Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T07:47:18.492Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Meaningful engagement: Impacts of a ‘calling’ work orientation and perceived leadership support

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 April 2017

Robert W Kolodinsky*
Affiliation:
Management Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
William J Ritchie
Affiliation:
Management Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
Wayne A Kuna
Affiliation:
Soul Priority Inc., Elmhurst, IL, USA
*
Corresponding author: kolodirw@jmu.edu

Abstract

Given its positive relationship with valued organizational outcomes, worker-related engagement has become a prominent issue for practitioners and for scholars. While recent research has begun to validate various engagement antecedents and outcomes, little is known about the effects that work orientation and supportive leadership have on engagement, particularly among millennial workers, the soon to be dominant generational work group globally. To explore these gaps, we studied a particular form of work orientation – those indicating having a ‘calling’ – along with perceptions of how supportive leadership is for study subjects’ current work. Specifically, we posited positive worker engagement relationships for both worker calling and perceptions of leadership support, as well as for their interaction. Drawing upon a United States-based sample of 297 millennial workers, we found a positive relationship for each hypothesis. This study contributes to the expanding literature on the value of understanding how work orientation and leadership perceptions impact important organizational outcomes.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adkins, A. (2015). Majority of U.S. employees not engaged despite gains in 2014. Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/poll/181289/majority-employees-not-engaged-despite-gains-2014.aspx on January 12, 2017.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. (1995). Emotion in the workplace: A reappraisal. Human Relations, 48(2), 97125.Google Scholar
Babcock-Roberson, M. E., & Strickland, O. J. (2010). The relationship between charismatic leadership, work engagement, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Journal of Psychology, 144(3), 313326.Google Scholar
Baggott, C. A. (2009). If we build it, they will come. National Civic Review, 98(3), 3033.Google Scholar
Baird, C. H. (2015). Myths, exaggerations and uncomfortable truths: The real story behind Millennials in the workplace. (IBM Institute for Business Value Millennial Survey 2014). Retrieved from http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?subtype=XB&infotype=PM&appname=GBSE_GB_TI_USEN&htmlfid=GBE03637USEN&attachment=GBE03637USEN.PDF on January 22, 2017.Google Scholar
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209223.Google Scholar
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Meanings of life. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., & Wilson, B. (1996). Life stories and the four needs for meaning. Psychological Inquiry, 7(4), 322325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellah, R. N., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W. M., Swidler, A., & Tipton, S. M. (1985). Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American Life. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Benson, T. (2016). Motivating millennials takes more than flexible work policies. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2016/02/motivating-millennials-takes-more-than-flexible-work-policies on December 17, 2016.Google Scholar
Bentler, P. M., & Chou, C. P. (1987). Practical issues in structural equation modeling. Sociological Methods & Research, 16, 78117.Google Scholar
Bickerton, G. R., Miner, M. H., Dowson, M., & Griffin, B. (2014). Spiritual resources and work engagement among religious workers: A three‐wave longitudinal study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(2), 370391.Google Scholar
Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, S. P. (1996). A meta-analysis and review of organizational research on job involvement. Psychological Bulletin, 120(2), 235255.Google Scholar
Buchanan, L. (2010). Meet the millennials. Inc, 32(7), 166.Google Scholar
Bunderson, J. S., & Thompson, J. A. (2009). The call of the wild: Zookeepers, callings, and the double-edged sword of deeply meaningful work. Administrative Science Quarterly, 54(1), 3257.Google Scholar
Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Cardador, M. T., Dane, E., & Pratt, M. G. (2011). Linking calling orientations to organizational attachment via organizational instrumentality. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(2), 367378.Google Scholar
Chamber of Commerce (2016). The millennial generation research review. Retrieved from https://www.uschamberfoundation.org/reports/millennial-generation-research-review on December 16, 2016.Google Scholar
Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S., & Slaughter, J. E. (2011). Work engagement: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 89136.Google Scholar
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874900.Google Scholar
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499512.Google Scholar
Dik, B. J., & Duffy, R. D. (2009). Calling and vocation at work definitions and prospects for research and practice. The Counseling Psychologist, 37(3), 424450.Google Scholar
Dik, B. J., Duffy, R. D., & Eldridge, B. M. (2009). Calling and vocation in career counseling: Recommendations for promoting meaningful work. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(6), 625632.Google Scholar
Dik, B. J., Eldridge, B. M., Steger, M. F., & Duffy, R. D. (2012). Development and validation of the calling and vocation questionnaire (CVQ) and brief calling scale (BCS). Journal of Career Assessment, 20(3), 242263.Google Scholar
Duffy, R. D., Allan, B. A., Autin, K. L., & Douglass, R. P. (2014). Living a calling and work well-being: A longitudinal study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(4), 605615.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duffy, R. D., & Dik, B. J. (2013). Research on calling: What have we learned and where are we going? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 428436.Google Scholar
Duffy, R. D., England, J. W., Douglass, R. P., Autin, K. L., & Allan, B. A. (2017). Perceiving a calling and well-being: Motivation and access to opportunity as moderators. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 98, 127137.Google Scholar
Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350383.Google Scholar
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elangovan, A. R., Pinder, C. C., & McLean, M. (2010). Callings and organizational behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76(3), 428440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fichman, M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1991). Honeymoons and the liability of adolescence: A new perspective on duration dependence in social and organizational relationships. Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 442468.Google Scholar
Finn, D., & Donovan, A. (2013). PwC’s NextGen: A global generational study. Retrieved from https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/hr-management-services/pdf/pwc-nextgen-study-2013.pdf on December 19, 2016.Google Scholar
Fry, R. (2016). Millennials overtake baby boomers as America’s largest generation. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/04/25/millennials-overtake-baby-boomers/ on September 12, 2016.Google Scholar
Gazica, M. W. (2014). Unanswered occupational calling: The development and validation of a new measure. Unpublished master’s thesis. University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.Google Scholar
Gazica, M. W., & Spector, P. E. (2015). A comparison of individuals with unanswered callings to those with no calling at all. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 91, 110.Google Scholar
Greco, P., Laschinger, H. K. S., & Wong, C. (2006). Leader empowering behaviours, staff nurse empowerment and work engagement/burnout. Nursing Leadership, 19(4), 4156.Google Scholar
Greenhaus, J. H., & Callanan, G. A. (Eds.) 2006). Encyclopedia of career development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(2), 159170.Google Scholar
Hagmaier, T., & Abele, A. E. (2012). The multidimensionality of calling: Conceptualization, measurement and a bicultural perspective. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(1), 3951.Google Scholar
Hall, D., & Chandler, D. (2005). Psychological success: When career is a calling. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 155176.Google Scholar
Hallberg, U. E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). ‘Same same’ but different? Can work engagement be discriminated from job involvement and organizational commitment? European Psychologist, 11(2), 119127.Google Scholar
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 268279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirschi, A. (2012). Callings and work engagement: moderated mediation model of work meaningfulness, occupational identity, and occupational self-efficacy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(3), 479485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63(6), 597606.Google Scholar
IBM Corp. Released (2011). IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.Google Scholar
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2006). LISREL 8.7. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.Google Scholar
Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. F. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5), 755768.Google Scholar
Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. (2001). The job satisfaction–job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3), 376407.Google Scholar
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692724.Google Scholar
Keller, T. (2012). Every good endeavor: Connecting your work to god’s work. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Kelloway, E. K. (1998). Using LISREL for structural equation modeling: A researcher’s guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practices of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Macey, W. H., & Schneider, B. (2008). The meaning of employee engagement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1(1), 330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maertz, C. P., Griffeth, R. W., Campbell, N. S., & Allen, D. G. (2007). The effects of perceived organizational support and perceived supervisor support on employee turnover. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28(8), 10591075.Google Scholar
Markow, F., & Klenke, K. (2005). The effects of personal meaning and calling on organizational commitment: An empirical investigation of spiritual leadership. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 13(1), 827.Google Scholar
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mason, C. H., & Perreault, W. D. (1991). Collinearity, power, and interpretation of multiple regression analysis. Journal of Marketing Research, 23, 268280.Google Scholar
May, D. R., Gilson, R. L., & Harter, L. M. (2004). The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 77, 1137.Google Scholar
McVea, J. F., & Freeman, R. E. (2005). A names-and-faces approach to stakeholder management how focusing on stakeholders as individuals can bring ethics and entrepreneurial strategy together. Journal of Management Inquiry, 14(1), 5769.Google Scholar
Myers, V. L. (2014). Conversations about calling: Advancing management perspectives. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nahrgang, J. D., Morgeson, F. P., & Hofmann, D. A. (2011). Safety at work: a meta-analytic investigation of the link between job demands, job resources, burnout, engagement, and safety outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(1), 7194.Google Scholar
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Oldham, G. R., & Hackman, J. R. (1981). Relationships between organizational structure and employee reactions: Comparing alternative frameworks. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(1), 6683.Google Scholar
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539569.Google Scholar
Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S. (2001). Affective commitment to the organization: The contribution of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 825.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rich, B. L., Lepine, J. A., & Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 617635.Google Scholar
Richards, D. (1995). Artful work: Awakening joy, meaning, and commitment in the workplace. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.Google Scholar
Rothbard, N. P., & Edwards, J. R. (2003). Investment in work and family roles: A test of identity and utilitarian motives. Personnel Psychology, 56(3), 699729.Google Scholar
Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salanova, M., Lorente, L., Chambel, M. J., & Martínez, I. M. (2011). Linking transformational leadership to nurses’ extra‐role performance: the mediating role of self‐efficacy and work engagementJournal of Advanced Nursing, 67(10), 22562266.Google Scholar
Savickas, M. L. (2005). The theory and practice of career construction. In S. D. Brown, & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 4270). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Savickas, M. L., & Porfeli, E. J. (2012). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale: Construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 661673.Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293315.Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., & Salanova, M. (2014). Burnout, boredom and engagement at the workplace. In M. C. W. Peters, J. de Jonge, and T. W. Taris (Eds.), People at work: An introduction to contemporary work psychology (pp. 293–320). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 7192.Google Scholar
Schawbel, D. (2013, September 4). Why you can’t ignore millennials. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/danschawbel/2013/09/04/why-you-cant-ignore-millennials/ on November 9, 2016.Google Scholar
Shimazu, A., Schaufeli, W. B., Kamiyama, K., & Kawakami, N. (2015). Workaholism vs. work engagement: The two different predictors of future well-being and performance. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22(1), 1823.Google Scholar
Spector, P. E., & Jex, S. M. (1991). Relations of job characteristics from multiple data sources with employee affect, absence, turnover intentions, and health. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(1), 4653.Google Scholar
Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 14421465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steiger, J. H., Shapiro, A., & Browne, M. W. (1985). On the multivariate asymptotic distribution of sequential chi-square statistics. Psychometrika, 50(3), 253263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, K. W., & Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An ‘interpretive’ model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 666681.Google Scholar
Weber, M. (1958). The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism (translated by T. Parsons). New York, NY: Scribners (Original work published 1904–1905).Google Scholar
Wrzesniewski, A. (2003). Finding positive meaning in work. In K. Cameron, J. Dutton, & R. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline (pp. 327347). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.Google Scholar
Wrzesniewski, A. (2012). Callings. In K. S. Cameron, & G. M. Spreitzer (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of positive organizational scholarship (pp. 4555). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wrzesniewski, A., McCauley, C., Rozin, P., & Schwartz, B. (1997). Jobs, careers, and callings: People’s relations to their work. Journal of Research in Personality, 31(1), 2133.Google Scholar
Xie, B., Xia, M., Xin, X., & Zhou, W. (2016). Linking calling to work engagement and subjective career success: The perspective of career construction theory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 94, 7078.Google Scholar
Zhu, W., Avolio, B. J., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2009). Moderating role of follower characteristics with transformational leadership and follower work engagement. Group & Organization Management, 34, 590619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar