Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T17:37:01.708Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Perspectives of strategic thinking: From controlling chaos to embracing it

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 February 2015

Matthew R Fairholm
Affiliation:
Political Science Department and WO Farber Center for Civic Leadership, University of South Dakota, Vermillion SD, USA
Michael Card
Affiliation:
Political Science Department and WO Farber Center for Civic Leadership, University of South Dakota, Vermillion SD, USA

Abstract

There is an increasing focus in today's organization on measuring results and calculating return on investment. Efforts of administrators today to control organizational endeavors are essential and generally aligned with current best practices. Control mechanisms, however, ultimately prove to be only part of the puzzle. Strategic planning, encompassing such activities as planning, performance measurement, program budgeting, and the like, has proven to be very useful but limited. It is a technical fix that gets at only part of the question of organizational effectiveness and only deals with some organizational dilemmas. In the face of such realities, the notion of strategic thinking emerges to fill the gaps and overcome the limitations that experience with strategic planning has proven to exhibit. This paper presents an integration of leadership ideas, strategic thinking and traditional planning activities in an effort to make important connections and important distinctions.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abell, DF (1980) Defining the Business: The Starting Point of Strategic Planning, Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Abraham, S (2005) Stretching Strategic Thinking, Strategy and Leadership 33(5): 512.Google Scholar
Abramson, MA (1996) In search of the new leadership, Government Executive 28(9): 913.Google Scholar
Alford, J (2002) Defining the client in the public sector: a social-exchange perspective, Public Administration Review 62(3): 337346.Google Scholar
Allio, RJ (2006) Strategic thinking: the ten big ideas, Strategy & Leadership 34(4): 413.Google Scholar
Atwater, J B, Kanna, VR and Stephens, AA (2008) Cultivating Systemic Thinking in the Next Generation of Business Leaders, Academy of Management: Learning and Education 7(1): 925.Google Scholar
Barney, J (1995) Looking inside for Competitive Advantrage, Academy of Management Executive 9(4): 4961.Google Scholar
Barney, J (1997) Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage, Reading MA: Addison Wesley.Google Scholar
Beckhard, R and Pritchard, W (1992) Changing the essence: The art of creating and leading fundamental change in organizations, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Berry, FS (1994) Innovation in public management: The adoption of strategic planning, Public Administration Review 54(4): 322330.Google Scholar
Birnbaum, B (2004) Strategic thinking: A four piece puzzle, Costa Mesa CA: Douglas Mountain.Google Scholar
Bridges, W (1991) Managing transitions: Making the most of change, New York: Addison Wesley.Google Scholar
Fairholm, MR (2004a) Different perspectives on the practice of leadership, Public Administration Review 64(5): 577590.Google Scholar
Fairholm, MR (2004b) A new sciences outline for leadership development, Leadership and Organizational Development Journal 25(4): 369383.Google Scholar
Fairholm, MR (2004c) Values, vision, vector, and voice: Distinguishing authentic leadership perspectives, Paper presented at the UNL Gallup Leadership Institute Summit, Omaha NE, 06 1012.Google Scholar
Fairholm, MR and Fairholm, G (2000) Leadership amid the constraints of trust, Leadership and Organizational Development Journal 21(2): 102109.Google Scholar
Forrester, J W (1971) The counterintuitive behavior of social systems. Technology Review 73(3): 5268.Google Scholar
Frost, PJ and Egri, CJ (1990) Appreciating executive action, in Srivastva, S and Cooperrider, DL (eds) Appreciative management and leadership: The power of positive thought and action in organizations, pp. 289323, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Grant, R (1993) Resource Based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategy Formulation, California Management Review 33(3) cited in Costin H (1998) Readings in Strategy and Strategic Planning, pp. 291-309 New York: Dryden.Google Scholar
Gabriel, Y (1998) The hubris of management, Administrative Theory and Praxis 20(3): 257271.Google Scholar
Goldstein, J (1994) The unshackled organization, Portland OR: Productivity Press.Google Scholar
Gulick, L (1937) Notes of the theory of organization, in Gulick, L and Urwick, L (eds) Papers on the science of administration pp 313, Institute of Public Administration, New York.Google Scholar
Hamel, G and Prahalad, CK (1989) Strategy intent, Harvard Business Review 3: 6376.Google Scholar
Handy, C (1995) The gods of management: the changing work of management, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Harman, W (1998) Global mind change: The promise of the 21st century (2nd edn), San Francisco CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.Google Scholar
Herzberg, F (1984) Mystery systems shape loyalties, Industry Week, 12 11:101104.Google Scholar
Hunter, P and O'Shannassy, T (2007) Modern strategic management practice: Practice Lagging Research in the 2000s, Singapore Management Review 29(2): 2136.Google Scholar
Internal Revenue Service US (2001) Leadership competency mode, US Internal Revenue Service, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Jenkins, M and Backoff, R (1985) The Lens Model of Strategic Management, MR/DD Quarterly 01: 18.Google Scholar
Key Leadership Competencies, Government of Canada, 22 05 2008, http://www.psagencyagencefp.gc.ca/leadership/klc-ccl/intro_e.asp.Google Scholar
Kouzes, J and Posner, B (1993) The credibility factor, The Healthcare Forum 36(4): 1621.Google Scholar
Lawrence, E (1999) Strategic thinking: A discussion paper, Ottowa Personnel Development and Resourcing Group, Public Service Commission of Canada.Google Scholar
Liedtka, J (1998) Linking strategic thinking with strategic planning, Strategy and Leadership 1(10): 120129.Google Scholar
Malmberg, KB (1999) A vision for the future: The practice of leading in the federal workplace. Paper presented at the American Society for Public Administration, Orlando FL.Google Scholar
Mintzberg, H (1994) The fall and rise of strategic planning, Harvard Business Review 1: 107114.Google Scholar
Moore, MH (1995) Creating public value: strategic management in government. Harvard University Press, Cambridge Mass.Google Scholar
Morgan, G (1998) Images of organization: The executive edition, San Francisco CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.Google Scholar
Oster, SM (1999) Modern Competitive Analysis (3rd ed) Oxford Press, New York.Google Scholar
Parry, K and Proctor-Thomson, SB (2003) Leadership, Culture and Performance: The Case of the New Zealand Public Sector, Journal of Change Management 3(4): 376399.Google Scholar
Personnel Decisions International Corporation (2001) Management/Supervisory competencies, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Porter, ME (1980) Competitive strategy, Free Press, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Porter, ME (1985) Competitive advantage: creating and sustaining superior performance, Free Press, New York.Google Scholar
Saloner, G, Shepard, A and Podolny, J (2001) Strategic Management, Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Sanchez, R and Heene, A (2004) The New Strategic Management, Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Sanders, TI (1998) Strategic thinking and the new science: planning in the midst of chaos complexity and change, Free Press, New York.Google Scholar
Senge, P (1990) The Fifth Discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization, Doubleday, New York.Google Scholar
Shelton, CK and Darling, JR (2001) The quantum skills model in management: a new paradigm to enhance effective leadership, Leadership and Organizational Development Journal 22(6): 264273.Google Scholar
Stacey, R (1992) Managing the unknowable, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Stumpf, SA (1996) Applying new science theories in leadership development activities, Journal of Management 14(5): 3949.Google Scholar
Tan, VSL (2000) Develop strategic thinking skills, retrieved January 1, 2005, from http://adtimes.nstp.com.my/jobstory/apr22a/htmGoogle Scholar
Vaill, P (1996) Learning as a way of being: Strategies for survival in a world of permanent white water, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Weinberg, L (1996) Seeing through organization: Exploring the constitutive quality of social relations, Administration & Society 28(2): 117124.Google Scholar
Weisbord, MR (1987) Productive workplaces: Organizing and managing for dignity, meaning, and community, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Wheatley, MJ (1992/1999) Leadership and the new science: learning about organization from an orderly universe, Berrett-Koehler, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Whitlock, JL (2003) Strategic thinking, planning, and doing: How to reunite leadership and management to connect vision with action. Paper presented at the American Society for Public Administration 64th Annual Conference, 03 15-18, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Wilson, I (1994) Strategic planning isn't dead - it changed, Long Range Planning 27(4): 1216.Google Scholar
Wootton, S and Horne, T (2002) Strategic thinking: A step-by-step approach to strategy, (2nd edn) Kogan Page, Dover NH.Google Scholar