Hostname: page-component-784d4fb959-mv4gh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-07-17T05:01:38.507Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Amorphization of graphite induced by mechanical milling and subsequent crystallization of the amorphous carbon upon heat treating

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2011

J. Tang ,
W. Zhao ,
L. Li ,
A. U. Falster ,
W. B. Simmons Jr. ,
W. L. Zhou ,
Y. Ikuhara  and
J. H. Zhang
J. Tang*
Affiliation:
Departments of Physics and Geology and Geophysics, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148
W. Zhao
Affiliation:
Departments of Physics and Geology and Geophysics, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148
L. Li
Affiliation:
Departments of Physics and Geology and Geophysics, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148
A. U. Falster
Affiliation:
Departments of Physics and Geology and Geophysics, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148
W. B. Simmons Jr.
Affiliation:
Departments of Physics and Geology and Geophysics, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148
W. L. Zhou
Affiliation:
Japan Fine Ceramics Center, 2–4–1 Mutsuno, Nagoya 456, Japan
Y. Ikuhara
Affiliation:
Japan Fine Ceramics Center, 2–4–1 Mutsuno, Nagoya 456, Japan
J. H. Zhang
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, Xavier University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125
*
a) Address all correspondence to this author.
Get access

Abstract

The effects of mechanical milling (MM) on the phase transformation of graphite carbon were investigated using high resolution electron microscopy (HREM), x-ray diffraction, and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Amorphization of graphite as a result of prolonged high-energy ball milling was directly observed with HREM. The exothermic peak in the DTA trace of the ∼200 h ball-milled sample indicated a crystallization onset temperature of about 670 °C and crystallization activation energy of 234 kJ/mole.

Information

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 11 , Issue 3 , March 1996 , pp. 733 - 738
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

REFERENCES

1.Weeber, A. W. and Bakker, H., Physica B 153, 93 (1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Koch, C. C., J. Non-Cryst. Solids 117/118, 670 (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Gaffet, E. and Harmelin, M., J. Less-Comm. Metals 157, 201 (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Shen, T. D., Koch, C. C., McCormick, T. L., Nemanich, R. L., Huang, J. Y., and Huang, J. G., J. Mater. Res. 10, 139 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Tanaka, T., Nasu, S., Ishihara, K. N., and Singu, P.H., J. Less-Comm. Metals 171, 237 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Cullity, B. C., Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, 2nd ed. (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1978), p. 410.Google Scholar
7.Zhou, W. L., Ikuhara, Y., Zhao, W., and Tang, J., Carbon 33, 1177 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Shen, T. D., Ge, W.Q., Wang, K. Y., Quan, M.X., Wang, J.T., Wei, W.D., and Koch, C. C., unpublished.Google Scholar
9.Niwase, K., Tanaka, T., Kakimoto, Y., Ishihara, K. N., and Shingu, P. H., Mater. Trans. JIM 36, 282 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Ma, E. and Atzmon, M., private communication.Google Scholar
11.Calka, A. and Radlinski, A. P., Appl. Phys. Lett. 58, 119 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Kissinger, H. E., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 57, 217 (1956).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Zellama, K., Germain, P., Squelard, S., Bourgoin, J.C., and Thomas, P. A., J. Appl. Phys. 50, 6995 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Köster, U., Adv. Colloid Interf. Sci. 10, 129 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.McLintock, I. S. and Orr, J. C., in Chemistry and Physics of Carbon, edited by Walker, J. P. L. and Thrower, P. A. (Dekker, New York, 1973), p. 243.Google Scholar
16.Biscoe, J. and Warren, B. E., J. Appl. Phys. 13, 364 (1942).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Kinoshita, K., Carbon, Electrochemical and Physicochemical Properties (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988), p. 56.Google Scholar
18.Kondo, T. J. and Sinclair, R., Acta Metall. Mater. 43, 471 (1995).Google Scholar
19.Holstein, W. L., Moorhead, R. D., Poppa, H., and Boudart, M., in Chemistry and Physics of Carbon, edited by Thrower, P. A. (Dekker, New York, 1982), p. 139.Google Scholar
20.Nyaiesh, A. R. and Nowak, W. B., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 1, 308 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Solin, S. A., Wada, N., and Wong, J., Inst. Phys. Conf., Ser. 43, 721 (1979).Google Scholar
22.Bokhonov, B. B., Konstanchuk, I.G., and Boldyrev, V. V., J. Alloys Comp. 191, 239 (1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Gaffet, E., Mater. Sci. Eng. A 136, 161 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Gaffet, E., Malhouroux-Gaffet, N., Abdellaoui, M., and Malchère, A., La revue de Métallurgie-CIT/Science et Génie des Matériaux Mai, 757 (1994).Google Scholar
25.Clarke, D. R., Kroll, M. C., Kirchner, P. D., Cook, R. F., and Hockey, B. J., Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 2156 (1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Nakamizo, M., Honda, H., and Inagaki, M., Carbon 16, 281 (1978).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Beeman, D., Silverman, J., Lynds, R., and Anderson, M. R., Phys. Rev. B 30, 870 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Galli, G., Martin, R. M., Car, R., and Parrinello, M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 555 (1989).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29.Tersoff, J., Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2879 (1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Kelires, P. C., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1854 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31.Li, F. and Lannin, J. S., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 1905 (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar