Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T04:50:07.709Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Socially responsible diversity management

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 February 2015

Jawad Syed
Affiliation:
Kent Business School, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
Robin Kramar
Affiliation:
Macquarie Graduate School of Management, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW, Australia

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to develop a conceptual framework to describe ‘socially responsible diversity management’. This framework seeks to demonstrate that the desired social justice outcomes of affirmative action programs and the business benefits of diversity management programs can be achieved but only by undertaking initiatives at a number of levels. Traditional approaches to afirmative action have been unsuccessful in achieving their goal of equitable labour market outcomes and it is unclear that diversity management programs have contributed to business outcomes. The article argues that neither affirmative action nor diversity management has been able to fully achieve its objectives because of a number of limitations. The article argues that organisations can achieve better business outcomes, as well as equity outcomes associated with a diverse workforce, by adopting a relational, multilevel framework of managing diversity. Such a framework provides for the creation of what is termed ‘socially responsible diversity management’.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AARR (1995) Affirmative Action review report to the President, accessed at http://clinton2.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OP/html/aa/aa-index.html on 10 January 2006.Google Scholar
Agocs, C. and Burr, C. (1996) Employment equity, affirmative action and managing diversity: Assessing the differences, International Journal of Manpower 17(4/5): 3045.Google Scholar
Barnes, L. and Ashtiany, S (2003) The diversity approach to achieving equality: Potentials and pitfalls, Industrial Law Journal 32(4): 274296.Google Scholar
Boxenbaum, E. (2006) Lost in translation: The making of Danish diversity management, American Behavioral Scientist 49(7): 939–48.Google Scholar
Brunner, B. (2005) Bakke and beyond: A history and timeline of affirmative action, Fact Monster, accessed at http://www.factmonster.com/spot/affirmative1.html on 18 Febraury 2006.Google Scholar
Catalyst (2007) 2006 census of women corporate officers, top earners, and directors of the Fortune 500, accessed at http://www.catalyst.org on 10 October 2007.Google Scholar
Cavanagh, J. M. (1997) (In)corporating the other? Managing the politics of workplace difference. In: Prasad, P., Mills, A.J., Elmes, M. and Prasad, A. (eds) Managing the organizational melting pot: Dilemmas of workplace diversity, pp. 3153. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Chan, A. M. (2006) Tapping the multicultural market in Australia. In: Rao, C.P. (ed.) Marketing and multicultural diversity, pp. 238252. Burlington VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Cheong, P., Edwards, R., Goulbourne, H. and Solomos, J. (2007) Immigration, social cohesion and social capital: A critical review, Critical Social Policy 27: 2449.Google Scholar
Cope, B. and Kalantzis, M. (1997) Productive diversity: A new Australian model for work and management. Sydney: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Cox, T. (1993) Cultural diversity in organizations. San Francisco CA: Berrett-Koehler.Google Scholar
Cox, T. and Blake, S. (1991) Managing cultural diversity: Implications for organizational competitiveness, Academy of Management Executive 5(3): 4556.Google Scholar
Day, D. V. and Harrison, M. M. (2007) A multilevel, identity-based approach to leadership development, Human Resource Management Review 17(4): 360373.Google Scholar
De Cieri, H. and Kramar, R. (2008) Human resource management in Australia: Strategy, people, performance. Sydney: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
EOWA (Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency) (2008) 2008 EOWA Australian census of women in leadership, accessed at http://www.eowa.gov.au on 14 December 2008.Google Scholar
EC (European Commission) (2003) The costs and benefits of diversity, accessed at http://www.stop-discrimination.info/fileadmin/pdfs/CostsBenefExSumEN.pdf on 15 December 2008.Google Scholar
Fernandez, J. P. and Barr, M. (1993) The diversity advantage: How American business can outperform Japanese and European companies in a global marketplace. New York: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Friedman, R. and Davidson, M. (2001) Managing diversity and second-order conflict, International Journal of Conflict Management 12(2): 132153.Google Scholar
Gagnon, S. and Cornelius, N. (2000) Re-examining workplace inequality: A capabilities approach, Human Resource Management Journal 10(4): 6887.Google Scholar
Grimshaw, D. and Rubery, J. (2001) The gender pay gap: A research review, Research Discussion Series. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission.Google Scholar
Gutek, B. A. (1990) Work group structure and information technology: A structural contingency approach. In: Galegher, J., Kraut, R. E. and Egido, C. (eds) Intellectual teamwork: Social and technological foundations of cooperative work. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Hackman, J. R. (1991) Groups that work (and those that dont). San Francisco: Jossey Bass.Google Scholar
Hall, P A. (2005) Against our best interests: An ambivalent view of affirmative action. In D'Angelo, R. and Douglas, H. (Eds) Taking sides: Clashing views on controversial issues on race and ethnicity, pp. 310316. Dubuque IA: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin.Google Scholar
Hamilton, C. (1992) Affirmative action and the clash of experiential realities, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 523: 1018.Google Scholar
Harrison, D. A. and Klein, K. J. (2007) What's the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations, Academy of Management Review 32(4): 11991228.Google Scholar
Ivancevich, J. M. and Gilbert, J. A. (2000) Diversity management: Time for a new approach, Public Personnel Management 29(1): 7592.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. E., Joshi, A. and Erhardt, N. L. (2003) Recent research on team and organizational diversity: SWOT analysis and implications, Journal of Management 29(6): 801830.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. and Joshi, A. (2004) Diversity in social context: a multi-attribute, multilevel analysis of team diversity and sales performance, Journal of Organizational Behavior 25: 675702.Google Scholar
Janssens, M. and Steyaert, C. (2000) From diversity management to alterity politics: Organising (with) difference, Paper at 16th Nordic Academy of Management, NFF, Uppsala, Sweden.Google Scholar
Jones, D., Pringle, J. and Shepherd, D. (2000) Managing diversity meets Aotearoa/New Zealand, Personnel Review 29(3): 364–80.Google Scholar
Jones, D. and Stablein, R. (2006) Diversity as resistance and recuperation: Critical theory, post-structuralist perspectives and workplace diversity. In: Konrad, A.M., Prasad, P. and Pringle, J.K. (Eds) Handbook of workplace diversity, pp. 145166. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Kamp, A. and Hagedorn-Rasmussen, P. (2004) Diversity management in a Danish context: Towards a multicultural or segregated working life?' Economic and Industrial Democracy 25: 525553.Google Scholar
Kandola, R. and Fullerton, J. (1994) Managing the mosaic. London: CIPD.Google Scholar
Kanter, R. (1977) Men and women of the corporation. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Kirton, G. and Greene, A. (2004) The dynamics of managing diversity: a critical approach. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.Google Scholar
Klein, K. J. and Kozlowski, S. W. J. (eds) (2000) Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Knippenberg, D. L., Haslam, S. A. and Platow, M. J. (2007) Unity through diversity: Value-in-diversity beliefs, work group diversity, and group identification. ERIM Report Series Reference No. ERS-2007-068-ORG.Google Scholar
Kramar, R. (1998) Managing diversity: Beyond affirmative action in Australia, Women in Management Review 13(4): 133142.Google Scholar
Kramar, R. (2004) Does Australia really have managing diversity? In: Davis, E. and Pratt, V. (eds), Making the Link — Affirmative Action and Employment Relations 15: 1926. Sydney: CCH.Google Scholar
Lebo, F. (1996) Mastering the diversity challenge: Easy on the job measures. Del Ray Beach FL: St Lucie Press.Google Scholar
Linnehan, F. and Konrad, A. (1999) Diluting diversity: Implications for inter-group inequality in organizations, Journal of Management Inquiry 8(4): 399414.Google Scholar
McMillan-Capehart, A. (2005) A configurational framework for diversity: Socialization and culture, Personnel Review 34(4): 488503.Google Scholar
Martin, J. (2000) Hidden gendered assumptions in mainstream organization theory and research, Journal of Management Inquiry 9(2): 207216.Google Scholar
Messick, D. and Massie, D. (1989) Intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology 40: 4581.Google Scholar
Milliken, F. L. and Martins, L. L. (1996) Searching for common threads: Understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups, Academy of Management Review 21(2): 402433.Google Scholar
Miller, J. and Wheeler, K. (1992) Unraveling the mysteries of gender differences in intentions to leave the organization, Journal of Organizational Behavior 13(5): 465478.Google Scholar
Mor Barak, M. E. (2000) Beyond affirmative action: Towards a model of diversity and organizational inclusion, Administration in Social Work 23(3/4): 4768.Google Scholar
Morgeson, F. P. and Hofmann, D. A. (1999) The structure and function of collective constructs: Implications for multilevel research and theory development, Academy of Management Review 24: 249265.Google Scholar
Noon, M. (2007) The fatal flaws of diversity and the business case for ethnic minorities, Work, Employment and Society 21: 773784.Google Scholar
Ottaviano, G. I. P. and Peri, G. (2006) The economic value of cultural diversity: Evidence from US cities, Journal of Economic Geography 6(1): 944.Google Scholar
Özbilgin, M. (2005) ‘Global’ diversity management: The case of automobile manufacturing companies in Japan. Japan Institute for Labor Policy and Training Working Paper, Tokyo.Google Scholar
Palmer, G. (2003) Diversity management, past, present and future, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources 41(1): 1324.Google Scholar
Perry, E. L., Davis-Blake, A. and Kulik, C. T. (1994) Explaining gender-based selection decisions: A synthesis of contextual and cognitive approaches, Academy of Management Review 19(4): 786820.Google Scholar
Pitts, D. W. (2005) Diversity, representation, and performance: Evidence about race and ethnicity in public organizations, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 15(4): 615631.Google Scholar
Poelmans, S. and Sahibzada, K. (2004) A multilevel model for studying the context and impact of work – family policies and culture in organizations, Human Resource Management Review 14(4): 409432.Google Scholar
Point, S. and Singh, V. (2003) Defining and dimensionalising diversity: Evidence from corporate websites across Europe, European Management Journal 21(6): 750761.Google Scholar
Pollert, A. (2003) Women, work and equal opportunities in post-communist transition, Work, Employment and Society 17(2): 331357.Google Scholar
Ragins, B. R. (1997) Diversified mentoring relationships in organizations: A power perspective, Academy of Management Review 22(2): 482521.Google Scholar
Ragins, B. R. and Sundstrom, E. (1989) Gender and power in organizations: A longitudinal perspective, Psychological Bulletin 105: 5188.Google Scholar
Richard, O. C. (2000) Racial diversity, business strategy, and firm performance: A resource-based view, Academy of Management Journal 43(2): 164177.Google Scholar
Riordan, C. and Shore, L. (1997) Demographic diversity and employee attitudes: Examination of relational demography with work unit, Journal of Applied Psychology 82: 342358.Google Scholar
Robinson, G. and Dechant, K. (1997) Building a business case for diversity, Academy of Management Executive 11(3): 2131.Google Scholar
Schifferes, S. (2003) Bush on attack over affirmative action, BBC Online, 01 15, accessed at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2662959.stm on 14 December 2008.Google Scholar
Seymen, O. A. (2006) The cultural diversity phenomenon in organisations and different approaches for effective cultural diversity management: A literary review, Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal 13(4): 296315.Google Scholar
SIOP (Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology) (2006) Equal employment opportunity versus affirmative action, accessed at http://www.siop.org/AfirmAct/siopsaarbg.aspx on 4 Febraury 2008.Google Scholar
Slack, J. D. (1987) Affirmative action and city managers: Attitudes toward recruitment of women, Public Administration Review 47(2): 199206.Google Scholar
Stephanopoulos, G. and Edley, C. Jr. (1995) Affirmative Action Review: Report to the President. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Strachan, G., Burgess, J. and Sullivan, A. (2004) Affirmative action or managing diversity: What is the future of equal opportunity policies in Australia?, Women in Management Review 19(4): 196204.Google Scholar
Svyantek, D. J. and Bott, J. (2004) Received wisdom and the relationship between diversity and organizational performance, Organizational Analysis 12(3): 295317.Google Scholar
Syed, J. (2007) The other woman and the question of equal opportunity in Australian organisations. International Journal of Human Resource Management 18(11): 19541978.Google Scholar
Syed, J. (2008a) Employment prospects for skilled migrants: A relational perspective, Human Resource Management Review 18(1): 2845.Google Scholar
Syed, J. (2008b) A context-specific perspective of equal employment opportunity in Islamic societies, Asia Pacific Journal of Management 25(1): 135151.Google Scholar
Syed, J. and Kramar, R. (2010) What is the Australian model for managing cultural diversity? Personnel Review 39(3): in press.Google Scholar
Syed, J. and Özbilgin, M. (in press) A relational framework for international transfer of diversity management practices, International Journal of Human Resource Management: accepted.Google Scholar
Thomas, D. (1999) Cultural diversity and work group effectiveness: An experimental study, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 30(2): 242263.Google Scholar
Thomas, R. Jr. (1991) Beyond race and gender: Unleashing the power of your total workforce by managing diversity. New York: AMACOM.Google Scholar
Thompson, N. (1997) Anti-discriminatory practice. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Triandis, H., Kurowski, L. and Gelfand, M. (1994) Workplace diversity. In: Triandis, H., Dunnette, M. and Houghs, L. (eds) Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, pp. 769827, Palo Alto CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.Google Scholar
Tung, R. L. (1995) Guest editor's introduction: Strategic human resource challenge: Managing diversity, International Journal of Human Resource Management 6(3): 482493.Google Scholar
Wajcman, J. (2000) Feminism facing industrial relations in Britain, British Journal of Industrial Relations 38(2): 183201.Google Scholar
Waldinger, R., Bozorgmehr, M., Lim, N. and Finkel, L. (1998) In search of the glass ceiling: The career trajectories of migrant and native-born engineers, The Lewis Center for Regional Policy Studies, Working paper no. 28, Los Angeles CA.Google Scholar
Watson, W. E., Kumar, K. and Michaelsen, L. K. (1993) Cultural diversity's impact on interaction process and performance: Comparing homogeneous and diverse task groups, Academy of Management Journal 36: 590602.Google Scholar
White, R. D. (1999) Managing the diverse organization: The imperative for a new multicultural paradigm, accessed at http://www.pamij.com/99_4_4_white.htm on 10 December 2005.Google Scholar
Williams, K. and O'Reilly, C. (1998) Demography and diversity in organizations: A review of 40 years of research, Research in Organizational Behavior 20: 77140.Google Scholar
Zenger, T. R. and Lawrence, B. S. (1989) Organizational demography: The differential effects of age and tenure distributions on technical communication, Academy of Management Journal 32: 353376.Google Scholar