pearce, J. L., & Porter, L. W. (1986). Employee responses to formal performance appraisal feedback. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 211–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pettijohn, C. E., Pettijohn, L. S., & d’Amico, M. (2001). Characteristics of performance appraisals and their impact on sales force satisfaction. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 12(2), 127–146.Google Scholar
Pickens, J. (2005). Attitudes and perceptions. In N. Borkowski (Ed.), Organizational behaviour in health care (pp. 43–76). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.Google Scholar
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879–903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poelmans, S. (2001). Work-family conflict as a mediator of the work stress – mental health relationship (Working Paper No. 443). Spain: IESE Business School, University of Nevarra.Google Scholar
Posthuma, R. A., & Campion, M. A. (2008). Twenty best practices for just employee performance reviews. Compensation and Benefits Review, 40(1), 47–55.Google Scholar
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891.Google Scholar
Prowse, P., & Prowse, J. (2009). The dilemma of performance appraisal. Measuring Business Excellence, 13(4), 69–77.Google Scholar
Rahman, M., & Sen, A. K. (1987). Effect of job satisfaction on stress, performance and health in self-paced repetitive work. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 59, 115–121.Google Scholar
Rathi, N., & Barath, M. (2013). Work-family conflict and job and family satisfaction: Moderating effect of social support among police personnel. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 32(4), 438–454.Google Scholar
Reiche, B. S., Kraimer, M. L., & Harzing, A. (2011). Why do international assignees stay? An organizational embeddedness perspective. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(4), 521–544.Google Scholar
Repetti, R. L. (1989). Effects of daily workload on subsequent behavior during marital interaction: The roles of social withdrawal and spouse support. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(4), 651–659.Google Scholar
Richardson, H. A., Simmering, M. J., & Sturman, M. C. (2009). A tale of three perspectives: Examining post hoc statistical techniques for detection and correction of common method variance. Organizational Research Methods, 12(4), 762–800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabeen, Z., & Mehboob, S. A. A. (2008). Perceived fairness of and satisfaction with employee performance appraisal and its impact on overall job satisfaction. The Business Review, Cambridge , 10(2), 185–191.Google Scholar
Shore, L. M., & Wayne, S. J. (1993). Commitment and employee behavior: Comparison of affective commitment and continuance commitment with perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 774–780.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smither, J. W. (1998). Lessons learned: Research implications for performance appraisal and management practice. In J. W. Smither (Ed.), Performance appraisal: State of the art in practice (pp. 537–547). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Staines, G. L. (1980). Spillover versus compensation: A review of the literature on the relationship between work and non-work. Human Relations, 33, 111–129.Google Scholar
Sudin, S. (2011). Fairness of and satisfaction with performance appraisal process. Journal of Global Management, 2(1), 66–83.Google Scholar
Turliuc, M. N., & Buliga, D. (2014). Work-family conflict and job and family satisfaction. The mediating role of cognitions. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 159, 105–109.Google Scholar
Voydanoff, P. (2004). Implications of work and community demands and resources for work-to-family conflict and facilitation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9(4), 275–285.Google Scholar
Westman, M., & Etzion, D. (1995). Crossover of stress, strain and resources from one spouse to another. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16(2), 169–181.Google Scholar
Whiting, H. J., Kline, T. J. B., & Sulsky, L. M. (2008). The performance appraisal congruency scale: An assessment of person-environment fit. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 57(3), 223–236.Google Scholar
Yildirim, D., & Aycan, Z. (2008). Nurses’ work demands and work-family conflict: A questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(9), 1366–1378.Google Scholar